Digital Commons Network^™

The Relationship Between Ventilation Rates In Schools And The Indoor Airborne Transmission Potential Of Covid-19, Seamus Harrington, Mark Mulville, Spyros Stravoravdis

Articles

The requirement for natural ventilation strategies in classrooms to perform in respect to both their inherent and adaptive capacity is necessary to mitigate the risk of transmission associated with infectious airborne pathogens such as COVID-19. This paper assesses the performance of ten classrooms considering (a) the designed versus actual ventilation capacity; (b) the probability of airborne disease transmission by unit time resulting from calculated ventilation rates and (c) the reduction of transmission risk associated with mask wearing by all occupants.

Monitored air changes per hour (ACH) range from 0.26–1.7, demonstrating that none of the classrooms meet designed ventilation rate whilst …

Coming Of Age In The Eyes Of The Law: Theconflict Between Miranda, J.D.B., And Puberty, David M. N. Garavito

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Everyone knows that going through puberty is associated with a multitude of changes: physical, mental, hormonal, etc. Fewer people know that when and how fast one goes through puberty can also be associated with changes to one’s legal rights. The Supreme Court of the United States held, in the landmark case of J.D.B. v. North Carolina, that there were many “commonsense conclusions” that could be drawn from how a child’s age would affect their interactions with law enforcement. In that case, the Court was deciding whether age should affect whether a child was considered “in custody” of the police, granting …

Woke Capital Revisited, Jennifer S. Fan

Articles

Inclusive corporate leadership is now at the forefront of discussions related to corporate governance. Two corporate theories help to explain the rise in prominence of diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DEI”) efforts in corporate leadership. First, an expanded definition of corporate purpose which elevated the idea of the importance of stakeholders, contributed to the momentum from business and legal quarters for broader corporate inclusion. Second, the increasing publicness of corporations—the social expectation of how large, typically public corporations should act given their position of power—also led to corporations becoming more active in the DEI space. It is against this backdrop that …

Manufacturing Innovation, Xuan-Thao Nguyen

Articles

Using intellectual property assets as the proxy for innovation measures, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal and policy strategies that form the foundation for China's new role as the global manufacturer of innovation. Manufacturing innovation is evident through China's multi-prong approach regarding intellectual property production and maximization. Significantly, among many other policies that target innovation, China encourages the production of innovation by accepting patents and trademarks as collateral assets for financing. Entrepreneurs can quickly obtain loans against their portfolios of patents and trademarks. China also requires enterprises seeking to undergo an initial public offering (IPO) on the …

As Complexidades Expressivas Da Igualdade Constitucional, Tom Ginsburg

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No abstract provided.

Proper Parties, Proper Relief, William Baude, Samuel Bray

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No abstract provided.

Statistical Discrimination, Sonja Starr

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The Supreme Court has emphatically and repeatedly rejected efforts to justify otherwise-illegal discrimination against individuals by resort to statistical generalizations about groups. But practices that violate this principle are pervasive and largely ignored or even embraced by courts, lawyers, and law scholars. For example, many health care fields, in seeming contravention of antidiscrimination statutes, make use of explicitly racialized diagnostic algorithms that make it harder for Black patients to access care than non-Black patients with identical symptoms. Moreover, the justice system itself has embraced numerous similar practices, including demographic and “sociocultural” adjustments of intellectual-capacity assessments for defendants facing the death …

A Meditation On The Thirteenth Amendment And Constitutional Redemption, Darrell Miller

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No abstract provided.

Firearms Law And Scholarship Beyond Bullets And Bodies, Darrell Miller, Joseph Blocher, Jacob Charles

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No abstract provided.

Terrible Freedom, Ambiguous Authenticity, And The Pragmatism Of The Endangered: Why Free Speech In Law School Gets Complicated, Leonard M. Niehoff

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We idealize colleges and universities as places of unfettered inquiry, where freedom of expression flourishes. The Supreme Court has described the university classroom as “peculiarly the ‘marketplace of ideas.’” It declared: “The Nation’s future depends upon leaders trained through wide exposure to that robust exchange of ideas which discovers truth out of a multitude of tongues, [rather] than through any kind of authoritative selection.” The exchange of competing ideas takes place not only in classrooms, but also in public spaces, dormitories, student organizations, and in countless other campus contexts.

