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Mental Health And Employment Status : Evidence From Thailand, Patchara Suwannasin Jan 2019

Mental Health And Employment Status : Evidence From Thailand, Patchara Suwannasin

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Mental health and mental disorder are significantly considered to be a worldwide issue nowadays such as depression and suicidal. Moreover, the problem of employment still occurs as an aspect of unemployment or employment status issues in those people who work in each economic sector. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of employment status on mental health and to investigate the relationship between personal characteristics and mental health in Thailand. Moreover, the channels that employment may affect mental health also were investigated in this study. A cross-sectional data, 2014 Thailand survey on conditions of society, culture, and …


Determinants Of Healthcare Utilization And Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure In Thailand, Piraya Saichol Jan 2019

Determinants Of Healthcare Utilization And Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure In Thailand, Piraya Saichol

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Thailand launched the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) in 2001 and most studies are focusing on the impact of the UCS on healthcare utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure. None of the studies, however, examines healthcare utilization and OOP expenditure across the three main public health insurance schemes, i.e. UCS, Social Security Scheme (SSS), and Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS). Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of health insurance status and use of health insurance on outpatient service utilization and healthcare OOP expenditure by using the 2017 Health and Welfare Survey data. Given large income and other disparities across …


The Health Impacts Of Groundwater Salinity Among Household Members With Different Wealth Indexes In Coastal Bangladesh, Shayan Ara Amin Jan 2019

The Health Impacts Of Groundwater Salinity Among Household Members With Different Wealth Indexes In Coastal Bangladesh, Shayan Ara Amin

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Individual and household level health impacts are related to their wealth, a connection that expands into impacts from drinking water quality. Using the Bangladesh Poverty and Groundwater Salinity Survey 2016, this study examines the relationship of self-reported groundwater salinity on self-reported health impacts that are common symptoms of hypertension among individuals for an association with household-level wealth quintiles. This study is unique in substantiating the health-wealth relationship for the climate-change vulnerable people of southwest coastal Bangladesh, where so far studies on the impact of drinking water salinity have focused on direct health impacts and willingness-to-pay for drinking water and healthcare. …


The Relationship Between Social Participation And Smoking Among Middle-Aged And Elderly Persons In China, Yuqing Liu Jan 2019

The Relationship Between Social Participation And Smoking Among Middle-Aged And Elderly Persons In China, Yuqing Liu

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This study examined the relationship between social participation and smoking among middle-aged and elderly persons. This study used a secondary dataset drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS,2015). In this nationally survey, the number of observations was 9,876. The dependent variable used in this study is smoking and non-smoking. Smoking includes light smoking, moderate, and heavy smoking. The explanatory variables are family factors, demographic characteristics, and socioeconomic factors. Factors associated with smoking were examined with logistic regression model. The results showed that gender, marital status, health self-assessment, pension, chronic disease, playing Mahjong, playing chess, playing cards, or …


Factors Affecting The Purchase Of Commercial Endowment Insurance For The Chinese Adults, Tiantian Jin Jan 2019

Factors Affecting The Purchase Of Commercial Endowment Insurance For The Chinese Adults, Tiantian Jin

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The study aimed to explore factors affecting the purchase of commercial endowment insurance for the Chinese adults. It used secondary data from “China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study”, this data was based on family and individual who are 45 and over years old with a total of 17,000 individuals in 2015. In this study the percent of people with commercial endowment insurance is 0.93%, while the percent of people without is 99.07% so it used the Binary logistic model. Factors are studied from individual characteristic consists of age, gender, education, health status and income, and family characteristic composes of number …


Jellyfish Sting And First Aid Knowledge Among 6th-9thgrade Students In Koh Mak, Koh Kood, And Koh Chang, Trat Province, Thailand, Hansa Premmaneesakul Jan 2019

Jellyfish Sting And First Aid Knowledge Among 6th-9thgrade Students In Koh Mak, Koh Kood, And Koh Chang, Trat Province, Thailand, Hansa Premmaneesakul

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Background: Injuries from jellyfish are an important public issue. Students are both potential victims and victim-helpers. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the knowledge of jellyfish stings and first aid management in 6th-9th grade students living on three islands in Trat, Thailand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a questionnaire distributed to all 6th-9th grade students living on these islands. Relationship between total knowledge score and independent variables were assessed by Fisher’s exact test and multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the three islands students from Koh Kood had the highest knowledge (75.27%), followed by students from …


A Development Of Family Continuity Management For Medical Staffs Based On Business Continuity Management, Kananut Charoenthammachoke Jan 2019

