Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Education (2735)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (2225)
- Arts and Humanities (1140)
- Counseling (846)
- Psychology (780)
-
- Religion (765)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (545)
- Educational Leadership (520)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (457)
- Educational Psychology (425)
- Christianity (396)
- Curriculum and Instruction (347)
- Educational Methods (326)
- Higher Education (277)
- Music (248)
- Nursing (248)
- Business (225)
- Other Education (223)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (212)
- Leadership Studies (210)
- Special Education and Teaching (182)
- Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion (180)
- Practical Theology (173)
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (161)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (129)
- Communication (127)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (91)
- Elementary Education (85)
- Sociology (74)
- History (69)
- Keyword
-
- Burnout (198)
- Self-efficacy (198)
- Education, General (190)
- Leadership (184)
- Trauma (164)
-
- Education (148)
- Mental health (147)
- Resilience (136)
- Phenomenology (130)
- Motivation (126)
- Higher education (116)
- Retention (116)
- Stress (109)
- COVID-19 (108)
- Depression (108)
- Anxiety (104)
- Religion, General (101)
- Spirituality (93)
- Discipleship (84)
- Persistence (77)
- Education, Secondary (76)
- Special education (67)
- Church (66)
- Education, Curriculum and Instruction (66)
- African American (65)
- Communication (65)
- Attachment (62)
- Religion, Clergy (62)
- Inclusion (60)
- PTSD (60)
- Publication Year
- File Type
Articles 5761 - 5790 of 5891
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Music Instruction And The Reading Achievement Of Middle School Students, Juanita Huber
Music Instruction And The Reading Achievement Of Middle School Students, Juanita Huber
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Comparative analysis examined responses on a descriptive questionnaire from 267 students in grades 6, 7, and 8. The study compared duration of and participation in music instruction, types of musical instruments learned, and experience in musical ensembles to scores from the state English language arts assessment. Analysis of results included descriptive statistics and the use of the Pearson r correlation coefficient. Overall findings yielded a significant positive relationship between the study of music and reading development in middle school students. A comparison of test scores to music instruction lasting longer than two years, performance on a brass or woodwind instrument, …
Influence Of Technology On Adolescent Development And Spiritual Formation, Kevin Daniel Monahan
Influence Of Technology On Adolescent Development And Spiritual Formation, Kevin Daniel Monahan
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Adolescence is the time when a person develops perceptions about religious thoughts and with proper guidance, can be a stronger follower of Christ. The purpose of this project is to analyze the effects of technology on young people and to show a direct correlation between the influence of technology and spiritual growth of adolescents. I will argue that both the positive and negative influences of technology have made our students more informative yet less personally intimate. This shift of personal interaction presents a challenge to the cognitive development and spiritual formation of all students.
Transactional Algorithm For Subtracting Fractions: Go Shopping, James Seishin Pinckard
Transactional Algorithm For Subtracting Fractions: Go Shopping, James Seishin Pinckard
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this quasi-experimental research study was to examine the effects of an alternative or transactional algorithm for subtracting mixed numbers within the middle school setting. Initial data were gathered from the student achievement of four mathematics teachers at three different school sites. The results indicated students who utilized the transactional algorithm demonstrated greater comprehension, retention, and computational accuracy than those who utilized traditional algorithms. The difference between the scores of the two groups was statistically significant. The follow-up investigation employed a quasi-experimental nonrandomized Test 1-Test2 control research with two teachers. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to …
Stress And Anxiety Among Korean International Students At Liberty University Analyzed With The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y), Jae Duk Kim
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
International students face unique issues, including anxiety while adjusting to cultural unfamiliar and academic challenges. This research study examined characteristics and anxiety levels as Korean international seminary students (n = 61) living in the U.S. and compared them with Korean domestic seminary students (n = 120) living in Korea using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) (Spielberger, 1983). The results: the Pearson correlation indicated that the state anxiety scores and trait anxiety scores were significantly related. Korean international seminary students had statistically significantly higher mean scores on state and trait anxiety than Korean domestic seminary students. The 2×2×2 ANOVA revealed …
