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Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

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Exploring The Influence Of Servant Leadership Style On Staff Retention In The Early Childhood Education Industry: A Transcendental Phenomenology, Stacey Andrews Pipkins Oct 2025

Exploring The Influence Of Servant Leadership Style On Staff Retention In The Early Childhood Education Industry: A Transcendental Phenomenology, Stacey Andrews Pipkins

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to discover whether the servant leadership style, which emphasizes supporting the needs of followers, could enhance the support of early childhood education (ECE) teachers and raise retention rates in the central Arkansas area. The theory guiding this study was Robert Greenleaf’s servant leadership theory, as it is best known for supporting the needs of followers. A review of relevant literature has found that ECE teachers are leaving the industry due to heavy workloads and a lack of support from leadership. The aim of this study was to investigate how the leadership style …


Preparing New Life Pentecostal Ministries Young Adults For God’S Design Of Marriage Through Identity Development, Ameerah Brown Oct 2025

Preparing New Life Pentecostal Ministries Young Adults For God’S Design Of Marriage Through Identity Development, Ameerah Brown

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This thesis project, Preparing New Life Pentecostal Ministries Young Adults for God’s Design of Marriage Through Identity Development, addresses the growing crisis of identity, purpose, and relationship instability among young adults within NLPM and beyond. The purpose of this action-oriented research is to provide a theological and spiritually formative framework that prepares young adults for marriage by biblical principles. The project identifies key spiritual and emotional barriers, including unresolved wounds and distorted self-identity. Lack of discipleship and cultural confusion hinder spiritual maturity and readiness for God-ordained relationships. Grounded in Scripture and supported by human development theory and spiritual formation scholars, …


Public Administrators’ Role In Law Enforcement Training: How Public Administrators Influence The Communication Gap Between Law Enforcement Personnel And Society, Lori B. Singer-Bare Oct 2025

Public Administrators’ Role In Law Enforcement Training: How Public Administrators Influence The Communication Gap Between Law Enforcement Personnel And Society, Lori B. Singer-Bare

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Communication training in police academies has historically been lacking across the nation. Prior research indicates that communication skills are necessary for law enforcement professionals. Recent incidents have indicated that a communication gap occurs between law enforcement professionals and community members. Ultimately, public administrators play a role in the delivery of law enforcement services. In Ohio, the 2024 Blue Ribbon Task Force uncovered that communication training for law enforcement professionals is lacking. Public administrators are often charged with making proposals for organizational and law enforcement training to address societal needs. State Attorney Generals often oversee the Peace/Police Officer Training Academy and …


Building Stability Through Compassion: A Study Of City Gates Ministries’ Impact On Homelessness And Resource Distribution, Bryan Christopher Pruitt Oct 2025

Building Stability Through Compassion: A Study Of City Gates Ministries’ Impact On Homelessness And Resource Distribution, Bryan Christopher Pruitt

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This Dissertation-in-Praxis focused on how City Gates Ministries, a nonprofit organization in Thurston County, Washington, improved its support for individuals and families facing homelessness and poverty by refining its operational systems. The initiative aimed to strengthen donation intake, inventory management, and furniture delivery, which had previously strained resources and hindered organizational consistency. Guided by biblical leadership principles, the project introduced cost-effective solutions like a barcode-based digital inventory system, color-coded signage, and modular volunteer training sessions. Outcomes included a 30% reduction in inventory duplication errors, a nearly 45% decrease in retrieval times for high-demand items, and a decrease in misplaced inventory …


"Concealed Sorrow": Unveiling The Implications Of Miscarriages On Women In England 1500-1600s, Krista Ann Everson Oct 2025

"Concealed Sorrow": Unveiling The Implications Of Miscarriages On Women In England 1500-1600s, Krista Ann Everson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study examines the societal, religious, and political implications of miscarriage in Tudor England, with a particular focus on the experiences of Anne Boleyn. Miscarriage, a profoundly personal yet historically stigmatized event, intersects with broader cultural, theological, and economic forces that shape public and private responses to it. By exploring Anne Boleyn’s miscarriages within the context of Tudor society, this research sheds light on how historical understandings of pregnancy loss have influenced cultural attitudes and policies, offering insights into the lived realities of women in the early modern period.


