Digital Commons Network^™

Pigment Selection Using Kubelka-Munk Turbid Media Theory And Non-Negative Least Square Technique, Mahnaz Mohammadi, Mahdi Nezamabadi, Lawrence Taplin

Articles

This report describes a process of pigment selection for reconstructing the Gamblin Conservation Colors and various artist pigments dispersed in linseed oil. Single constant Kubelka–Munk (K-M) turbid media theory and a non-negative least square (NNLS) optimization technique were employed in this experiment. Eleven pigments were selected as representative of the 30-pigments Gamblin Conservation Colors. These were quinacridone red (PV 19), venetian red (PR 101), cadmium red medium (PR 108), cadmium yellow medium (PY 37), indian yellow (PY 83), chromium oxide green (PG 17), phthalocyanine green (PG 7), phthalocyanine blue (PB 15:2), cobalt blue (PB 28), titanium dioxide white (PW 6), …

Integrated Sustainability In The Pharmaceutical Industry, Jennifer Schneider, Thea Leonard

Articles

The main goal of pharmaceutical companies is to create and deliver medicines designed to extend or enhance life. However—also being in the business of business—pharmaceutical companies need to grow their bottom lines by investing in business value drivers. This article shows sustainability performance as one of those drivers by demonstrating that: 1) the concept of integrated sustainability is generally understood; and 2) pharmaceutical companies taking action to integrate sustainability are reaping significant business value added. Since there are currently no standardized methods of integrating, measuring, or communicating sustainability, pharmaceutical companies are relying on self-interpretations of voluntary initiatives to successfully integrate …

Benchmark Report Of The Occupational Safety And Health Administration (Osha) Voluntary Protection Program (Vpp) And The Safety And Health Achievement Recognition Program (Sharp), Jennifer Schneider, Kitren Vanstrander, Joseph Brandine

Articles

Small businesses are faced with barriers when it comes to safety and health management. Unlike larger companies, they may not have the expertise or resources necessary to build effective programs. The goal of this study is to gather information about what motivates small businesses to implement safety & health management systems and identify any issues/barriers that are unique to small-sized companies. Members of the Voluntary Protection Program Participants Association (VPPPA) and the Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP) were selected for the survey because they have already been through the process of implementing safety & health management systems and …

Latent-Image Formation In Tabular Agbr Grains: Simulation Studies, Richard Hailstone, Rene Dekeyzer

Articles

A simulation programme based on the nucleation-and-growth model of latent-image formation was used to study how trap depth and trap density at various tabular grain thicknesses affected quantum sensitivity and reciprocity failure. Using a 1.2x0.2 µm model ‘grain’, the unsensitized case was simulated with 0.05 eV traps located on both the face and the core of the grain, the latter to simulate the effect of twin planes on latent-image location. The trap densities were adjusted to achieve a higher internal speed than surface speed, as seen experimentally with the emulsion used to validate the simulation. To simulate the effects of …

Evaluation Of Ten Psychometric Criteria For Circumplex Structure, G. Scott Acton, William Revelle

Articles

This study tested for sensitivity to circumplex structure in six existing and four new psychometric criteria that assess the circumplex properties of interstitiality, equal spacing, constant radius, and no preferred rotation. Simulations showed one criterion to be sensitive to equal versus unequal axes(Fisher Test) and four to be sensitive to interstitiality versus simple structure (Gap Test, Variance Test 2, Rotation Test, and Minkowski Test). Five criteria were ineffective (Squared Loadings Index, Gap* Test, Gap Difference Test, Cosine Difference Test, and Variance Test 1). Deviation scoring improved the effectiveness of most criteria and is thus recommended for assessing circumplex structure. This …

The Gravitational Instability Of The Vacuum: Insight Into The Cosmological Constant Problem, Stephon Alexander, Manasse Mbonye, John Moffat

Articles

A mechanism for suppressing the cosmological constant is developed, based on an analogy with a superconducting phaseshift in which free fermions coupled perturbatively to a weak gravitational field are in an unstable false vacuum state. The coupling of the fermions to the gravitational field generates fermion condensates with zero momentum and a phase transition induces a nonperturbative transition to a true vacuum state by producing a positive energy gap $\Delta$ in the vacuum energy, identified with $\sqrt{\Lambda}$, where $\Lambda$ is the cosmological constant. In the strong coupling limit a large cosmological constant induces a period of inflation in the early …

A Dynamic And Stochastic Analysis Of Fertilizer Use In Swidden Agriculture, Gregory Deangelo, Amitrajeet A. Batabyal

Articles

The number of times a crop can be harvested on a cleared parcel of forest land (CPFL) before this land must be fallowed is dependent on the decision to use or not to use fertilizers to enhance soil fertility. As such, we first construct a theoretical model of fertilizer use by a swidden cultivator when this cultivator can choose whether or not to enhance soil fertility by using fertilizers. Second, we analyze two different policies (fertilizer use and no fertilizer use) for overseeing the problem of soil fertility deterioration on the CPFL. Finally, we identify a particular likelihood function and …