God’S Shield: The Relationship Between God Attachment, Relationship Satisfaction, And Adult Child Of An Alcoholic (Acoa) Status In A Sample Of Evangelical Graduate Counseling Students, Karin Mcpeak Dumont
God’S Shield: The Relationship Between God Attachment, Relationship Satisfaction, And Adult Child Of An Alcoholic (Acoa) Status In A Sample Of Evangelical Graduate Counseling Students, Karin Mcpeak Dumont
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The conceptual framework for this study focused on adult attachments and adult relationship satisfaction being defined and supported by initial attachment style. The literature review consistently revealed that individuals with a secure attachment style report higher relationship satisfaction than individuals with an insecure style. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of attachment to God and a history of an alcoholic parent on adult relationship satisfaction while controlling for romantic attachment. A total of 267 participants from an evangelical graduate program in counseling were administered the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST), Attachment to God Inventory (AGI), …
A Study Of Physical Fitness And Academic Performance Levels Of Sixth And Seventh Grade Students, James Woodward
A Study Of Physical Fitness And Academic Performance Levels Of Sixth And Seventh Grade Students, James Woodward
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in academic performance levels between physically fit and physically unfit sixth and seventh grade students. Fitness levels were determined by assessing participants on the Fitnessgram® battery of physical fitness tests, which measures body composition, aerobic capacity, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. Academic levels were assessed using the school district's academic benchmark tests as well as Grade Point Average (GPA). The researcher used a series of nine independent t-tests to determine if there was a significant difference between the academic performance levels of physically fit and physically unfit students according …
Addressing The Lack Of Male Elementary School Teachers: Factors That Influence Grade-Level Preference, Michael David Patrick
Addressing The Lack Of Male Elementary School Teachers: Factors That Influence Grade-Level Preference, Michael David Patrick
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study was to determine which, if any, specific factors are deterring male teachers from pursuing elementary education. The number of male elementary teachers in America's public school systems had continued to decline, and this survey sought to discover what specific factors had contributed to this. This study surveyed 231 male public school teachers from six different school districts in Tennessee, Georgia, and Missouri. Male participants recorded their viewpoints regarding male elementary teachers while at the same time they provided personal information concerning factors which contributed to their own personal grade level selection. Participants were surveyed to …
Computer/Video Games As A Play Therapy Tool In Reducing Emotional Disturbances In Children, Kevin Boyd Hull
Computer/Video Games As A Play Therapy Tool In Reducing Emotional Disturbances In Children, Kevin Boyd Hull
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of computer/video games as a play therapy tool for children suffering from an emotional disturbance of sadness (pervasive feelings of irritability, loss of enjoyment in activities previously enjoyed, withdrawal from friends or family, decline in school performance, and hopelessness). Children who suffer from emotional disturbances have problems functioning in school, in social and family settings, as well as transitioning into adulthood. Play therapy is an effective and creative way to work with children with emotional disturbances. Play becomes a way for the child to communicate and heal. Computer/video games are …
Impact Of Self-Esteem And Identification With Academics On The Academic Achievement Of African American Students, Edward Earl Bell
Impact Of Self-Esteem And Identification With Academics On The Academic Achievement Of African American Students, Edward Earl Bell
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study examined the impact of self-esteem and identification with academics on the academic achievement of African American students in a charter school setting. Ninety-three students participated in this study. Using a pretest/posttest control group design, both the experimental group and the control group were administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory and the School Perception Questionnaire (SPQ) as pretest measures of self-esteem and identification with academics at the beginning of the experiment. The control and experimental groups were administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory and the School Perceptions Questionnaire (SPQ) at the end of the experiment. The control group received no intervention …