A Phenomenological Study Of Parent And Educator Perceptions Of Inclusive Education For Individuals With Disabilities, Karin Elizabeth Kawagoe Oct 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of Parent And Educator Perceptions Of Inclusive Education For Individuals With Disabilities, Karin Elizabeth Kawagoe

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological qualitative study, grounded in disability theory, explores the lived experiences of parents and educators regarding inclusive education. At present, laws and regulations promote the inclusion of individuals with disabilities. Inclusion has evolved since the mid-1950s. The biblical foundation for inclusion draws on the life of Jesus. This study examined how concepts of belonging, willingness, perceptions of inclusion, and evidenced based practices manifest in perceptions of advocacy, empathy, flexibility, and collaboration. Data was collected using interviews with parents and educators. Thematic analysis revealed that parents’ experiences centered on advocacy, resilience, empathy, and compassion, reflecting feelings of isolation and being …


Telehealth Therapist’S Satisfaction And Commitment, Justin C. Trout Oct 2025

Telehealth Therapist’S Satisfaction And Commitment, Justin C. Trout

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Job satisfaction and commitment have been important topics for Industrial-Organizational psychologists for decades. However, little research has examined these concepts within the world of telehealth therapists. Due to COVID-19 and social distancing, the mental health field has expanded over into remote platforms, giving therapists the opportunity to work from home. The impact of COVID-19 on remote work was significant, and when in-person services resumed, therapists expressed continuing to work remotely, valuing flexibility and autonomy. Recognizing the importance of understanding this phenomenon from the perspective of the individuals who have experienced it, this study used a phenomenological approach to explore the …


Empowering Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners To Address Nutritional Deficits: An Educational Quality Improvement Study, Beatrice Joan Richards Oct 2025

Empowering Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners To Address Nutritional Deficits: An Educational Quality Improvement Study, Beatrice Joan Richards

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Psychiatry is a complex and multifaceted discipline, and treatment approaches often vary based on provider preference and philosophy. Some focus heavily on pharmacotherapies, while others use psychotherapeutic methods, and still others take a more holistic approach involving full-body wellness. All three strategies are beneficial, and providing psychiatric care with a combination of them all can address the full spectrum of factors that influence one’s mental health. Much research, education, and clinical focus have been put on pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutics. However, there is a marked lack of understanding regarding the holistic realm of psychiatric care, specifically the role of nutrition, amongst …


The Impact Of Religious Faith On The Relationships Between Negative Affect, Work-Family Conflict, And Emotional Intelligence In Adult Online Learners, Alexander A. Priel Oct 2025

The Impact Of Religious Faith On The Relationships Between Negative Affect, Work-Family Conflict, And Emotional Intelligence In Adult Online Learners, Alexander A. Priel

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Emotional intelligence has been well researched in traditional environments as a trait that positively influences employees and the culture of organizations of numerous industries This study served to fill a gap in the psychological literature in assessing adult online learners, a population that is both increasing in number and vastly understudied. The primary goal of this dissertation was to assess variables that impact emotional intelligence in a virtual environment. NA has been identified with an inverse relationship with EI, increasing counterproductive work behaviors, while WFC has been negatively associated with EI, potentially leading to stress and burnout for organizational employees. …


The Impact Of Childcare Services On The Professional And Personal Lives Of Nurse-Parents In Puerto Rico, Sandily Villegas Oct 2025

The Impact Of Childcare Services On The Professional And Personal Lives Of Nurse-Parents In Puerto Rico, Sandily Villegas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of childcare services on the professional and personal lives of nurse-parents in Puerto Rico. The problem investigated was that nurses who are parents constantly face challenges regarding balancing work and childcare responsibilities. This study used qualitative research with a grounded theory framework. Neuman System Theory serves as a framework for evaluating the stressors and challenges faced by nurse-parents. The central research question was: How does the availability of childcare services affect the professional and personal lives of nurse-parents in Puerto Rico? To answer this question, data were collected through three …


Exploring The Relationship Between Perceived E-Working Experience And Autonomy In It Professionals, Sherry Hunt Sep 2025

Exploring The Relationship Between Perceived E-Working Experience And Autonomy In It Professionals, Sherry Hunt

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

As remote work reshapes the professional landscape, understanding how e-working conditions influence the need for autonomy, a core component of motivation and well-being, is increasingly important. This quantitative, correlational study explored the relationship between perceived e-working experience and the psychological need for autonomy among 120 U.S.-based information technology (IT) professionals. Participants completed an online survey comprised of the E-Work Life (EWL) Scale (Charalampous et al., 2023; Grant et al., 2019) and two autonomy subscales from the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Work Scale (BPNSFWS) (Olafsen et al., 2021). Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT) (Ryan & Deci, 2000, 2017, 2020) …


Assessing The Impact Of Flight Occupancy And Motivation On General Aviation Pilot Decision-Making In Restricted Visibility, Brad A. Bowser Sep 2025

Assessing The Impact Of Flight Occupancy And Motivation On General Aviation Pilot Decision-Making In Restricted Visibility, Brad A. Bowser

