Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Education (691)
- Arts and Humanities (608)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (571)
- Psychology (139)
- Educational Leadership (133)
-
- Communication (124)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (116)
- Curriculum and Instruction (108)
- Rhetoric and Composition (91)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (88)
- Religion (87)
- English Language and Literature (83)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (81)
- Engineering (80)
- Sociology (78)
- Anthropology (77)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (73)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (71)
- History (70)
- Language and Literacy Education (69)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (65)
- Philosophy (63)
- Higher Education (61)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (61)
- Linguistics (52)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (50)
- Communication Sciences and Disorders (47)
- Elementary Education (45)
- Political Science (45)
- Disability and Equity in Education (43)
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- Morgridge College of Education (181)
- College of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences (125)
- Teaching and Learning Sciences (71)
- Curriculum and Instruction (57)
- Education (55)
-
- Rhetoric (42)
- Joint Ph.D. Program in Study of Religion (40)
- Phenomenology (40)
- Identity (36)
- Communication (35)
- Educational Leadership and Policy Studies (33)
- Language (33)
- Gender (31)
- Narrative (30)
- Culture (29)
- Anthropology (26)
- Reading (25)
- English and Literary Arts (24)
- Higher education (24)
- Josef Korbel School of International Studies (24)
- Ethics (20)
- Pedagogy (20)
- Psychology (20)
- Literacy (19)
- Race (19)
- Mathematics (18)
- Higher Education (17)
- Special education (17)
- Storytelling (17)
- Equity (16)
- Publication Year
Articles 901 - 930 of 2482
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
College Wheelchair Basketball Players' Construction Of Identities: A Symbolic Interactionism Approach, Alison Hovatter
College Wheelchair Basketball Players' Construction Of Identities: A Symbolic Interactionism Approach, Alison Hovatter
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The National Wheelchair Basketball Association consists of 14 collegiate teams (NCAA, 2013) that are represented at both the NCAA and club sport arenas. Collegiate wheelchair basketball student-athletes have been neglected within the sport discussion due to the sports emergence status in legitimacy with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) standards (Berger, 2004, 2008; Larkin, Cottingham & Pate, 2014; Shogan, 1999), and its perception of being a charity sport, where bodies that have disabilities do not play "natural body" sports (Berger, 2008). By using the collegiate environment to further study wheelchair basketball players, a deeper understanding of identity negotiation of student-athletes …
She Is Right To Behave Thus: Implications Of Illicit Rendezvous In Medieval Narrative, Catherine Albers
She Is Right To Behave Thus: Implications Of Illicit Rendezvous In Medieval Narrative, Catherine Albers
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
While preconceptions of the Middle Ages often rely on assumptions about Christianity and the kind of society that the Catholic Church promoted, the reality is that the historical and literary medieval world is much more complicated. When discussing the issues of sexuality, women, and sexual normativity, these assumptions hinder our ability to accurately analyze the content and reception of medieval literature. This project addresses this gap by positioning itself among the criticism set forth by scholars of four different cultures (Irish, Norse, English, and Italian) to examine the connections between the reception of women who act outside of the boundaries …
“The Problem With The Haitians Is Their Language”: Language As Color-Blind Racism, Ruthie Wienk
“The Problem With The Haitians Is Their Language”: Language As Color-Blind Racism, Ruthie Wienk
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This project explores the mechanisms of exclusion and oppression of a Haitian population in a rural community in South West Florida. The analytical approach taken is an analysis of the social field and habitus as dispositions and embodied culture. Language has been identified as a tool to marginalize the population in the general social order. Through this process, language operates as a form of color-blind racism which justifies the exclusion of the Haitian community but is insufficient in explaining their overall social outcomes. Qualitative data were collected for this project in the form of unstructured interviews, focus groups, photographs of …
Noise Mapping Of An Educational Environment: A Case Study Of South Dakota State University, Sujan Parajuli
Noise Mapping Of An Educational Environment: A Case Study Of South Dakota State University, Sujan Parajuli