The Effectiveness Of A Proactive School-Wide Discipline Plan On Office Discipline Referrals At The Elementary School Level, Elizabeth Anne Anderson
The Effectiveness Of A Proactive School-Wide Discipline Plan On Office Discipline Referrals At The Elementary School Level, Elizabeth Anne Anderson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a proactive school-wide discipline plan on office discipline referrals, and as a predictor of incidents of chronic disciplinary referrals. The study examined two consecutive school years, 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, with 2007-2008 being the control group without a school-wide discipline plan, and 2008-2009 the treatment group with a school-wide discipline plan in place for a full academic year. The purpose was to determine if there would be a statistically significant decrease in the number of office discipline referrals and the number of office discipline referrals which resulted in In-School or …
The Impact Of Hurricane Katrina On Adolescent Psychological Adjustment And Adaptation In Southeast Louisiana, William Stephen Kelly
The Impact Of Hurricane Katrina On Adolescent Psychological Adjustment And Adaptation In Southeast Louisiana, William Stephen Kelly
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Hurricane Katrina ripped through Louisiana and the Gulf Coast in late August 2005. This devastating storm left thousands of people homeless and forever changed the lives of those who lived in these areas. Adolescents in the storm-impacted areas continue to be affected by life events brought about by this natural catastrophe. Many adolescents moved to another parish or state and started a new school, and many students reported attending multiple schools. Adolescents lost possessions and friends, and many continue to experience grief and loss issues related to Hurricane Katrina. Family job loss and associated financial hardship added to the already …
The Effectiveness Of Computer-Assisted Instruction In Developmental Mathematics, Kathy Dye Spradlin
The Effectiveness Of Computer-Assisted Instruction In Developmental Mathematics, Kathy Dye Spradlin
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Colleges and universities are trying alternative instructional approaches to improve the teaching of developmental mathematics with the goal of increasing the number of students who have the skills and knowledge required for college-level math courses and for the twenty-first century workforce. Computers and the internet make possible new methods of delivering instruction so students will have choices of when, where, and how they learn math. The purpose of this study was to compare academic performance of students enrolled in a developmental mathematics course using traditional instruction, traditional instruction supplemented with computer-assisted instruction, and online distance learning. In addition, gender differences …
God Attachment, Romantic Attachment, And Relationship Satisfaction In A Sample Of Evangelical College Students, Joshua Straub
God Attachment, Romantic Attachment, And Relationship Satisfaction In A Sample Of Evangelical College Students, Joshua Straub
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The current study sought to answer the following research questions: First, does God Attachment account for unique variance in Relationship Satisfaction after controlling for Romantic Attachment? Second, what is the complex relationship between these two sets of variables (God Anxiety and God Avoidance and Romantic Anxiety and Romantic Avoidance) and Relationship Satisfaction? The study revealed that the two dimensions of both God Attachment and Romantic Attachment were significantly (inversely) correlated with Relationship Satisfaction. God Attachment accounted for 6% unique variance on Relationship Satisfaction after controlling for Romantic Attachment. God Anxiety and Romantic Avoidance had a direct effect on Relationship Satisfaction. …
Relationships Between Students’ Fitness Levels And Academic Achievement, Theresa Linam Roberts
Relationships Between Students’ Fitness Levels And Academic Achievement, Theresa Linam Roberts
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study compared fifth grade students' physical fitness levels to academic achievement based on the premise that health and physical fitness has an effect on one's ability to learn and achieve academically. Due to No Child Left Behind and the mounting pressures to reach Adequate Yearly Progress, many school officials view non-assessed activities like physical education and recess as unnecessary, consequently creating a case for the elimination of any subject that is not directly measured through standardized testing. Finding a link between fitness and academic achievement may cause educational leaders to reevaluate time spent during the school day. Data was …
To Thine Own Self Be True: A Phenomenological Investigation Into The Role Of Self In A Moral Dilemma, Patricia Mccarthy Broderick
To Thine Own Self Be True: A Phenomenological Investigation Into The Role Of Self In A Moral Dilemma, Patricia Mccarthy Broderick