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Annually, general aviation (GA) continues to experience an elevated number of fatal weather-related accidents. The highest fatality rate occurs during transitions from visual flight rules (VFR) with clear skies to instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and restricted visibility. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in flight occupancy (with family, with another pilot, and solo) and flight motivation (extrinsic, intrinsic, and neither) in the willingness of GA pilots to transition from VFR-to-IMC. The framework for this study includes the prospect theory, which is based on behavioral economics, explaining that choices often result in decisions to avoid losses rather than …


Developing Healthy Relationships: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of Twice-Exceptional Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autumn B. Matthews Sep 2025

Developing Healthy Relationships: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of Twice-Exceptional Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autumn B. Matthews

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of developing healthy friendships for twice-exceptional adults with autism spectrum disorder (2e/ASD) in the southeastern United States. The theory guiding this study was Schlossberg’s transition theory, as it provided a framework for understanding how individuals navigate significant changes in relationships, routines, assumptions, and roles. The central research question guiding this study was: What do 2e/ASD adults in the southeastern United States experience as they develop healthy friendships? The study employed a qualitative design using van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenology to capture the essence of participants’ lived …


The Quality Of Life Of Mothers Of Severely Autistic Children Under The Age Of 22: A Preliminary Study, Chele J. Weiglein Sep 2025

The Quality Of Life Of Mothers Of Severely Autistic Children Under The Age Of 22: A Preliminary Study, Chele J. Weiglein

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of autism in the United States is 1 in 31 individuals. Out of that number, 27% are children with severe autism and potentially profound comorbidities that require 24-hour surveillance due to their severe symptomology. The primary caregivers for these children are their mothers, and research shows that mothers are subjected to multiple stressors that result from providing a high level of care for their children. These stresses include emotional, social, financial, adjusting to new roles, trauma, and changes in family dynamics, which impact multiple domains of life, including …


The Relationships Among Childhood Abuse, Neglect, Household Dysfunction, And Adult Anxiety: The Moderating Effect Of A Trusted Adult, Jennifer Marie Cobb Sep 2025

The Relationships Among Childhood Abuse, Neglect, Household Dysfunction, And Adult Anxiety: The Moderating Effect Of A Trusted Adult, Jennifer Marie Cobb

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study investigated the relationships between the three types of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), (abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) and adult symptoms of anxiety, according to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. Beyond examining the bivariate relations of each ACE type with adult anxiety, this study also investigated if having at least one supportive adult in childhood moderated the relationships. The sample consisted of 213 adults recruited online who completed an anonymous survey containing the ACE Questionnaire, the GAD-7, a question regarding the presence of a trusted adult, and demographics. Hierarchical multiple regression tested the relationships of each ACE subtype …


“The Church Is Not Going To Close Until God Closes It”: Survival Of The Neighborhood Church, Karen Kay Warren Sep 2025

“The Church Is Not Going To Close Until God Closes It”: Survival Of The Neighborhood Church, Karen Kay Warren

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

There are churches in working-class neighborhoods throughout America that were built by the community’s residents. Some of these churches are close to or more than 100 years old and still function as places of worship. Riverdale Baptist Church in Roanoke and Fairview Christian in Lynchburg are two such churches. During the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries something changed about the Riverdale Farm and Fairview Heights neighborhoods. New neighbors arrived who were not interested in attending these corner churches, or in having close-knit relationships with their neighbors. The children of the older members had moved to other neighborhoods, and although …


Music And The Journey Of Black Male Phd Graduates In Counseling, Vincent Sears Sep 2025

Music And The Journey Of Black Male Phd Graduates In Counseling, Vincent Sears

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological qualitative study explored the lived experiences of Black male PhD graduates from CACREP- accredited counseling education programs who are now professors within the academy. It examined the integration of music as a coping mechanism to address the psychological impact of isolation, tokenism, and hypervisibility connected to attending predominantly white institutions (PWIs/ HWIs). Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and participants shared bespoke musical playlists. The results of this study revealed three overarching themes and associated sub-themes: the impact of racism and systemic barriers (structural barriers and racial inequities); navigating predominantly or historically white institutions; and music as …


Non-Opioid Alternatives For Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Management In The Elderly: A Provider’S Perspective, Okey Iloegbunam Sep 2025

Non-Opioid Alternatives For Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Management In The Elderly: A Provider’S Perspective, Okey Iloegbunam

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Chronic non-cancer pain is a major public health problem in the United States. The use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain treatment has a negative impact on the quality of life of the elderly. This study aimed to explore non-opioid alternatives for chronic pain management in the elderly. It aims to explore the perspectives of pain practitioners at My Pain Center in Tucson, Arizona, in choosing non-opioid alternatives for chronic pain treatment. The study aimed to explore the factors that influence pain practitioners’ prescribing habits and how to replace opioids in treating chronic non-cancer pain in the elderly. This study …