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sound is the subjective dimension of what we hear when vibrations reach our ears. Noise, or unwanted sound (mostly human caused), is an objective function of the pressure of those vibrations and is often measured using decibels (dB). Noise is a type of pollution that has both direct and indirect negative impacts on humans, with significant implications for public health plus social, economic, and environmental well-being. Mapping the acoustic landscape (i.e., soundscape) using noise and sound data provides important insights for evaluating, interpreting, understanding, and managing environmental noise. The objectives of this research are threefold; to map the spatial and …
The Role Of Brand Name Fluency: A Pharmaceutical Marketing Perspective, David Wamble
The Role Of Brand Name Fluency: A Pharmaceutical Marketing Perspective, David Wamble
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Background: consumers are exposed to thousands of advertisements, most all of which are designed to promote a particular brand and accompanying brand name. The selection of a brand name is a critical strategic decision and is an important means to building brand equity. The importance of branding elements, specifically brand names, has led pharmaceutical manufacturers to become more creative and open the possibilities of language in brand name development. Given the complexities associated with brand name development in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry and the trends observed in recent pharmaceutical brand names, advancing the understanding of how brand name selection can …
Japanese-English Bilinguals’ Competence Of Speech Acts In Politeness, Chikako Takehara
Japanese-English Bilinguals’ Competence Of Speech Acts In Politeness, Chikako Takehara
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The perceptions and norms of speech acts vary depending on the actor’s culture and language (Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989; Rinnert & Kobayashi, 1999). Politeness also has diverse benchmarks depending on culture and language, as noted by Ide et al. (1992) who argue that the concept of politeness is different in Japanese and English. When considering the fact that it is challenging to possess bicultural competence and equal proficiency in both languages (Baker, 2011), how one retains this competence becomes a noteworthy question. Thus, this study investigated whether bilinguals who move to a L2 dominant country retain their communicative competence …
African American And First-Generation Students’ Perceptions Of And Experiences With An Academic Cohort, Kim Barnes
African American And First-Generation Students’ Perceptions Of And Experiences With An Academic Cohort, Kim Barnes
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Underrepresented student populations are faced with numerous barriers and are often overlooked on many college campuses. The aim of this research was to better understand academic cohorts and if they help reduce some of the barriers faced by African American and first-generation students which can ultimately affect retention and persistence to graduation. In order to gather this information, interviews and surveys were conducted with students once enrolled in the foundations for academic success track (Fastrack) program at the University of Mississippi. Results from the interviews and surveys indicate that while the Fastrack program seemed to support successful social transitions for …
Acquisition Of Chinese Wh-Questions By English L2 Learners, Linfei Yi
Acquisition Of Chinese Wh-Questions By English L2 Learners, Linfei Yi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The current thesis investigates the acquisition of Chinese wh-questions by English l2 learners based on the syntactic differences between the two languages. I seek to find out how well do the l2 learners acquire the wh-questions, as measured by a grammaticality judgment task; what wh-words tend to pose difficulties for the acceptability of l2 learners; if l2 learners able to acquire the native-like word order of wh-questions in Chinese; if the results of the initial l2 learners in line with any hypotheses of the initial state. Through the analysis of the results, I will conclude that l1 English learners of …
L2 Teachers' Efficacy: The Impact Of Professional Development, Nino Jakhaia
L2 Teachers' Efficacy: The Impact Of Professional Development, Nino Jakhaia
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This quasi-experimental explanatory sequential mixed-methods study examined the impact of a 25-hour professional development on English as a foreign language (L2) teachers’ sense of efficacy in writing instruction in the country of Georgia. It also explored the links between teachers’ beliefs about teaching writing, self-efficacies in instructional strategies, and the professional development. A convenience sampling technique was used to select teachers for participation in the professional development. The quantitative data was collected through the teacher efficacy scale. The qualitative methods in the form of semi-structured questions about efficacy were used to enhance the data by examining teachers’ perceptions of the …
