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Colorimetric And Fluorescent Detection Of Nucleic Acid By Styryl Dyes, Kotchakorn Supabowornsathit
Colorimetric And Fluorescent Detection Of Nucleic Acid By Styryl Dyes, Kotchakorn Supabowornsathit
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Nucleic acid staining dyes are essential tools for the analysis and visualizing of DNA/RNA in vitro and in cellular applications. Although there are several commercially available dyes developed during the past few decades, the selection is still relatively limited, and they are often very costly and associated with undesirable characteristics such as toxicity. Consequently, the discovery of nontoxic, readily available dyes, with desirable and controllable optical characteristics remains important. Styryl dyes have recently gained popularity as potential biological staining agents with many desirable properties including a straightforward synthesis procedure, excellent photostability, tunable optical properties, and high responsiveness towards nucleic acid …
Synthesis Of Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescent Sensors For Detection Of Anionic Metabolites And Copper (Ii) Ion, Nattakarn Phromsiri
Synthesis Of Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescent Sensors For Detection Of Anionic Metabolites And Copper (Ii) Ion, Nattakarn Phromsiri
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Oxalate, citrate, and urate are the anionic metabolites that are the products of the metabolism pathway of living organisms. The high level of these anionic metabolites is related to the diseases. For example, the excess amount of oxalate ions in urine indicates the risk of kidney stones, while the level of citrate can suggest the risk of cancer. The level of urate in urine is related to the risk of gout. The detection of these anionic metabolites is significant and still remains a challenge. Thus, this work aims to develop the more sensitive and selective fluorescence sensing of oxalate in …
Pna-Immobilized Paper For Detection Of Pcr Amplicons, Nuttapon Jirakittiwut
Pna-Immobilized Paper For Detection Of Pcr Amplicons, Nuttapon Jirakittiwut
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
DNA detection is very important in diverse fields leading to a continuous increase in the research and development of various DNA sensors. This study focuses on the development of a paper-based DNA sensor by using pyrrolidinyl PNA as a recognition probe. The PNA-immobilized DNA sensor was designed to contain several PNA probes in the same device as a self-check system to increase the accuracy and facilitate the data collection and interpretation. The PNA-immobilized paper was then utilized for the detection of the DNA target, followed by the visualization of the captured target DNA via an enzyme-catalyzed colorimetric reaction. In this …
Thin-Layer Chromatography For Determination Of Phenolic Compound Profile And Antioxidant Activity Of Thai Honey, Pattraporn Chobpradit
Thin-Layer Chromatography For Determination Of Phenolic Compound Profile And Antioxidant Activity Of Thai Honey, Pattraporn Chobpradit
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
In this study, a small-scale method using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was developed to determine profile and antioxidant activity value of Thai honey samples obtained from different flora sources. Prior to TLC analysis, the samples were prepared by solvent extraction with dichloromethane. Using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical (DPPH•) reacted with the samples extract prior to TLC spot and color detection with imageJ, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of seven honey samples was obtained in a range of 9 to 22 mg/mL in comparison with IC50 values of 0.13 mg/mL for L-ascorbic acid (LA), along with limit of detection (LOD) and limit of …
Application Of Oxygen Scavenger In Gel Electromembrane Extraction For Determination Of Nitrite And Nitrate, Thidarat Samkumpim
Application Of Oxygen Scavenger In Gel Electromembrane Extraction For Determination Of Nitrite And Nitrate, Thidarat Samkumpim
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Gel electromembrane microextraction (G-EME) have been proven as a promising extraction method due to its effectiveness for extraction and preconcentration of charged analytes and its compliance with the principle of green chemistry. G-EME consists of two phases (donor and acceptor phases), separated by a gel membrane made of agarose. The driving force is the electrical potential applied across the membrane. Despite of all the advantages, the common problem was the oxygen generated in the acceptor solution due to the electrolysis of water that could affect the analysis of easily oxidized analyte species such as nitrite/nitrate species. In this work, application …
A System For Generating Fire Extinguisher Plan And Supporting Fire Evacuation Route In Construction Project, Thiha Nyimin
A System For Generating Fire Extinguisher Plan And Supporting Fire Evacuation Route In Construction Project, Thiha Nyimin
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Fires in under-construction threaten worker safety and have a lot of negative impacts on many aspects of construction that were reported the past few years. Due to the dynamic nature of construction, the fire safety plan in construction needed to be reviewed and updated according to construction progress. The conventional approach or manual process to develop the fire safety plan for a construction project can be a time-consuming and enormous labor-intensive task. Furthermore, some of the emergency signs are unclear due to the nature of construction and some are not showing the correct evacuation route because of the structural design …
Experimental Investigation And Numerical Modelling Of Biomechanical Variation Of Decomposed Root: An Application Of Vegetated Slope Stability, Trung Nghia Phan
Experimental Investigation And Numerical Modelling Of Biomechanical Variation Of Decomposed Root: An Application Of Vegetated Slope Stability, Trung Nghia Phan
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Plant root reinforcement in soil bioengineering has gained increasing interest as a means of sustainable and environmentally friendly soil reinforcement and stabilization. In addition, quantifying evolutions of the biomechanical properties and mechanical root reinforcement to soil with the duration of root decomposition is important to agricultural land-use strategy and to soil stabilization purpose. However, the variations of these properties of the roots of herbaceous species, especially following herbicide application, have rarely been studied. This study aims to comprehensively measure the root morphological traits, root biomechanical properties, and root reinforcement of two contrasting vetiver species (Chrysopogon nemoralis and Chrysopogon zizanioides). In …
Subjective Perception Of Nasal Breathing ; Identifying Patient At Risk Of A Poor Surgical Outcome, Dichapong Kanjanawasee
Subjective Perception Of Nasal Breathing ; Identifying Patient At Risk Of A Poor Surgical Outcome, Dichapong Kanjanawasee
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
No abstract provided.