Fueled To Succeed: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study On The Passion Of Students In Pursuit Of Success During And After College Life, Mesack Dieudonne Sep 2025

Fueled To Succeed: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study On The Passion Of Students In Pursuit Of Success During And After College Life, Mesack Dieudonne

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to describe college students' experiences with passion while studying in a higher education setting in Florida. For this study, passion will be defined as a natural penchant that leads an individual to highly value something or someone, increasing persistence and thus leading to success. The theory underpinning this study is Vallerand's dualistic model of passion (DMP). The central research question guiding this research is as follows: How do college students describe their experiences with passion while studying in a higher education setting in Florida? Transcendental phenomenology was selected as the qualitative research …


Science Unleashed: The Influence Of Science Content Implementation Within Learning Management Systems, D'Aieriean Murray Sep 2025

Science Unleashed: The Influence Of Science Content Implementation Within Learning Management Systems, D'Aieriean Murray

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The qualitative, phenomenological study addressed the factors secondary science teachers face in implementing the science content in online LMS while continuing to teach in traditional classrooms. The research addressed the adequate training secondary science teachers may or may not have received in LMS and technology integration into the classroom. Utilizing Bruner's constructivist theory (1966) concerning the virtual classroom to recognize the imperativeness of educators in curriculum development to answer the question, "How are science teachers' experiences regarding the effectiveness of LMS and online learning?" While conducting a literature analysis, the most frequent themes were faculty readiness, transitioning to online education …


Exploring Teachers’ Self-Perceptions: A Case Study Unraveling The Influence Of Professional Learning On Practice, Lindsay Goldsmith Sep 2025

Exploring Teachers’ Self-Perceptions: A Case Study Unraveling The Influence Of Professional Learning On Practice, Lindsay Goldsmith

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study was to understand how professional development affects elementary educators' self-perceptions in the K-12 setting within American schools overseas. The theory guiding this study was Jack Mezirow’s theory on transformative learning as it explains the relationship between learning and practice. How do overseas teachers' engagement in professional learning activities contribute to transformative learning experiences, and how does the social learning context influence the development of their teaching practices? The present study utilized a case-study approach to explore how current teachers perceive their practice is affected by professional learning. Interviews, surveys, and document analysis were used …


Qualitative Evaluation Of Eeg Neurofeedback For Anxiety In Adults, Leah M. Jones Sep 2025

Qualitative Evaluation Of Eeg Neurofeedback For Anxiety In Adults, Leah M. Jones

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Anxiety is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, yet many treatment options are inaccessible, ineffective for some, or lack long-term efficacy. One treatment for with substantial research support is neurofeedback, though it remains categorized as an experimental treatment and is underutilized in clinical practice. The qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of adults who received neurofeedback treatment for anxiety. The purpose was to understand participants’ perceptions of neurofeedback’s efficacy and the interactive effects of neurofeedback and psychotherapy. Data were collected from two Oregon clinics that offer Neurofeedback and from students at Liberty University. An open-ended survey …


Public Safety Injuries: Treatment And Organizational Support Variations Experienced By Injured Employees, Patrick S. Daugherty Jr. Sep 2025

Public Safety Injuries: Treatment And Organizational Support Variations Experienced By Injured Employees, Patrick S. Daugherty Jr.

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Public safety employees work in an environment characterized by a greater risk of injury than the workplaces of employees engaged in other professions. The deterioration of trust in public safety workers has increased both the violence against them and their risk of injury, negatively affecting their retention and recruitment efforts. The effect is exhausted and overworked employees who answer an increasing call volume with less resources, resulting in greater stress and frustration. Frustration can be expressed with negativity and isolation toward accommodated employees while they attempt to recover from their injuries. This phenomenon raises the question of “What treatment variations …


Psychological Safety And Its Impact On Teacher And Staff Morale, Yvonne R. Crace Sep 2025

Psychological Safety And Its Impact On Teacher And Staff Morale, Yvonne R. Crace

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Psychological safety is a concept that has been around since 1965. Psychological safety exists when employees feel safe to share their ideas and opinions without fear of retaliation, retribution, or belittlement. Studies on psychological safety have mainly focused on businesses and corporations and work team learning behaviors. In recent years, it has become evident that psychological safety is needed in additional types of industries, including all stages of education, from primary to graduate school. In education, teachers and staff often feel isolated and have concerns about voicing their opinions which creates relational stress and conflict, thus lowering staff morale. This …