A Righteousness Housed In The Body: The Conception And Division Of Kings' Bodies In Early Medieval Northwestern Literature, Sharon Miller Wofford
A Righteousness Housed In The Body: The Conception And Division Of Kings' Bodies In Early Medieval Northwestern Literature, Sharon Miller Wofford
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines how the bodies of kings in medieval Irish, Anglo-Saxon, and Norse literature demonstrate sacral kingship, a theory which links the prosperity of a people to the strength of the king’s relationship with the divine. I argue that the practice of collecting the heads of English kings as relics, particularly the Northumbrian warrior-kings Edwin and Oswald, is due to an understanding of the king's bodies as a source of power and "luck." I put the dispersal of the heads of Kings Edwin and Oswald in conversation with the work of Andrew Reynolds on deviant burial customs in Anglo-Saxon …
Perceptions Of University Students Toward Bilingualism In Fribourg, Barcelona, And Oxford, Madison Densmore
Perceptions Of University Students Toward Bilingualism In Fribourg, Barcelona, And Oxford, Madison Densmore
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This master's thesis explores university students’ perceptions toward bilingualism and foreign language teaching in two bilingual, European communities—Fribourg, Switzerland, and Barcelona, Spain—and at the University of Mississippi in monolingual-dominant Oxford, Mississippi. This research was conducted over a period of about nine months and includes both qualitative and quantitative data: twenty-four interviews as well as three online questionnaires which were made available in the following five languages: French, German, Catalan, Castilian Spanish, and English. During the interviews and on the Qualtrics questionnaires, students were asked to share their perceptions about language, their communities, and foreign language teaching. For clarity purposes, although …
Analyzing Destination Choices Of Tourists And Residents From Location Based Social Media Data, Md Mehedi Hasnat
Analyzing Destination Choices Of Tourists And Residents From Location Based Social Media Data, Md Mehedi Hasnat
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Ubiquitous uses of social media platforms in smartphones have created an opportunity to gather digital traces of individual activities at a large scale. Traditional travel surveys fall short in collecting longitudinal travel behavior data for a large number of people in a cost effective way, especially for the transient population such as tourists. This study presents an innovating methodological framework, using machine learning and econometric approaches, to gather and analyze location-based social media (LBSM) data to understand individual destination choices. First, using Twitter's search interface, we have collected Twitter posts of nearly 156,000 users for the state of Florida. We …
Coming To A Full Stop: An Investigation Of Menstrual Period Stigmas In College Students, Mary Jane O'Toole
Coming To A Full Stop: An Investigation Of Menstrual Period Stigmas In College Students, Mary Jane O'Toole
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The focus of this study was to understand perceptions college students have regarding menstruation and if viewing a normalized media message may influence these perceptions. A treatment group of participants was randomly assigned to view an episode of the hit family sitcom Blackish that focused on menstruation and then answer survey questions. A control group of participants only answered the survey questions. A mixed methods analysis revealed three primary conclusions. First, these results contradict existing research in that the college students surveyed generally do not hold negative perceptions that may stigmatize menstruation. Second, the treatment that viewed the normalized media …
Organizational Legitimacy As Co-Created Value, Christina Maria Olsen
Organizational Legitimacy As Co-Created Value, Christina Maria Olsen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to explore how co-creational processes contribute to organizational legitimacy as a valuable outcome for organizations. 13 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with digital communication professionals from a variety of organizations in the United States to better understand the use of social media platforms and perceptions of value from engaging with stakeholders in co-creation. Results showed that organizations engaged in co-creation of brand meaning via different methods such as referrals and feedback and that organizations reached different kinds of outcomes via these co-creational processes. These include being a resource for stakeholders, gaining brand advocates, reaching …
Learning Spaces Are Wac: Investigating How Classroom Space Design Influences Student Disciplinary Identities, Landon Berry
Learning Spaces Are Wac: Investigating How Classroom Space Design Influences Student Disciplinary Identities, Landon Berry