Swidden Agriculture In Developing Countries: An Ecological-Economic Analysis Of The Fallow Period And Its Length, Amitrajeet A. Batabyal, Hamid Beladi

Articles

Small farmers in many tropical developing countries practice swidden agriculture. A key aspect of swidden agriculture is the time period during which the land is left fallow. This paper uses a new ecological-economic approach to study the fallow period and to determine the optimal length of this period in swidden agriculture. We first construct a theoretical model of a parcel of forest land that has been cleared for swidden agriculture. We then show how the dynamic and the stochastic properties of this cleared land can be used to derive two objective functions for a small farmer that are ecologically meaningful. …

Spectral Data Adds A New Dimension To Remote Imaging Of Earth, John Schott

Articles

Major advances in detector technology and in the ability to process large amounts of spectrometer data have resulted in imaging spectrometers that allow scientists to "see" the condition of materials and to monitor processes.

Jml Optical At The Crossroads: Exploring Growth And Exit Strategies Of A Family Business, Richard Demartino

Articles

The JML Optical case and related assignments are designed to promote a discussion exploring the potential impact of entrepreneurial motivation and exit strategies on firm growth and strategic change. The case recounts the founding, rapid early growth, and overall success of JML Optics, a company competing in the high potential, rapidly changing optics photonics industry. It also defines the emerging strategic challenges associated with the optics industry, mostly notably aggressive low cost Asian competition. The case places students in the position of JML founder and owner, Joe Lubozzo, who must decide both the company's future strategic direction and this own …

Why Am I Enrolled In The Imaging And Photographic Technology Program?, Andrew Davidhazy

Articles

A brief overview of RIT's Imaging and Photographic Technology program/department where I am a faculty member and why a student might choose this as a program of study.

Remarks On Case-Management Criminal Mediation, Maureen Laflin

Articles

No abstract provided.

Tradition Versus Technology: Careers Fairs In The 21st Century, Christiane Brennan, Margaret Daly, Eileen Fitzpatrick, Edward Sweeney

Articles

The traditional methods of graduate recruitment do not adequately meet the needs of the changing profile of students and graduates. As industry becomes internationalized, the needs of employers are also changing. Graduate recruitment is in response to short term needs and varying levels of experience are required. A case study method was used in Technological University Dublin to evaluate effectiveness of a virtual careers fair in providing greater access to job opportunities for students and graduates. Access by employers to potential employees was also measured. Findings showed that while access improved, other issues requiring attention emerged.

Entrepreneurial Open Source Software Hackers: Mysql And Its Dual Licensing, Robert W. Gomulkiewicz

Articles

Hackers often quibble about commercializing software, yet most willreadily sell their programming services. Richard Stallman, the father of free software, has always recognized that hackers have a right to make money. Aside from selling programming services, however, Stallman's disciples seem to frown upon commercializing software. Other hackers, labeling themselves "open source" developers, have warmed to the possibility that free software may be profitable.

This article describes one of the most promising business models for hackers, called "dual licensing." In this model, hackers offer the same code under two different licenses: a commercial license and an open source license. Licensees who …

Few Gatekeepers, Many Views: Will The New Rules Compromise The Representation Of Marginalized Voices?, Madeleine M. Plasencia

Articles

No abstract provided.

Constitutive Commitments And Roosevelt's Second Bill Of Rights: A Dialogue, Cass R. Sunstein, Randy E. Barnett

Articles

No abstract provided.

Market Efficiency And Rationality: The Peculiar Case Of Baseball 2004 Survey Of Books Relating To The Law, Cass R. Sunstein, Richard H. Thaler

Articles

No abstract provided.

Litigant Sensitivity In First Amendment Law, Adam M. Samaha

Articles

No abstract provided.

The Unknown Past Of Lawrence V. Texas, Dale Carpenter

Articles

On the night of September 17, 1998, someone called the police to report that a man was going crazy with a gun inside a Houston apartment. When Harris County sheriff's deputies entered the apartment they found no person with a gun but did witness John Lawrence and Tyron Garner having anal sex. This violated the Texas Homosexual Conduct law,3 and the deputies hauled them off to jail for the night. Lawyers took the men's case to the Supreme Court and won a huge victory for gay rights.

International Human Rights Law Perspective On Grutter And Gratz, David Weissbrodt

Articles

There is an international human rights law aspect to Grutter v. Bollinger 1 and Gratz v. Bollinger 2 that might be missed by many lawyers and scholars who rarely consider any legal domain beyond the limits of the U.S. Constitution. Indeed, Grutter and Gratz reflect a trend in Supreme Court opinions to use international human rights sources in interpreting the Constitution.

The Sub-Commission's Initiative On Human Rights And Intellectual Property, David Weissbrodt, Kell Schoff

Articles

In 2000 the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights adopted a resolution raising concerns about the consistency of international intellectual property protections and human rights norms. This article summarises human rights norms relevant to intellectual property and the pertinent aspects of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, which overlap or potentially conflict. The article provides several examples of potential conflict and how they might be resolved. The article demonstrates that the Sub-Commission resolution helped to initiate a major international discussion and some action on the relationship between human rights and intellectual property.