A Development Of Family Continuity Management For Medical Staffs Based On Business Continuity Management, Kananut Charoenthammachoke

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Nowadays, the Business Continuity Management (BCM) is one of the most effective programs to reduce impact from crisis, incident, or any disaster for organizations focusing on their continuity operations. In addition to handling the incident which disrupts or interferes the business processes, the BCM has been developed into a new term of strategy like “resilience.” The purpose of this research is to develop and implement the BCM framework program for family. In this study, the proposed “Family Continuity Management” (FCM) program training was conducted for 51 medical staffs. There are 10 phases in the FCM training program experiment. The samples …


Utilizing User-Generated Content To Analyze Tours And Activities In Bangkok: A Tripadvisor Case Study, Naina Chugh Jan 2019

Utilizing User-Generated Content To Analyze Tours And Activities In Bangkok: A Tripadvisor Case Study, Naina Chugh

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The overarching goal of this paper is to gain visibility on tourist preferences and whether or not the needs of tourists are being met. With the Travel and Tourism (T&T) sector being the backbone to the global economy and the sector becoming more saturated and competitive, insights on T&T are vital now, more than ever. The rise of social media and user-generated content has effectuated the opportunity for a systematic analysis of tourist preferences via user-generated content. This paper is focused on gaining insights into tourism in Bangkok, Thailand through user-generated content scraped from TripAdvisor’s online reviews of tours and …


Smes' Obstacles In Thailand: The Analysis Of The Association Between The Difference In Size, Sector, Region And The Problems That Occur In Business Operations, Phoom Traithaiteera Jan 2019

Smes' Obstacles In Thailand: The Analysis Of The Association Between The Difference In Size, Sector, Region And The Problems That Occur In Business Operations, Phoom Traithaiteera

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand has increased these years. The objectives of this research were to identify obstacles in business operations and develop a guideline to promote and support SMEs in Thailand. The data was collected in the questionnaire; the respondents of this research are entrepreneurs entering the government services by the Department of Industrial Promotion between the years 2016 - 2018 with a total of 1,297 enterprises. This research used a chi-square test for independence to determine whether there is a significant association between the two variables. The results showed that the small sized …


Increasing Levodopa And Carbidopa Loading Quantity In Oral Pullulan Thin Film, Kitisak Krisai Jan 2019

Increasing Levodopa And Carbidopa Loading Quantity In Oral Pullulan Thin Film, Kitisak Krisai

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Due to the non-compliance of Parkinson’s patient, both youth and elderly patients commonly suffer from the consequent of tablet administration. Therefore, the way to solve this patient’s non-compliance is the development of levodopa (LD) and carbidopa (CD) as an oral thin film (OTF) formulation. The current study focuses on the increasing solubility of LD and CD in order to improve the loading quantity for OTF preparation including formulation development and short-term stability investigation. The technique of solubilization by ionization approach was selected. Quantitative determination of solubilized LD and CD in various acid solvents showed the highest solubility of both drugs …


Risk Assessment Of Gmp Inspection Of Overseas Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Based On Pic/S Desktop Inspection, Waranon Cheewajorn Jan 2019

Risk Assessment Of Gmp Inspection Of Overseas Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Based On Pic/S Desktop Inspection, Waranon Cheewajorn

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Good manufacturing practice (GMP) inspection of overseas manufacturers is regulated under desktop inspection by Thailand Food and Drug Administration (Thai FDA). The desktop inspection system is verified mainly by document without on-site inspection like for local manufacturers. The inspection results may thus cause certain gaps in terms of quality and reliability. In addition, none has reported the risk assessment of desktop inspection system in Thailand and the limited research articles investigated these gaps. This work utilized the quality risk management (QRM) of International Council for Harmonization Q9 (ICH Q9) guideline with Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) tool to study …


Toward Decent Work Agenda: Case Study Of Domestic Care Workers In Thailand's Care Economy, Cholnapa Anukul Jan 2019

Toward Decent Work Agenda: Case Study Of Domestic Care Workers In Thailand's Care Economy, Cholnapa Anukul

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Ageing population is global phenomenon. As it causes deficit workforce and family structural change, more care job opportunities are provided. Nevertheless, global care workers are experiencing poor working conditions involving low wage, less social security and hard work. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of indecent work among paid domestic care workers in Thailand, with the aim to give voice and enhance visibility of them. Research methodology includes decent work related regulations and a set of care policies review and eight in-depth interviews of paid domestic care workers. Results are that (i) Thai regulations is inadequate …


Livelihoods Training For Internally Displaced Persons (Idps) In Kachin State, Myanmar: Success And Challenges Beneficiaries, Lucia Lujan Jan 2019