Assessing Visions Of Democracy In Regulatory Policymaking, Shoba Sivaprasad Wadhia, Christopher J. Walker

Articles

Motivated in part by Congress’s failure to legislate, presidents in recent years seem to have turned even more to the regulatory process to make major policy. It is perhaps no coincidence that the feld of administrative law has similarly seen a resurgence of scholarship extolling the virtues of democratic accountability in the modern administrative state. Some scholars have even argued that bureaucracy is as much as if not more democratically legitimate than Congress, either in the aggregative or deliberative sense, or both.

Ammonia Cycling And Emerging Inorganic Secondary Aerosols From Arable Agriculture, Vivien Pohl, Alan Gilmer, Vivienne Byers, John Cassidy, Aoife Donnelly, Stig Hellebust, Eoin J. Mcgillicuddy, Eugene Mcgovern, David J. O'Connor

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No abstract provided.

Chefs’ Perspectives Of Failures In Foodservice Kitchens, Part 2: A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Consequences And Handling Of Food Production Failure, Mohamed Fawzi Afifi, J.J. Healy, Mairtin Mac Con Iomaire

Articles

This paper explores the consequences of food production failure (FPF) and its handling in foodservice operations from the perspective of chefs. A phenomenological epistemology and qualitative methodology were followed. Fifteen semi-structured interviews with chefs working in independent restaurants and hotels were carried out using purposive sampling, and employing an emic posture. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, read repetitively, and coded. Thematic analysis yielded themes on the consequences of FPF, on operation and staff, handling failures with kitchen staff, front of the house (FOH), and management. The findings revealed that the major ramification of FPF is financial through food loss. Representing both …

An Investigation Of 3.5 Μm Emission In Er3+-Doped Fluorozirconate Glasses Under 638 Nm Laser Excitation, Haiyan Zhao, Ke Tian, Xin Wang, Dejun Liu, Shunbin Wang, Gerald Farrell, Pengfei Wang

Articles

Intense 3.5 μm mid-infrared emission has been achieved in Er3+-doped ZBYA glasses, which is ascribed to the Er3+: 4F9/2→4I9/2 transition. Based on the absorption spectrum of Er3+ ions, a 638 nm laser was utilized to directly pump the upper level (Er3+: 4F9/2) to achieve 3.5 μm emission with enhanced quantum efficiency. Spectroscopic parameters were predicted by Judd-Ofelt theory. The maximum emission cross-section of the Er3+-doped ZBYA glass was estimated to be 5.5×10-22 cm2 at 3496 nm. Additionally, the fluorescence spectra and energy level lifetimes of ZBYA glass samples with different Er3+ ions doping concentrations were also measured. The theoretical and …

Duality For Spaces Of Polynomials On Tree Spaces, Christopher Boyd, Costas Poulios, Milena Venkova

Articles

In this paper we study the duality of certain spaces of polynomials on a class of tree spaces. In particular, we are interested in establishing isometric isomorphisms between the spaces of integral and nuclear polynomials and in determining when all polynomials are weakly continuous on bounded sets. This will provide us with new examples of what are known as Q-reflexive spaces.

On The Cubic Equation With Its Siebeck–Marden–Northshield Triangle And The Quartic Equation With Its Tetrahedron, Emil Prodanov

Articles

The real roots of the cubic and quartic polynomials are studied geometrically with the help of their respective Siebeck–Marden–Northshield equilateral triangle and regular tetrahedron. The Viète trigonometric formulæ for the roots of the cubic are established through the rotation of the triangle by variation of the free term of the cubic. A very detailed complete root classification for the quartic 𝑥4 + 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 is proposed for which the conditions are imposed on the individual coefficients 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, and 𝑑. The maximum and minimum lengths of the interval containing the four real roots of …

A Label-Free Fiber Ring Laser Biosensor For Ultrahigh Sensitivity Detection Of Salmonella Typhimurium, Shi Qiu, Bin Liu, Yuankui Leng, Edward Fox, Xian Zhou, Binbin Yan, Xinzhu Sang, Long Long, Xingdao He, Jinhui Yuan, Gerald Farrell, Qiang Wu