Efficacy And Safety Of Phlai Capsule Compared To Placebo As The Treatment In Allergic Rhinitis Patients, Minh Phuoc Hoang
Efficacy And Safety Of Phlai Capsule Compared To Placebo As The Treatment In Allergic Rhinitis Patients, Minh Phuoc Hoang
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
: Preclinical studies demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of Phlai capsule containing Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. extract. However, its clinical effect on allergic rhinitis is not evident. : We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of Phlai for treating allergic rhinitis. : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Patients with allergic rhinitis were randomized into three groups and received 100 mg (compound D 4 mg) of Phlai capsule or 200 mg (compound D 8 mg) of Phlai capsule or placebo once a day for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in the reflective total five symptom …
Histone 3 And Histone 4 Acetylation Pattern In Well-Differentiated Thyroid Lesions And Normal Thyroid Tissue With Their Potential In Diagnostic Implication, Nishal Chhetri
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This study estimated the histone modification (hypoacetylation or hyperacetylation) in thyroid lesions, using immunohistochemistry compared with their normal counterpart. FFPE sections of surgically removed PTC, FA, FTC, and nodular goiter samples were collected from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University from 2016-2018 and stained with anti-acetyl histone 3 antibody (H3K9/K14ac) and anti-acetyl histone 4 antibody (H4K5,8,12 and 16ac). The intensity and proportion of immunostaining of the lesions and their normal thyroid tissue counterparts were automatically scored by Aperio ImageScope software. A total of 147 benign and malignant thyroid lesions cases, including 28 FA, 50 …
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers In Diabetic Nephropathy Patients In Thailand : A Diabetic Eye And Kidney Diseases (Dek-D) Study, Nuntachai Surawatsatien
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers In Diabetic Nephropathy Patients In Thailand : A Diabetic Eye And Kidney Diseases (Dek-D) Study, Nuntachai Surawatsatien
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause many microvascular complications including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). It is estamated that about one-third of diabetic patients have DR and about 40% have DN. DR and DN share a common pathology in microvasculature. With the development of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), the examination of retinal capillary is more convenient and less invasive. This is a cross-sectional observational study aimed to identify OCTA parameters as biomarkers that predict the diabetic nephropathy and association with 24-hour urine albumin level in diabetic patients. 186 eyes from 93 individuals were divided into 3 groups according …
Bending Radiograph As Predictive Factor Of In-Brace Correction (Ibc) In Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (Ais), Raden Achmad Candra Putra
Bending Radiograph As Predictive Factor Of In-Brace Correction (Ibc) In Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (Ais), Raden Achmad Candra Putra
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Introductions: In-brace correction (IBC) is one of the most important factors in bracing treatment for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Several factors influenced IBC achievement. The curve flexibility found to be associated with the IBC. One of the most common methods for assessing curve flexibility is to take a side bending radiograph. It has been widely used as a predictor of surgical correction in AIS. However, bending radiograph to predict the amount of fulltime IBC is not cleared in orthotics practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate flexibility as measured by a side bending radiograph as a predictive factor …
Sentiment Analysis Of Messages On Twitter Related To Covid-19 Using Deep Learning Approach, Chotika Imvimol
Sentiment Analysis Of Messages On Twitter Related To Covid-19 Using Deep Learning Approach, Chotika Imvimol
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The widespread situation of the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic is a tangible and pressing concern. Many changes in terms of lifestyle are necessary to reduce the chance of infection. While citizens have gone through different emotions, they share their thoughts and interactions on social media, especially on Twitter. COVID-19 related messages can imply social emotion. This study performs sentiment analysis on tweets and annotated them into six classes of positive and negative feelings consisting of anger, disgust, fear, sadness, joy, and surprise. We analyzed both textual information and historical data. We collected 120,642 unique tweets datasets between 1 January 2020 and …
Adaptive Image Preprocessing And Augmentation For Disease Screening On Multi-Source Chest X-Ray Datasets, Wasunan Chokchaithanakul
Adaptive Image Preprocessing And Augmentation For Disease Screening On Multi-Source Chest X-Ray Datasets, Wasunan Chokchaithanakul