Livelihoods Training For Internally Displaced Persons (Idps) In Kachin State, Myanmar: Success And Challenges Beneficiaries, Lucia Lujan

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Over 100,000 persons have been internally displaced from various towns within Kachin State, Myanmar. Starting in 2015, some agencies began providing livelihood support programs for the IDP population in many campsites. This research focuses on the opportunities and challenges faced by Kachin IDPs who receive support from livelihood programs in pursuit of better employment opportunities. Drawing on a qualitative research approach, this research examines two of the most effective livelihood training activities and two less successful livelihood training activities which help IDPs to enhance their employment capacity, increasing their opportunities to receive an income. The livelihood support activities help IDPs …


Empowerment Of Indigenous Women In Recovery Of Post-Earthquake 2015 In Nepal: A Feminist Perspective, Mintira Premruethairat Jan 2019

Empowerment Of Indigenous Women In Recovery Of Post-Earthquake 2015 In Nepal: A Feminist Perspective, Mintira Premruethairat

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Discrimination against gender and caste can be overwhelming issue to a person or a group who faces it. Similarly, indigenous women of Nepal have been facing impediments in regard to unequal power relations caused by gender, identity, as well as disaster. With the conceptualization of Feminist Political Ecology, this paper analyzes the subjectivities of a feminist perspective that highlights the lives of indigenous women pre-earthquake and their experiences on how they are affected by power relations in political ecology of Nepal. Along with the findings of the indigenous women’s lives and their experiences amid the earthquake 2015 have also been …


Access To Overseas Higher Education For Karen Students From The Knu-Controlled Areas: Barriers And Coping Strategies, Saw Than Min Htun Jan 2019

Access To Overseas Higher Education For Karen Students From The Knu-Controlled Areas: Barriers And Coping Strategies, Saw Than Min Htun

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The provision of education in KNU controlled areas is political as it is indispensable to development and national identity building. In fact, issues of legitimacy are key to understanding education services in these areas. Through the Karen Education and Culture Department, the KNU has mainly been providing education services in its controlled areas with its own curriculum and administration for the past seventy years since the beginning of civil war in Myanmar. However, the students cannot access to universities in Myanmar due to the lack of recognition of their learning attainments by the Myanmar government and only a handful of …


Protection Against Sexual Violence In The Workplace: Ngo Programs For Access To Justice For Female Migrant Workers In Thailand, Shah Bano Jan 2019

Protection Against Sexual Violence In The Workplace: Ngo Programs For Access To Justice For Female Migrant Workers In Thailand, Shah Bano

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Sexual violence in the workplace amongst female migrant worker is an under-discussed issue, due to lack of reporting, that needs to be explored in more detail. This paper examined the role of NGOs in providing protection to FMW who are survivors of sexual violence, in Thailand, who want to seek justice. This study used qualitative approach by interviewing 3 people from local NGOs and 3 people from international NGOs working in Thailand that provide services to FMW who have faced sexual violence, to deal with the culturally biased and highly patriarchal criminal justice system. The study shows that regardless of …


Towards Sustainable Livelihoods In The Industrailizing Economy: A Case Study Of The Agricultural Communities In The Eastern Economic Corridor, Thailand, Sirapat Puttachoo Jan 2019

Towards Sustainable Livelihoods In The Industrailizing Economy: A Case Study Of The Agricultural Communities In The Eastern Economic Corridor, Thailand, Sirapat Puttachoo

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Whilst, the associated development policies and government services for agricultural development under Thailand 4.0 in the Eastern Economic Corridor has potential implication to provide the opportunity for the agricultural community to greater their income and enhance well-being. However, there are few studies assessing the community capacity toward those opportunities. The capacity is the key feature for community development. It can also become the justification for accessibility into the new dynamic of the structural development. Insufficient or mismatched capacity with the current innovation activity and economic system could become a barrier for the community to access the range of project’s benefits. …


Human Rights Due Diligence: Participation And Innovation In Multi-National Business In Thailand, William Midwinter Jan 2019

Human Rights Due Diligence: Participation And Innovation In Multi-National Business In Thailand, William Midwinter

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The United Nations Guiding Principles (UNGPs) for Business and Human Rights has contributed to the way in which businesses engage with, and understand human rights, and has been most notable at the Multinational Corporations (MNC) level. A key duty placed on businesses is the expectation that they will conduct human rights due diligence (HRDD) across their supply chains. This multifaceted process involves the identification of actual or potential human rights impacts that the business may have in their supply chains, drawing heavily on notions of transparency, traceability and stakeholder engagement, and is the focus of this thesis. Concentrating specifically on …