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Moral identity was investigated phenomenologically as it was experienced both by those who adhered to their stated moral convictions as well as those who did not. More specifically, 16 adult, unmarried, pro-life women who had experienced an unwanted pregnancy were interviewed, 8 of whom had carried and 8 had aborted. Significant findings include the propensity of those who carried and aborted, alike, to view their moral dilemmas through the filter of protection of self. Those who carried saw their moral beliefs as serving their self-interests, but those who aborted did not. Connection with a higher purpose was found in those …
Predictors Of Student Achievement In Grade 7: The Correlations Between The Stanford Achievement Test, Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, And Performance On The Texas Assessment Of Knowledge And Skills (Taks) Math And Reading Tests, Kristen Karrh
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
State-mandated testing programs are more prevalent and have greater implications for public school systems since the passing of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 and the implementation of standards-based reform practices. The 331 grade 7 students involved in this correlation research endeavor all attended a public middle school in Texas. One evaluated and analyzed fall 2007 Stanford 10 Achievement Test and Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (8th edition) results, and spring 2008 Math and Reading Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) scale scores to determine the statistical significance and strength of the relationship and whether or not …
No Child Left Behind Act: The Impact On The Performance Levels Of Gifted Students Relative To Those Of Non-Gifted Students, Rochelle Lenea Hopson-Lamar
No Child Left Behind Act: The Impact On The Performance Levels Of Gifted Students Relative To Those Of Non-Gifted Students, Rochelle Lenea Hopson-Lamar
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this causal comparative study was to determine the impact of the implementation of NCLB on the performance levels of gifted students relative to those of non-gifted students. The study involved the 2001, 2002, 2008, and 2009 Georgia Criterion-Referenced Competency Tests (CRCT) results of 1,978 middle grades students from a school in rural Northwest Georgia. The analysis included comparing the Mann-Whitney statistics, two-sample independent z-test statistics, and the percentage of improvement in performance levels of the gifted and non-gifted students, as measured by the CRCT in reading, language arts, and mathematics. The findings revealed that, since the implementation …
The Influence Of Acculturation, Religiosity, And Forgiveness Style On The General Health Of Korean Americans, Woohyun Daniel Chong
The Influence Of Acculturation, Religiosity, And Forgiveness Style On The General Health Of Korean Americans, Woohyun Daniel Chong
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The current study investigated the psychometric utility of several psychological instruments for the Korean population and explored the relationship between acculturation, religiosity, unforgiveness, forgiveness style, and general health of Koreans. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were conducted to investigate the appropriateness of the Religious Commitment Inventory-10 (RCI-10), the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale - 12-Item Form (TRIM-R and TRIM-A), the Rumination about an Interpersonal Offense Scale (RIO), the Decisional Forgiveness Scale (DFS), and the Emotional Forgiveness Scale (EFS) with collected data from 273 Korean Americans and Koreans. Several instruments required item adjustments to meet CFA criteria. Multiple regression analyses indicated that factors …
A Case Study Of Nontraditional Females In Teacher Education Programs, Natasha Brown Spellman
A Case Study Of Nontraditional Females In Teacher Education Programs, Natasha Brown Spellman
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study examined the experiences of nontraditional female students age 30 and older as they persisted in teacher education programs. The impact of life roles, internal and external risks to persistence, and support systems were considered. Case studies of five nontraditional female students from three university settings were conducted to understand the overall experiences, barriers encountered, and supports utilized in teacher education programs. Interviews, two-column memoing, and document analysis were used to triangulate data. The findings revealed that situational barriers, followed by institutional barriers, posed significant threats to persistence in teacher education programs. All of the nontraditional females struggled to …
Teachers’ Perceptions Of How Leadership Styles And Practices Of Principals Influence Their Job Satisfaction And Retention, Eric Matthew Denton
Teachers’ Perceptions Of How Leadership Styles And Practices Of Principals Influence Their Job Satisfaction And Retention, Eric Matthew Denton