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation used classroom observations, movement mapping, instructor interviews, and student focus groups to examine the ways in which both instructors and students navigated the classroom spaces they were assigned in upper-level, discipline-specific courses. By focusing on three diverse disciplines (writing and rhetoric, education, and chemistry), this dissertation makes arguments about how the design of classroom spaces (as well as the tools that are housed therein) support, facilitate, and detract from a student's ability to develop a disciplinary identity, which is defined here as the social and linguistic construction of a practitioner of a discipline that is shaped by the …
Post-Secondary Faculty Treatment Of Non-Native English-Speaking Student Writing Errors In Academic Subject Courses, Laura Monroe
Post-Secondary Faculty Treatment Of Non-Native English-Speaking Student Writing Errors In Academic Subject Courses, Laura Monroe
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
As more non-native English-speaking students enroll in English-medium universities, even more faculty will instruct students who are unprepared for the rigors of post-secondary academic writing in English. Many faculty members lack training and knowledge regarding the assessment of non-native English-speaking students' writing, as well as the ability to provide effective feedback. This quantitative study investigated the possible attitudinal factors, including demographics, which might affect faculty preparedness and grading practices for both native and non-native English-speaking students' academic writing and plagiarism, as well as the reasons faculty do not deduct points from both populations' writing errors. Structural equation modeling and SPSS …
Development And Validation Of A Scale To Measure Misconceptions About Educational Psychology Among Pre-Service Teachers, Morgan Mcafee
Development And Validation Of A Scale To Measure Misconceptions About Educational Psychology Among Pre-Service Teachers, Morgan Mcafee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Misconceptions are widespread or commonly held beliefs explicitly contradicted by empirical evidence. When teachers harbor misconceptions or unjustified beliefs about teaching, learning, and human motivation, the potential pedagogical consequences are profound, and these inaccurate beliefs may be instilled into future students through ineffective teaching strategies and gross misinterpretations of learning science. While existing research has examined misconceptions about general psychology and neuroscience among various populations, no prior work has evaluated pre-service teachers' misconceptions about topics of educational psychology, comprising inaccurate beliefs about teaching, learning, and human motivation. The purpose of this research is to describe the development and validation of …
Fourth Grade Teachers' Implementation Of An Explicit Vocabulary Teaching Technique With Students Who Are Socioeconomically Disadvantaged, Joanna Spielvogel
Fourth Grade Teachers' Implementation Of An Explicit Vocabulary Teaching Technique With Students Who Are Socioeconomically Disadvantaged, Joanna Spielvogel
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The study investigated the impact of fourth grade general education teacher implementation of the Vocabulary Scenario Technique – General Education 16 (VST-GE16) protocol on the vocabulary knowledge gains of students from low socioeconomic status (SES) circumstances. For children living in poverty, vocabulary knowledge deficits begin in toddlerhood and persist throughout their lives. Early deficits in vocabulary knowledge translate to performance gaps in vocabulary knowledge, literacy, and academic success between students from higher and lower SES homes. The development of explicit instructional protocols to be used by general education teachers is critical to the amelioration of these intransigent gaps. The study …
Crosslinguistic Analysis Of Stuttering And Typical Disfluencies In Polish-English Bilingual Adults Who Stutter, Aleksandra Krawczyk
Crosslinguistic Analysis Of Stuttering And Typical Disfluencies In Polish-English Bilingual Adults Who Stutter, Aleksandra Krawczyk
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research study examines the types and frequencies of stuttering, typical disfluencies, and speech rate in Polish-English bilingual adults who stutter across a variety of speaking situations. As Polish and English are phonetically and morpho-syntactically disparate languages, they provide grounds for evaluating the cross-linguistic correlates that may contribute to dysfluency in bilingual individuals who stutter in hopes of contributing to more effective assessment, diagnostic determination, and clinical practice. Participants were all native Polish speakers who spoke English at an intermediate or higher level, were diagnosed with a developmental stutter, and were at least 18 years old. Given that the participants …
An Examination Of Perceptions And Intentions Of Preservice Educators In Title I Settings, Annemarie Bazzo Kaczmarczyk
An Examination Of Perceptions And Intentions Of Preservice Educators In Title I Settings, Annemarie Bazzo Kaczmarczyk
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