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Research on deep learning models for chest radiology applications has increased attention by the public. However, most works focus on developing models using in-domain data, so the significant drawback, when applied in real-world scenarios, was the mismatched data with the training set. Consequently, some models perform inferior at the deployment stage. This work focused on the effects of dataset mismatch on chest radiography and analyzed the methods the overcome the mismatch issues. The lung balance contrast enhancement technique (lung BCET) automatically identifies the lung region and normalizes the image accordingly to improve the robustness of out-of-domain data developed. Additionally, augmentation …
Development Of A Curriculum Based On Content And Language Integrated Learning And Competency-Based Education For Enhancing Business English Writing Ability Of Undergraduate Students, Meassnguon Saint
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The purposes of this study were 1) to develop a curriculum based on content and language integrated language learning and competency-based education for enhancing business English writing ability of undergraduate students 2) to investigate the effectiveness of a developed curriculum. The research and development process consists of four phases: 1) studying the research problem and significance, and learning approaches, 2) developing a curriculum based on content and language integrated learning and competency-based education, 3) studying the effectiveness of the developed curriculum, and 4) revising and improving the developed curriculum. This pre-experimental research involved 13 undergraduate students in the business major …
Impact Of Early Childhood Caries On Oral Health-Related Quality Of Life Among 5-Year-Old Children In Mandalay, Myanmar, Saw Nay Min
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Purpose: The study aimed to develop the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Myanmar Version of SOHO-5 and assess the impact of ECC on oral health quality of life among 5-year-old children in Mandalay using the Myanmar version of the SOHO-5 questionnaire. Materials and methods: The Myanmar SOHO-5 version was conducted with the forward-backward translation method and investigated the content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity on 5-year-old children and their parents in phase I. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire to investigate the impact of ECC and relative factors on the …
Hybrid Gns3 And Mininet-Wifi Emulator For Survivable Sdn Backbone Network Supporting Wireless Iot Traffic, May Pyone Han
Hybrid Gns3 And Mininet-Wifi Emulator For Survivable Sdn Backbone Network Supporting Wireless Iot Traffic, May Pyone Han
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This thesis has designed and implemented an emulated testbed for fault-tolerant delay awareness routing for wireless sensor traffic by using software-defined networking (SDN) at the backbone network. In this work, the hybrid form of GNS3 and Mininet-WiFi emulation network testbed is proposed to build an emulated SDN-based backbone network in GNS3 and an emulated IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) in Mininet-WiFi. Three virtual machines are used to set up the hybrid emulated SDN-based network testbed. The Mininet-WiFi platform which is used to build the emulated 6LoWPAN sensor network is installed in two virtual machines separately and the …
Deployment Of Rfid, Gps And Iot Technology For Medical Specimen Logistic System, Mya Myet Thwe Chit
Deployment Of Rfid, Gps And Iot Technology For Medical Specimen Logistic System, Mya Myet Thwe Chit
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This paper aims to implement a specimen logistic system using RFID technology combined with modern IoT technology in Chulalongkorn hospital. The specimen is a sample collected from the human body. Samples can be urine, saliva, sputum, feces, semen, and other bodily fluids and tissues. Samples are usually collected from the patient and stored in a test tube. Then test tubes are delivered to the corresponding laboratory for examination. Normally, barcodes are tagged over the test tubes for the purpose of recording patient information. In this work, RFID is deployed on the test tube instead for patient data logging. This solution …
Identification And Counting White Blood Cell Subtypes With Convolutional Neural Network, Singgih Bekti Worsito
Identification And Counting White Blood Cell Subtypes With Convolutional Neural Network, Singgih Bekti Worsito
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
White blood cell (WBC) has five subtypes namely neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte which play specific roles in the immune system and against diseases. The object detection model applied to microscopic objects is introduced to assist experts in performing tasks in blood analysis. Unbalanced cell composition of WBC subtypes to be detected is a challenge in building a model in Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). This research aims to build models in recognizing and counting WBC subtypes with neural networks constructed from augmented data enrichment. CNN is demonstrated in this study with the YOLOv5s, YOLOv5l, and YOLOv5x models to detect …
Sustainable Livelihood Of Fishermen: A Case Study In The City Of Semarang, Indonesia, Adam Prayuda
Sustainable Livelihood Of Fishermen: A Case Study In The City Of Semarang, Indonesia, Adam Prayuda