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study addresses the challenge principals face in retaining highly qualified and effective teachers in their schools. Although efforts to recruit new teachers have proven successful, teachers are leaving education at alarming rates, especially in the first four years of their careers. The purpose of this study was to identify what school principals can do to increase teachers' job satisfaction and retention. To do so, 12 veteran teachers from four schools were interviewed from February to April 2009. The participants answered questions concerning their levels of job satisfaction, their perceptions of their principals' leadership styles, and their reasons for continuing …
An Evaluation Of The Relationship Between Criterion-Referenced Competency Test Reading Comprehension And Lexile Scores And Fountas And Pinnell's Guided Reading Levels In A Georgia Public School District, Lynnda G. Higgins
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of the current study was to compare Irene C. Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell's guided reading levels to the reading comprehension and Lexile scores on the Criterion-Referenced Competency Test (CRCT). The researcher designed a correlational study to answer the following question: How do the Fountas and Pinnell guided reading levels among third grade students who were instructed in guided reading correlate with the reading comprehension and Lexile scores which were generated by the CRCT? The purpose was also to determine whether guided reading levels, gender, and ethnicity had a correlation to reading comprehension and Lexile scores on the …
An Analysis Of Dissertations On Church Growth Published During The Past Five Years (2004-2008), Kyoung Kim
An Analysis Of Dissertations On Church Growth Published During The Past Five Years (2004-2008), Kyoung Kim
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this thesis was to analyze dissertations published during five years (2004-2008) and identify recent research trends and principles related to church growth. This was research on researches analyzing 141 dissertations posted on ProQuest Dissertation and Theses. Coding sheets by content analysis and statistical data converted into percentage were utilized. Most dissertations were descriptive and pre-experimental researches. Case study and survey were common. Theological majors and schools, Korean researchers, 10 target subjects, and three denominations covered the majority. Teaching and leadership were prevalent principles. Homogeneous unity was never seen. New principles were associated with social, personal, or cultural …
Low Academic Performance And Specific Learning Disabilities: Determining The Better Predictor Of Aggressive Behavior At School, Cherry Lurae Flake Johnson
Low Academic Performance And Specific Learning Disabilities: Determining The Better Predictor Of Aggressive Behavior At School, Cherry Lurae Flake Johnson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The researcher sought to determine whether an overall low average or a specific learning disability is a better predictor of a student displaying aggression at school. Further, she investigated for any interaction between an overall low average and a specific learning disability. The subjects were students in grades six through eight who attended a traditional middle school in a somewhat rural school district. The subjects had been punished by an out-of-school suspension at least once for an act of aggression during the 2006-2007 school year. Using a multiple regression analysis, the researcher found a negative correlation between overall average and …
A Study Of Pastoral Burnout Among Korean-American Pastors, Young Sun Jin
A Study Of Pastoral Burnout Among Korean-American Pastors, Young Sun Jin
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a resource of prevention and overcoming from pastoral burnout to Korean-American pastors. This project is born out of the author's five year journey in ministry as a senior pastor of Korean-American church. This study is performed from literature research, survey observation, and personal experience. Especially, the case study was based on research targeting the pastors who belong to the Capital Presbytery of KAPC, and conducted through analysis of the statistical data obtained from a questionnaire survey. In that view, this dissertation presents the definition, various factors and symptoms of burnout among the …
The Effect Of The Use Of Christian-Published Science Textbooks On The Act Science Reasoning Subtest Scores Of Midwest Christian High Schools, Janice Marie Guthrie
The Effect Of The Use Of Christian-Published Science Textbooks On The Act Science Reasoning Subtest Scores Of Midwest Christian High Schools, Janice Marie Guthrie
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Statistics indicate that students in conservative Christian schools earn higher standardized test scores in mathematics, reading, science, and writing compared to their public school counterparts, while many are criticized for using curricular materials deemed inferior in quality and for employing uncertified and ill-trained teachers. This study investigates the effectiveness of Christian-published science textbooks in preparing students for college-level science courses as measured by the Science Reasoning subtest of the ACT college entrance examination. A questionnaire was sent to conservative Christian high schools in five Midwest states which are affiliated with the American Association of Christian Schools, Association of Christian Schools …