With the shifting demographics of our nation and increased vacancies in schools, teacher preparation programs must equip teachers to work with today's culturally, academically, racially, and economically (CARE) diverse student population effectively. University-based teacher preparation programs are called to examine the steps taken and experiences provided to develop effective teachers to work with CARE students and fill vacancies, specifically in Title I schools. Preservice teachers, 15 total, participated in this qualitative study examining the perceptions and intentions of PSTs who were exposed to course content and field experiences that focused on Title I and CARE students. The PSTs were placed …
The Unheard Voices Of Nontraditional Students In Higher Education: Learning To Become A Student, Marcelo Julio Maturana
The Unheard Voices Of Nontraditional Students In Higher Education: Learning To Become A Student, Marcelo Julio Maturana
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study explores the lived experiences of older students who work and have family responsibilities while attending an undergraduate program full-time. Research indicates that this segment of the student population is the only one that is growing today and is projected to grow in the future; this also is the largest the group of students that does not finish their studies in spite of the many services aimed at supporting students' academic success. This study critically investigated the category of the nontraditional student and reviewed the literature about students' college experiences, including the limitations of its theoretical assumptions to describe …
Ethnic Exclusion & Conflict In The Caspian: Comparing Kazakhstan & Azerbaijan, Danny Krikorian
Ethnic Exclusion & Conflict In The Caspian: Comparing Kazakhstan & Azerbaijan, Danny Krikorian
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Political science explains various motives for political violence. This research focuses on a particular kind of motivation: ethnicity. The 20th century has seen many instances of ethnic violence, and this research seeks to understand why it occurs in one place and time and not the other. Traditionally the literature on ethnic violence reflects on economic conditions, regime type, geopolitics and historical context as significant variables. This research posits that Kazakhstan managed to avoid ethnic violence because it is more politically developed. The existence of an accommodative legislative assembly, which assures the rights of ethnic minorities, is an example of Kazakhstan's …
Transformative Learning: Improving Teachers' Cultural Competencies Through Knowledge And Practice Of Ubuntu Pedagogy, Alecia Blackwood
Transformative Learning: Improving Teachers' Cultural Competencies Through Knowledge And Practice Of Ubuntu Pedagogy, Alecia Blackwood
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The pursuit of this ethnographic study was inspired by my lived experiences as an urban school teacher for 18 years, as well as, the experiences of a group of other urban teachers. The study explored the following question: Does knowledge and practice of Ubuntu pedagogy help to improve teachers' cultural competencies in an urban school? The research documents how knowledge and practice of the three pillars of Ubuntu pedagogy help to transform the perspective of urban teachers. The three pillars are (1) Humanism and Ubuntu Competency, (2) Collaboration and Partnership, and (3) Relationship and Learning Community. Data were collected using …
Public Speaking Instructors' Perceptions Of College Students Who Stutter, Charlotte Harvey
Public Speaking Instructors' Perceptions Of College Students Who Stutter, Charlotte Harvey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study queried collegiate level instructors of public speaking asking if there was a gender based difference in their attitudes and beliefs about stuttering. The survey examined for relationships between instructor level of education and: sources of knowledge, knowledge of causation and, amount of knowledge about stuttering. Communication literature searches indicated there were few, if any, studies which specifically addressed the knowledge levels, sources of knowledge and causation information for stuttering. Stuttering occurs in approximately 1% of the worldwide population so it is reasonable to expect that most collegiate level instructors would have individuals who stutter presenting in their classrooms. …
Making An Impression: A Formal Analysis Of The Contextual And Iconographic Characteristics Of Ancient Mexican Ceramic Stamps, Elizabeth Rose Lyon Peabody
Making An Impression: A Formal Analysis Of The Contextual And Iconographic Characteristics Of Ancient Mexican Ceramic Stamps, Elizabeth Rose Lyon Peabody
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Ceramic stamps are a rare, yet widely distributed, artifact class within ancient Mexico. However, there has only been limited scholarly research on these objects and much current research is minimally supported. Depicting a wide range of iconography, including metaphysical, floral, and faunal designs, the function and meaning of these stamps, also known as estampias, pintaderas, and sellos, in ancient Mexican life remain an archaeological mystery. This paper examines the contextual, chronological, and iconographic characteristics of ancient Mexican ceramic stamps as well as the distributional trends of those characteristics. This study is comprised of 83 stamps of varying design that date …