Articles

The rapid detection of low concentrations of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an essential preventive measure for food safety and prevention of foodborne illness. The study presented in this paper addresses this critical issue by proposing a single mode-tapered seven core-single mode (STSS) fiber ring laser (FRL) biosensor for S. Typhimurium detection. The experimental results show that the specific detection time of S. Typhimurium is less than 20 min and the wavelength shift can achieve -0.906 nm for an S. Typhimurium solution (10 cells/mL). Furthermore, at a lower concentration of 1 cell/mL applied to the biosensor, a result of -0.183 …

Isolation And Identification Of Chlorate-Reducing Hafnia Sp. From Milk, William P. Mccarthy, Meghana Srinivas, Martin Danaher, Christine O'Connor, Tom F. O'Callaghan, Douwe Van Sinderen, John Kenny, John T. Tobin

Articles

Chlorate has become a concern in the food and beverage sector, related to chlorine sanitizers in industrial food production and water treatment. It is of particular concern to regulatory bodies due to the negative health effects of chlorate exposure. This study investigated the fate of chlorate in raw milk and isolated bacterial strains of interest responsible for chlorate breakdown. Unpasteurized milk was demonstrated to have a chlorate-reducing capacity, breaking down enriched chlorate to undetectable levels in 11 days. Further enrichment and isolation using conditions specific to chlorate-reducing bacteria successfully isolated three distinct strains of Hafnia paralvei . Chlorate-reducing bacteria were …

Diethoxycarbonyl-Bodipys As Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers For Holographic Recording In Cellulose Acetate Photopolymer, Aimee Sheehan, Tatsiana Mikulchyk, Catherine S.P. De Castro, Safakath Karuthedath, Wejdan Althobaiti, Metodej Dvoracek, Sabad-E Gul, Hugh Byrne, FréDéRic Laquai, Izabela Naydenova, Mikhail Filatov

Articles

A series of new heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on 2,6-diethoxycarbonyl-BODIPY scaffold was designed and applied for holographic recording in a photopolymerizable material. Photoinduced electron transfer between the BODIPY and meso-aryl subunits, followed by the formation of BODIPY triplet excited states via spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) was studied by steady-state and ultrafast pump-probe transient optical spectroscopy. Highly efficient photosensitization was observed for dyads bearing pyrene and anthracene substituents, which exhibited singlet oxygen generation quantum yields () of up to 94%. Charge transfer and SOCT-ISC were observed in non-polar solvent (toluene) due to the increased electron accepting ability of the diethoxycarbonyl-BODIPY. …

A Simple Microcalorimetry System To Determine The Adsorption Behaviour Of Acids In Large Adhesive Bond Gaps Using Base-Initiated Solution Polymerisation Of Ethyl-2-Cyanoacrylate, Kevin Raheem, John Cassidy, Tony Betts, Bernard Ryan

Articles

This work presents the use of a simple microcalorimetry cyanoacrylate (CA) polymerisation system for investigating aspects of CA adhesive cure through gap and adsorption of adhesive acid stabiliser by a range of metal and glass substrates. It is well established that strong acid induced inhibition periods (IPs) are almost directly proportional to the acid concentration in weak base initiated polymerisations of alkyl CAs in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) polymerisation IP measurements were used to determine the adsorption of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in THF or ECA solutions by a range of metal, glass and polypropylene (PP) lap shears surfaces. The …

On The Modelling Of Short And Intermediate Water Waves, Rossen I. Ivanov

Articles

The propagation of water waves of finite depth and flat bottom is studied in the case when the depth is not small in comparison to the wavelength. This propagation regime is complementary to the long-wave regime described by the famous KdV equation. The Hamiltonian approach is employed in the derivation of a model equation in evolutionary form, which is both nonlinear and nonlocal, and most likely not integrable. Possible implications for the numerical solutions are discussed.

Experimental And Theoretical Evaluation Of A Commercial Luminescent Dye For Pvt Systems, Kenneth Coldrick, James Walshe, Sarah Mccormack, John Doran, George Amarandei

Articles

Combining photovoltaic (PV) and photo-thermal (PT) energy collection strategies in a single system can enhance solar energy conversion efficiencies, leading to increased economic returns and wider adoption of renewable energy sources. This study focuses on incorporating a commercial luminescent organic dye (BASF Lumogen F Red 305) into ethylene glycol to explore its potential for PVT applications. The optical and electrical characteristics of the working fluid were evaluated at different temperatures under direct solar irradiance. Pristine ethylene glycol reduced the maximum PV cell temperature by 10 °C. The inclusion of luminescent dye at various concentrations further reduced the maximum temperature, with …

Guest Editorial: Building Performance And Sustainable Infrastructure: Unsustainable Return To Practice, Christopher Gorse, Colin Booth, Lloyd Scott

Articles

The abrupt decline in global carbon emissions experienced during the pandemic was not sustainable. Overwhelmingly, this is evidenced by the advanced economies’ swift return to close to pre-pandemic levels and, of greater concern, the total global use of fossil fuels has rebounded to their highest level in history (IEA, 2021; Jackson et al., 2022). Unfortunately, post-pandemic, the anthropic life threating activities have resumed.