Bullying Prevention Program: Possible Impact On Academic Performance, William Daryl Stone
Bullying Prevention Program: Possible Impact On Academic Performance, William Daryl Stone
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The research conducted sought to find the effect of the implementation of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program on the academic performance of students in the third through eighth grade. The study examined the relationship between the implementation of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program and the change in academic performance, as measured by the Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) assessment. The post-test scores of third through fifth grade students from one elementary school which had implemented the prevention program were compared with the post-test scores for the same grade levels at an elementary school that had not implemented a bullying prevention …
An Educational Methodology And Program For The Mitigation Of Compassion Fatigue For Combat Deploying Chaplains, Paul Brian Greer
An Educational Methodology And Program For The Mitigation Of Compassion Fatigue For Combat Deploying Chaplains, Paul Brian Greer
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Combat deployment presents unique challenges to military chaplains. One such challenge relates to the Vicarious Traumatization, often called "Compassion Fatigue," faced by chaplains who minister to service members experiencing combat-related trauma. There is minimal literature addressing compassion-related stress for clergy, especially those working with combat trauma survivors. Much of the research and literature available has been limited to those in emergency services, medical and mental health professions. This groundbreaking project will draw upon the latest literature, research and empirical data, culminating in an educational methodology and program for compassion stress management for military chaplain combat deployment rotation care.
Anger, Empathy, And Romantic Styles Of Attachment In Court Ordered Domestic Violence Offenders, Luanne Faye Bender Long
Anger, Empathy, And Romantic Styles Of Attachment In Court Ordered Domestic Violence Offenders, Luanne Faye Bender Long
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study utilized a prospective design to examine the impact of empathy and attachment beliefs on various dimensions of anger. More specifically, the study explored whether pre-treatment empathy scores in domestic violence offenders were the best predictor of post-treatment anger. The subjects (n=24) were male (14) and female (10) court referred domestic violence offenders. Correlation coefficients were calculated for attachment styles from pretreatment to post treatment to determine if the treatment response scores in anxiety were negatively correlated with anger turned inward. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions were used to examine whether pretreatment empathy accounted for any significant unique …
Scripture As A Source Of Hopefulness For Adult Christian Men And Women, Max Grayson Mills
Scripture As A Source Of Hopefulness For Adult Christian Men And Women, Max Grayson Mills
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The primary focus of this study was to evaluate the effect of a Bible study intervention on increasing the levels of hopefulness in a non-clinical population of adult Christian men and women. Using a randomly assigned pretest-posttest eight-week control group design, data was obtained from a sample of 60 adult Christian men (N=25) and women (N=35). Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that the bibliotherapeutic intervention was effective at (p. < .01). The study also revealed a positive correlation between hopefulness and spiritual maturity at (p. < 01). Of the 31 participants in the treatment group, 20 individuals (64.5%) made a meaningful change in their levels of hopefulness at post treatment.
Examining The Relationship Between Religious Coping Strategies, Attachment Beliefs And Emotion Regulation In A Mixed Sample Of College Students Attending An Evangelical University In Central Virginia, Kevin C. Corsini
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Emotion regulation is an essential component of individual development, enabling a person to experience, recognize, express and modulate his emotions. There are a number of factors which influence the development of emotion regulation, including family context, biology, and primary caregiver interaction. Attachment theory provides a theoretical framework for describing these developmental influences and the resulting emotion regulation strategies an individual employs. Primary emotion regulation strategies are developed and utilized when an individual has established a secure attachment with his primary caregiver. When these secure attachments do not develop in the primary caregiver relationship, the resulting insecure attachment relationship leads the …