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The study aims to look at the social and economic circumstances of fishermen in Semarang City, their local livelihoods, and the significant role of the state through Semarang Fisheries Service to improve the economic livelihoods and social welfare of this marginal group. It applies a sustainable livelihood framework to look at the compatibility and empowerment process that can affect the Fishermen's Community. This research used mixed methods to understand the problem and apply narrative techniques for case studies to obtain the data. Different sources of information are used to triangulate information, perspectives, and expected results to increase knowledge in providing …
Renewable Energy Transition Towards Krabi’S Sustainable Energy, Chariya Senpong
Renewable Energy Transition Towards Krabi’S Sustainable Energy, Chariya Senpong
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The present study was conducted with an aim to investigate Krabi's electricity outlook, renewable energy transition timeline, and potential of renewable energy resources, key drivers, barriers, and challenges towards Krabi's sustainable energy. Guideline as well as policy recommendation for successful renewable energy transition was also developed. The study found that Krabi's electricity demand has continuously increasing and tends to increase up to 320 MW by the year 2037. Meanwhile, electricity supply has still relied on national grid since 1995. Meanwhile, Krabi Goes Green which is a provincial roadmap has set a target to be self-reliance and all electricity supply would …
Investigating Sustainable Consumption Practices: A Case Of Single-Use Plastics In Online Food Delivery Market, Thailand, Boonchanit Wongprapinkul
Investigating Sustainable Consumption Practices: A Case Of Single-Use Plastics In Online Food Delivery Market, Thailand, Boonchanit Wongprapinkul
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Online food delivery platforms have demonstrated their financial success in the Thai market during the past few years. As a result, 560 - 2,856 million pieces of Single-use Plastics (SUPs) are expected each year. Furthermore, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a dilemma in sustainable consumption and intensified the plastic waste situation. The social dilemma poses difficult short-term choices between health and the environment. The concern is that while Thais have started to adopt new sustainable lifestyles with the no-plastic-bag policy, environmentalists worry that this COVID disruption will have a long-term behavioural impact on SUPs consumption habits. Consuming single-use packaging …
Developing Tanjung Kelayang As A New Bali: An Analysis Of Sustainable Tourism Policy And Implementation, Herdi Andrariladchi
Developing Tanjung Kelayang As A New Bali: An Analysis Of Sustainable Tourism Policy And Implementation, Herdi Andrariladchi
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Indonesia has seen the success of Bali as the most prominent tourism destination in the country. Therefore, the initiative to deploy the benefits of tourism development throughout several regions of Indonesia is known as the “10 New Bali’s”. Nevertheless, it is still questionable whether Bali is an example of sustainable tourism or not. In developing the “10 New Bali’s”, the Indonesian government is aiming at increasing the number of tourists rather than at achieving the goal of sustainable tourism destination development. One of the destinations designated under this initiative is Tanjung Kelayang in Belitung Island, and therefore it is selected …
Challenges Of Urban Forest Park Restoration On Post-Closure Landfill : Perception And Future Engagement From The Local Communities, Intan Pransischa Fitri
Challenges Of Urban Forest Park Restoration On Post-Closure Landfill : Perception And Future Engagement From The Local Communities, Intan Pransischa Fitri
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Urban forest park development is considered a promising planning tool in tackling some of the problems associated with urbanisation, such as pollution and urban heat island effects. Individual perceptions are pivotal in the urban forest park development. Their significant factors were aimed to address the community's needs and increase the recognition through the disruptive change of land function and urban living toward urban forest park development. The framework of local community engagement in urban forest park development was proposed. Field observation and questionnaires survey of 168 respondents were selected from five villages located 50 meters-1000 meters radius from the site. …
Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease From Exposures In Office Building : Case Study Covid-19, Panupant Phapant
Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease From Exposures In Office Building : Case Study Covid-19, Panupant Phapant
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
The COVID‐19 pandemic has affected human life in every possible way, and, alongside this, the need has been felt that office buildings and workplaces must have protective and preventive layers against COVID‐19 transmission so that a smooth transition from ‘work from home’ to work from office’ is possible. The present study reviews international agency regulations, country regulations, updated journal articles, etc., to critically understand lessons learned from COVID‐19 and evaluate the expected changes in sustainability requirements of office buildings and workplaces. The built environment, control environment, and regulatory environment around office buildings and workplaces have been put under test on …