Through The Years: The Supreme Court And The Copyright Clause, Ruth Okediji

Articles

No abstract provided.

How Do The Social Benefits And Costs Of The Patent System Stack Up In Pharmaceuticals?, Daniel J. Gifford

Articles

This paper explores the workings of the patent system in the context of the generation of new pharmaceutical products. First it identifies the relevant characteristics of the patent system and its relation to the market. The paper concedes that, in general, the patent system is probably the best way of generating new technology, in substantial part because that system uses the market to provide both incentives and rewards. The paper also identifies downsides of this patent/market system: deadweight loss and the unresponsiveness of that patent/market system to the needs of the poor. The paper then explores the social costs and …

The Acs Virgo Cluster Survey. I. Introduction To The Survey, Patrick Côté, John P. Blakeslee, Laura Ferrarese, Andrés Jordán, Simona Mei, David Merritt, Miloš Milosavljević, Eric W. Peng, John L. Tonry, Michael J. West

Articles

The Virgo Cluster is the dominant mass concentration in the Local Supercluster and the largest collection of elliptical and lenticular galaxies in the nearby universe. In this paper, we present an introduction to the ACS Virgo Cluster Survey: a program to image, in the F475W and F850LP bandpasses (≈ Sloan g and z), 100 early-type galaxies in the Virgo Cluster using the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. We describe the selection of the program galaxies and their ensemble properties, the choice of filters, the fieldplacement and orientation, the limiting magnitudes of the survey, coordinated parallel observations …

Price-Volume Relationships And Stock Returns, Steven Gold

Articles

It is popular among technical analysts to use high trading volume as a positive selection or filter criteria. Yet the finding in the finance literature are not clear on the predictive validity or even the direction of the impact of trading volume on stock returns. One stream of finance research finds that high changes in trading volume are associated with information asymmetry or differences in beliefs between traders, suggesting stock price reversals and return variances are higher with high trading volume. A second stream of research finds that high trading volume is attributed to informed trading, suggesting stock price reversals …

The Design Of Incentive Compensation For Directors, Chun-Keung Hoi, Ashok J. Robin

Articles

Today, most firms provide equity-based incentive compensation to their non-executive directors. We summarize viewpoints supportive and critical of the development. We argue that the effectiveness of incentive compensation is related to the structure of the incentive pay contact. We discuss the use of options and shares as well as the issue of whether incentive pay should be geared toward current rewards or future incentives. We also discuss the critical issue of maintaining the ownership exposure of directors by providing sufficient levles of equity as well as placing restictions on cashing out. Using our arguments aboce, we suggest guidelines for constructing …

Lean Object-Oriented Software Development, Jack Cook, Victoria Semouchtchak

Articles

Software failures can be dramatic, exp3ensive and catastrophic. The London Stock Exchange was developed eleven years late and 13,200% over budget (Corr 2002). A catastro0phic software failure in February 1998 interrupted the New York Mercantile Exchange and phone service in several East Coast cities (NIST 2002). All industries need software development process improvement. Of 800 business technology managers responding to an InformationWeek survey, 97% reported problems with software bugs in the past year and nine out of 10 reported higher costs, lost revenue, or both as a result (Hayes 2002, p. 40)

Organizational Determinants Of Is Performance- A Strategic Profile Perspective, Charles Apigian, Bhanu Ragu-Nathan, T.S. Ragu-Nathan

Articles

As a strategic resource, an organization's information system (IS) often determines its competitive advantage. Literature have indicated that many organizational factors influence IS performance. However, the effects of these factors may be different for organizations with different distin ctive information management (IM) strategies. This applies the methodology developed by Sabherwal and Chan (2001) to convert organizational strategic profiles to Miles and Snow (1978) typology, validates the methodology and examines the impact of a set of organizational variables on IS performance in each IM strategic profile type. Managerial implications of the findings are also discussed.

Ramsey Numbers For Triangles Versus Almost-Complete Graphs, Brendan Mckay, Konrad Piwakowski, Stanislaw Radziszowski

Articles

We show that, in any coloring of the edges of K_38 with two colors, there exists a triangle in the first color or a monochromatic K_10-e (K_10 with one edge removed) in the second color, and hence we obtain a bound on the corresponding Ramsey number, R(K_3, K_10-e) <= 38. the new lower bound of 37 for this number is established by a coloring of K_36 avoiding triangles in the first color and K_10-e in the second color. This improves by one the vest previously known lower and upper bounds. we also give the bounds for the next Ramsey number of this type, 42 <= R(K_3, K_11-e) <= 47.

Dit-Call: Naturally Speaking But Slow, Dermot Campbell, Marty Meinardi, Bunny Richardson, Eugene Coyle, Olivia Donnellan, Pak Kui Leung, Ciaran Macdonaill, Elmar Jung, Charles Pritchard

Articles

This paper introduces a new development in speech technology and describes its planned application in an EFL context. Special attention is paid to the pedagogical potential of the resultant language tool.