A Framework For Prioritizing Opportunities Of Improvement In The Context Of Business Excellence Model In Healthcare Organization, Alia Aldarmaki
A Framework For Prioritizing Opportunities Of Improvement In The Context Of Business Excellence Model In Healthcare Organization, Alia Aldarmaki
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In today's world, the healthcare sector is facing challenges to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations. More and more improvement projects are being adopted to enhance healthcare services, making it more patient-centric, and enabling better cost control. Healthcare organizations strive to identify and carry out such improvement initiatives to sustain their businesses and gain competitive advantage. Seeking to reach a higher operational level of excellence, healthcare organizations utilize business excellence criteria to conduct assessment and identify organizational strengths and weaknesses. However, while such assessments routinely identify numerous areas for potential improvement, it is not feasible to conduct all …
Analysis Of Driver Behavior Modeling In Connected Vehicle Safety Systems Through High Fidelity Simulation, Ahura Jami
Analysis Of Driver Behavior Modeling In Connected Vehicle Safety Systems Through High Fidelity Simulation, Ahura Jami
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A critical aspect of connected vehicle safety analysis is understanding the impact of human behavior on the overall performance of the safety system. Given the variation in human driving behavior and the expectancy for high levels of performance, it is crucial for these systems to be flexible to various driving characteristics. However, design, testing, and evaluation of these active safety systems remain a challenging task, exacerbated by the lack of behavioral data and practical test platforms. Additionally, the need for the operation of these systems in critical and dangerous situations makes the burden of their evaluation very costly and time-consuming. …
Applied Software Tools For Supporting Children With Intellectual Disabilities, Ahmad Abualsamid
Applied Software Tools For Supporting Children With Intellectual Disabilities, Ahmad Abualsamid
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
We explored the level of technology utilization in supporting children with cognitive disabilities at schools, speech clinics, and with assistive communication at home. Anecdotal evidence, literature research, and our own survey of special needs educators in Central Florida reveal that use of technology is minimal in classrooms for students with special needs even when scientific research has shown the effectiveness of video modeling in teaching children with special needs new skills and behaviors. Research also shows that speech and language therapists utilize a manual approach to elicit and analyze language samples from children with special needs. While technology is utilized …
African American And First-Generation Students’ Perceptions Of And Experiences With An Academic Cohort, Sovent Zantrell Taylor
African American And First-Generation Students’ Perceptions Of And Experiences With An Academic Cohort, Sovent Zantrell Taylor
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Underrepresented student populations are faced with numerous barriers and are often overlooked on many college campuses. The aim of this research was to better understand academic cohorts and if they help reduce some of the barriers faced by African American and first-generation students which can ultimately affect retention and persistence to graduation. In order to gather this information, interviews and surveys were conducted with students once enrolled in the foundations for academic success track (Fastrack) program at the University of Mississippi. Results from the interviews and surveys indicate that while the Fastrack program seemed to support successful social transitions for …
Passive Voice Usage In Undergraduate Stem Textbooks, Huiyuan Luo
Passive Voice Usage In Undergraduate Stem Textbooks, Huiyuan Luo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The present study, a corpus-based quantitative analysis, investigated the use of passive voice in terms of percentage (percentage of total passive usage), constructions (the most commonly used passive forms), and dispersion (the verbs that tended to be associated with passive usage) in college STEM textbooks, more specifically in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. The corpus consisted of twenty textbooks with over 1 million running words selected from the textbooks' chapters. By identifying the main verbs and passive verbs used in the textbooks, the percentage of passive voice usage was calculated. The statistical difference of passive constructions between disciplines was examined …