Developing A System Of Community-Based Agritourism For Sustainable Local Food Systems: A Multi-Case Study Of Rural Livelihood Diversification And Sustainable Urban Consumption In City-Regional Bangkok, Sofia Anna Enrica Cavalleri
Developing A System Of Community-Based Agritourism For Sustainable Local Food Systems: A Multi-Case Study Of Rural Livelihood Diversification And Sustainable Urban Consumption In City-Regional Bangkok, Sofia Anna Enrica Cavalleri
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Current food systems fail to directly link rural producers and urban consumers. This research explores and categorizes emerging community-based agritourism practices as strategies to reconnect rural food producers with urban consumers. The main research question of this study is: how can community-based agritourism link rural food producers and urban consumers as a rural livelihood diversification strategy? Mixed methods for data collection were selected to answer this question and analyzed with a deductive and inductive approach. These include the review of secondary grey and academic literature, shadow observation in three rural provinces, content validity index calculation performed by experts (n = …
Investigating Consumers' Perspective And Impact On Green Cosmetics And Personal Care Products In Thailand, Tawalhathai Suphasomboon
Investigating Consumers' Perspective And Impact On Green Cosmetics And Personal Care Products In Thailand, Tawalhathai Suphasomboon
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
This study aims to investigate consumers’ perspectives and impact on green cosmetics and personal care products in Thailand. Specifically, it explores the sustainability movement for the cosmetics and personal care industry, analyzes Thai consumer behavioral intention toward the consumption of green cosmetics and personal care products, and evaluates the impact of related policies that may affect green business transitions and consumers’ intention to purchase green cosmetics and personal care products. The movement of industry and related policies were analyzed by means of Life Cycle Thinking approach. Hypotheses were formulated based on The Perceived Value Theory with extended factors of environmental …
Effects Of Configuration And Operating Conditions On Turbidity Removal Of Jet Clarifier, Ploypailin Romphophak
Effects Of Configuration And Operating Conditions On Turbidity Removal Of Jet Clarifier, Ploypailin Romphophak
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
In water treatment, flocculation creates large and weighty flocs enough to be removed by the downstream processes of sedimentation and filtration. Among the various existing technologies, the jet clarifier is considered as an effective and compact system as it couples flocculation and clarification in a single unit. For the design of jet mixing, much experimental work has been done and many correlations have been proposed. However, these correlations are case specifics, and, to date, there is no comprehensive view for the flocculation aspect. In order to evaluate the performance of the jet clarifier for turbidity removal and understand hydrodynamics to …
A Comparison Of Implant Stability Between Two Dental Implant Designusing Two Different Stability Measuring Technique, Chanikarn Chaksupa
A Comparison Of Implant Stability Between Two Dental Implant Designusing Two Different Stability Measuring Technique, Chanikarn Chaksupa
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Objective To investigate the primary stability of aggressive thread design implant comparing to nonaggressive thread design implant and to evaluate the correlation between ISQ values and IST values. Materials and methods 96 implants were used in this study. 48 BLT Straumann® and 48 BLX Straumann® were used. All implants were digitally planned and placed in 3D printed model using computer assisted guided surgery. The edentulous area at models were packed with randomized pattern of four different kinds of polyurethane blocks to replicate mixed cancellous bone. Postoperative implant stability measurement was performed immediately after implant insertion. Implant stability was measured by …
The Relative Occlusal Force Of Natural Tooth Adjacent To Distal Extension Implant Support Fixed Prosthesis Using T-Scan Analysis : A Cross Sectional Study, Chin Purintarapiban
The Relative Occlusal Force Of Natural Tooth Adjacent To Distal Extension Implant Support Fixed Prosthesis Using T-Scan Analysis : A Cross Sectional Study, Chin Purintarapiban
Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)
Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the relative occlusal force between implant in the distal end and tooth adjacent to implant in maximum intercuspation. Methodology: Patients with implant restoration replacing teeth in free end space adjacent to natural tooth were recalled. The occlusion is examined as shim stock passes through the occluded tooth in heavy or light bites. The heavy bite or a light bite with shim stock that cannot pull through is HB1 or LB1. If the shim stock can pull through it is considered HB0 or LB0. The implant is classified into 3 groups, HB1LB0, HB1LB1, and …