Can Offshore Wind Electricity In Taiwan Be Sustainable?: The Case Of Taiwan's First Offshore Wind Project, Formosa 1 In Miaoli, Yu Ju Lin Jan 2019

Can Offshore Wind Electricity In Taiwan Be Sustainable?: The Case Of Taiwan's First Offshore Wind Project, Formosa 1 In Miaoli, Yu Ju Lin

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

While sustainability is implementing all over the world to strive to balance the development and environment, Taiwan is also committed to the transition towards renewable energy, and offshore wind electricity is one of the emerging industries with potential, therefore taking its newly operated project as a case study. The purpose of the research is to determine whether offshore wind electricity is a viable solution to achieve inclusive sustainability in Taiwan and the concept of procedural justice is involving to examine the planning and construction stages of the development while environmental justice is applied to evaluate the overall outcome from the …


The Factors That Influencing To Thai's Free Independent Travelers Decision To Travel In South Korea, Onjira Kumboosya Jan 2019

The Factors That Influencing To Thai's Free Independent Travelers Decision To Travel In South Korea, Onjira Kumboosya

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Nowadays, the Korea tourism industry has a popular to Thai's free independent travelers to visit South Korea. The objective of this study was the various factors that influencing to Thai’s Free Independent Travelers decision to travel in South Korea and to study behavior of Thai’s Free Independent Traveler to decide to travel in South Korea including to study principles of Korea Tourism Organization’s marketing that affect to decision of independent Thai travelers. The sample size is Thai’s Free Independent Travelers by using questionnaires 78 people consists were an online survey and in-depth interviews with bloggers 4 people and who’s don’t …


Impact Of Covid-19 Outbreak On Tourism Business In Thailand Targeting Korean Tourists, Phreeda Thadaopas Jan 2019

Impact Of Covid-19 Outbreak On Tourism Business In Thailand Targeting Korean Tourists, Phreeda Thadaopas

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) temporarily stops the global travelling which decreases almost 100 percent of the tourists' number. The situation directly affects Thai tourism industry which is one of the significant industries in Thailand that generates large amount of income each year. This is because Thailand is very popular among international tourists, especially Korean tourists, Korea is ranked one of the top five countries base on the number of tourists entering Thailand with more than a year annd Korean tourists spend more than 80,000 million baht each year. There is a variety of services in Thailand for Korean tourists, …


Attributes Of Perceived Values Towards Coffee Shop Industry In Bangkok, Orapin Siprajim Jan 2019

Attributes Of Perceived Values Towards Coffee Shop Industry In Bangkok, Orapin Siprajim

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Coffee shop or café is referred to the place where it offers coffee or drinks and some space for customers to sit and relax. It becomes the most visited place for the modern lifestyles. Coffee shops can be found easily in cities, especially Bangkok, Thailand. There are both local individual coffee houses and chained coffee brands in the market, people can choose to visit either of which or both of them. The rapid growth of coffee industry in Bangkok is affecting how each brand could compete with its rival in the market. Customers are the key driver for the business …


Modern Utilization Of Digital Technology Influencing Career Opportunities For The Millennials (Generation Y) In Thailand, Atithaya Pongpanichpisarn Jan 2019

Modern Utilization Of Digital Technology Influencing Career Opportunities For The Millennials (Generation Y) In Thailand, Atithaya Pongpanichpisarn

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

With the rise of the new digital economy, the concept has started to change the form of career opportunities. Quick and easy sharing of information, which is the most important aspect in the new era, has been the catalyst for the change and development of the business world that enters a digital era. With exponentially growing digital technology, the modern development and utilization of digital technology will have an impact on the career opportunities for the Millennials (Generation Y) in Thailand. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of modern utilization of digital technology influencing career opportunities …


Comparative Analysis Of Debts Financing Between Apple Inc. And Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. On Product Pricing Strategies, Warintorn Pramoteyada Jan 2019

Comparative Analysis Of Debts Financing Between Apple Inc. And Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. On Product Pricing Strategies, Warintorn Pramoteyada

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

For over 30 years, there has been numerous studies on firm’s pricing strategies influenced by financing decisions. The evidences of such effects are undeniably true but surprisingly less known and discussed in the corporate world. This paper hence demonstrates real-case firms such as Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. in a methodological research such that financial statements are analyzed and strategies are theoretically explained accordingly. The findings are nothing unexpected but remarkably motivating nonetheless, as there is a strong implication of debt financing, especially of short-term debts on Apple Inc.’s pricing directions. Whereas its rival, Samsung Electronics, even though …