Describing The Lived Experiences Of Professional School Counselors: Providing And Advocating For Services To Address Childhood Trauma, Toawondia T. Underwood Sep 2025

Describing The Lived Experiences Of Professional School Counselors: Providing And Advocating For Services To Address Childhood Trauma, Toawondia T. Underwood

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The professional school counselor’s role is to enhance student success by implementing a comprehensive school counseling program. Professional school counselors often focus on addressing the needs of students impacted by trauma, who exhibit increased absences, behavioral challenges, and diminished academic performance. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenology study was to understand the lived experiences of professional school counselors providing and advocating for services to address childhood trauma. The American School Counselor (ASCA) National Model served as the structural framework, and the theory guiding this study was Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. The research engaged 15 practicing professional school counselors from …


A Phenomenological Study Of Overcoming School Experiences Of Disability-Related Stigma To Gain Competitive Employment For Individuals With Learning Disabilities, Katherine Lamont Sep 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of Overcoming School Experiences Of Disability-Related Stigma To Gain Competitive Employment For Individuals With Learning Disabilities, Katherine Lamont

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutical phenomenological study was to interpret the experiences of overcoming disability-related stigma to gain competitive employment for individuals with learning disabilities (LDs) who have previously received special education services in public schools in the United States. Goffman’s stigma theory framed the investigation of the research question: What are the lived experiences of individuals with LDs who have received special education services in public school settings with overcoming disability-related stigma to gain competitive employment? This study was conducted with 12 participants, who each received special education services in public schools in the United States for a specific …


The Relationship Between Nursing Faculty Sense Of Belonging And Faculty Intent To Stay, Heather M. Bowers Sep 2025

The Relationship Between Nursing Faculty Sense Of Belonging And Faculty Intent To Stay, Heather M. Bowers

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative and correlational study was to evaluate the relationship between workplace sense of belonging and intent to stay in the current nursing faculty role among full-time nursing faculty. The shortage of nursing faculty impacts the ability to prepare the next generation of nurses needed to meet worldwide nursing demands. Strategies to effectively recruit and retain nursing faculty are important considering the current shortage and increasing retirements of nursing faculty. While sense of belonging has been studied for student retention and studies are beginning to explore the importance of workplace belonging, the impact of organizational sense …


Perceptions Of Faculty Influence On Graduate Student Diversity Attitudes: A Phenomenological Study, Lyn Porter Sep 2025

Perceptions Of Faculty Influence On Graduate Student Diversity Attitudes: A Phenomenological Study, Lyn Porter

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to understand the lived experiences regarding the perceived influence of faculty interactions in shaping diversity attitudes for graduate students in healthcare-related professions across the United States. The theory guiding this study is Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which argues that social interactions deeply influence cognitive development (Vygotsky, 1978/1995). These interactions are necessary for the development of new skills and knowledge. Vygotsky also highlighted the role of culture in shaping how individuals think, learn, and interpret the world, suggesting that the cultural context in which faculty and students interact profoundly affects internalized values and attitudes. …


Are There Acculturative Differences Between Mono & Multiethnic Families, Jose R. Rodriguez Sep 2025

Are There Acculturative Differences Between Mono & Multiethnic Families, Jose R. Rodriguez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study examines the differences in acculturation experiences between multiethnic and monoethnic Latino adolescents. Using a correlational quantitative design with multiple regression analyses, data was collected online from 100 participants (minors and adults) affiliated with the Spanish Eastern District of the Assemblies of God in the U.S. Northeast Corridor. The study found that age significantly predicted ethnic identity exploration, accounting for 21% of the variance: individuals aged 16–17 and 18–21 scored higher than those aged 13–15, while gender, ethnicity, and their interactions were not significant. For identity resolution, age (13–15 group) and gender emerged as significant predictors in a model …


Therapeutic Day Treatment Counselors’ Perspective Of Parental Engagement And Involvement, Dominique Rose Lynn Woods Sep 2025

Therapeutic Day Treatment Counselors’ Perspective Of Parental Engagement And Involvement, Dominique Rose Lynn Woods

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study was to describe Therapeutic Day Treatment Counselors' (TDTCs) lived experiences with parental engagement and involvement (PEI) for TDTCs, within their professional collaborations in Virginia. The study focused on a specific aspect of TDTC’s lived experience: their perspective of PEI. Several theories were reviewed as a foundation for research development. Bronfenbrenner's (1979) Ecological Systems Theory has been an essential component of the research, as it emphasized that a child's development involves multiple elements of their environmental and social systems. Stroul and Friedman's (1986) Systems of Care Theory provided a foundation for understanding …