Witness Hide-And-Seek: Why Federal Prosecutors Should Record Pretrial Interviews, Christina Frohock, Jeffrey E. Marcus

Articles

This Article pays long-overdue attention to a federal appellate court's warning against "playing hide-and-seek" with witnesses. Specifically, prosecutors should record interviews. While courtroom cameras dominate the topic of judicial transparency, cameras can play a critical role in a sleepier corner of criminal proceedings: pretrial witness interviews. The Article first tracks the history of open judicial proceedings as a tradition of our Anglo- American jurisprudence. Next, the Article identifies the normative thread running through that history. Fairness may suffer when cameras transform public proceedings into publicized proceedings. Finally, the Article argues that this same issue of fairness applies to pretrial witness …

The Next 100 Years Of International Intellectual Property: Integrating Human Rights And Corporate Social Responsibility, J. Janewa Osei-Tutu

Articles

No abstract provided.

Cinnamon P. Carlarne, Albany Law School's Nineteenth President And Dean, Garry W. Jenkins, Katrina Fischer Kuh, Jonathan Rosenbloom, Marc Roark, Jessica Owley, Robin Kundis Craig, Keith H. Hirokawa

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No abstract provided.

The Public Voice Of The Defender, Russell M. Gold, Kay L. Levine

Articles

For decades police and prosecutors have controlled the public narrative about criminal law. The news landscape features salacious stories of violent crimes while ignoring the more mundane but far more prevalent minor cases that clog the court dockets. Defenders, faced with overwhelming caseloads and fear that speaking out may harm their clients, have largely ceded the opportunity to offer a counternarrative based on what they see every day. Defenders tell each other about the overuse of pretrial detention, intensive pressure to plead guilty, overzealous prosecutors, cycles of violence, and rampant constitutional violations-all of which inflict severe harm on defendants and …

Humans In The Loop, Nicholson Price Ii, Rebecca Crootof, Margot Kaminski

Articles

From lethal drones to cancer diagnostics, humans are increasingly working with complex and artificially intelligent algorithms to make decisions which affect human lives, raising questions about how best to regulate these “human in the loop” systems. We make four contributions to the discourse.

First, contrary to the popular narrative, law is already profoundly and often problematically involved in governing human-in-the-loop systems: it regularly affects whether humans are retained in or removed from the loop. Second, we identify “the MABA-MABA trap,” which occurs when policymakers attempt to address concerns about algorithmic incapacities by inserting a human into decision making process. Regardless …

Meeting Clean Energy Goals Will Require The Grid Of The Future, Ken Berlin, Rob Gramlich, Alexandra B. Klass, Josiah Neeley

Articles

The transmission grid is the critical superhighway that connects energy supply and demand. But our grid was designed for the power plants of the past—not for the diverse range of resources and technologies of our clean energy future. Over 70 percent of the nation’s transmission infrastructure is more than 25 years old, and in many areas of the country constraints have already been an impediment to renewable power. To meet greenhouse gas reduction goals, we will need to expand electric transmission systems by 60 percent by 2030 and possibly triple the capacity of these systems by 2050. The Infl ation …

How The Blockchain Undermined Digital Ownership, Aaron Perzanowski

Articles

The shift from a market built around the sale of tangible goods to one premised on the licensing of digital content and services has done significant and lasting damage to the notion of individual ownership. The emergence of blockchain technology, while certainly not necessary to reverse these trends, promised an opportunity to attract investment and demonstrate consumer demand for marketplaces that recognize meaningful digital ownership. Simultaneously, it offered an avenue for alleviating worries about hypothetical widespread reproduction and unchecked distribution of copyrighted works. Instead, many of the most visible blockchain projects in recent years—the proliferation of new cryptocurrencies and the …