Does The Credibility Of An Influencer Affect Buying Intention Of Youtube Users And Is There A Difference In Perception Of An Influencer's Credibility And On Their Buying Intention Regarding Gender Characteristics, Anthony Kim Long Hoang Jan 2019

Does The Credibility Of An Influencer Affect Buying Intention Of Youtube Users And Is There A Difference In Perception Of An Influencer's Credibility And On Their Buying Intention Regarding Gender Characteristics, Anthony Kim Long Hoang

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

YouTube platform has been rising in popularity for the past decade, we have seen the emergence of numerous influencers on the platform. With over 2 billion monthly active users in 2020, according to Statista research institute, YouTube represent an opportunity for brand marketer who would like to promote their products or services to a large audience. First, this study aims to determinate the effect perceived influencer’s credibility of an influencer on YouTube might have on the viewer’s buying intention of the advertised product. Then secondly, to determine which aspect of credibility (attractiveness, expertise, or trustworthiness) has the greater influence on …


Does Social Media Trend Affect People Decision To Eat Out?, Chanonpol Chanuhacha Jan 2019

Does Social Media Trend Affect People Decision To Eat Out?, Chanonpol Chanuhacha

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

New era of marketing using social media as a promotional platform provides many advantages, for example the ability to communicate between producers and consumers while traditional marketing only promotes directional communication, companies only convey the message they want, without getting feedback and opinions directly from consumers. This research will explore what factors are related to the use of social media as a promotional tool and how far these factors influence dining behavior in restaurants. A quantitative survey was conducted to measure the effect of social media’s advertising, customers’ attitudes, customer experience on the decision to eat out at restaurants among …


Impact Of Climate Change On Agricultural Production : Paben Foods Case Study, Areeja Rana Jan 2019

Impact Of Climate Change On Agricultural Production : Paben Foods Case Study, Areeja Rana

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

With new weather patterns each year, it has become more and more challenging for farmers to maintain a consistent supply. This not only poses risks to communities but also agriculture-based business such as Paben Foods. Paben food’s main ingredient are chili, garlic and onions that are all highly sensitive to temperature changes. Studies have showcased that although the food industry has been impacted by climate change and are aware of the risks, they do not see it as an immediate concern. This paper shows that Paben foods’ suppliers in Thailand and India have been negatively affected by climate change. Additionally, …


Caffe Muanchon Marketing Mix And Consumer's Purchasing Decision, Nisapa Kulnarernatwanich Jan 2019

Caffe Muanchon Marketing Mix And Consumer's Purchasing Decision, Nisapa Kulnarernatwanich

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Nowadays, the coffee shop business market has consecutively high competition, in terms of consumers that have various coffee brands to consume and also in terms of owners that have more competitors. CPALL is one of the biggest companies in Thailand that demands market value of coffee shops. There are 7 coffee brands under the CPALL including Caffe MuanChon. In consequence, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors that affect consumer’s decision to purchase Caffe MuanChon. First is 7Ps marketing mix especially product and price and second is demographic factors which are gender, age, income (per month), education …


The Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment And Macroeconomic Variables On Commercial Banks Performance In Thailand, Phalakorn Boonkuntinat Jan 2019

The Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment And Macroeconomic Variables On Commercial Banks Performance In Thailand, Phalakorn Boonkuntinat

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Role of commercial banks in economic as financial intermediary was previously researched in various perspective and framework, especially to investigated factors effecting commercial bank performance. This study extends the literature by investigating the impact of foreign direct investment and macroeconomic variables that stimulate commercial bank profit in Thailand, expressed through return on asset (ROA), on three commercial bank groups. This study used secondary data of foreign direct investment and macroeconomic variables from Bank of Thailand for the period of year 2007 to 2019. Multiple regression method is used to examine the effect of determinant factors: FDI, GDP Growth, Inflation, Real …


The Country Of Origin Effect Of “Made In Thailand” For Chili Paste Product And Its Leverage On Local And Foreigner Consumers Upon Their Purchase Intention, Angkana Wongwasutha Jan 2019

The Country Of Origin Effect Of “Made In Thailand” For Chili Paste Product And Its Leverage On Local And Foreigner Consumers Upon Their Purchase Intention, Angkana Wongwasutha

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

The main objective of this research is finding out whether the country of origin effect, the branding of “Made in Thailand” for Chili paste product has any leverage on local and foreigner customers upon their purchase intention. The methodology of this research is an online google survey with a total of 160 respondents. As a result, regardless of nationality, 72 percent of all respondents have chosen a package with "Made in Thailand" logo. So the country of origin effect applied to both local and foreigner consumers.