Digital Commons Network^™

The People-Profit Polarity, Donna Dickson, Sara Cegelski

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No abstract provided.

History And Symptoms Of Psychology, Peter Hauser

Articles

The History and Systems of Psychology course provides background to the development of current psychological perspectives. It examines beliefs, practices, achievements and limitations of various systems of psychology from Greek times through to the late 20th century.

Canon Digital Rebel Vs. Fuji Is-1 Infrarecapd Able Camera, Andrew Davidhazy

Articles

This is an article on how one might make a makeshift infrared transmitting filter using two relatively easy to obtain glass filters to substitute for a true infrared filter, the Wratten #87. This test also compares the performance of a Canon camera not designed for IR use and a Fuji IS-1 that is infrared capable. Added here in February 2008.

Leveraging Multiple Imaging Modalities To Improve Breast Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, And Management, Karl Baum

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ANSYS On Campus article. Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women, and the second leading cause of cancer death among American women today [1]. The primary tool for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer is x-ray mammography, but it is hoped that additional information provided by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) will provide a means to determine if a suspected lesion, seen in mammography, is malignant or not. The procedure may prevent a large number of retrospectively unnecessary breast biopsies, a surgical procedure, which can result in pain, bruising, and scaring, that is …

Front Projection: A Useful Compositing Special Effects Technique, Andrew Davidhazy

Articles

Photographers have devised many different ways to place a subject of choice against some desired and visually interesting and appropriate background without going to the expense of traveling to exotic locations on the world or having at their disposal a large variety of background props. This article describes a novel "traditional" technique especially useful for social photography but also advertising and illustration. Added here in April 2008.

Digital Terrestrial Photogrammetry Project, Andrew Davidhazy

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Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements of subjects. It generally also implies "remote" measurement as in aerial photography. This is a project that describes, demonstrates and puts into practice the principles at work in a terrestrial situation and should not be beyond most high school or college students with an interest in applying photography for technical purposes. Basic trigonometry at work! Added here in April 2008.

Gravitational Wave Recoil Oscillations Of Black Holes: Implications For Unified Models Of Active Galactic Nuclei, Stefanie Komossa, David Merritt

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We consider the consequences of gravitational wave recoil for unified models of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Spatial oscillations of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) around the cores of galaxies following gravitational wave (GW) recoil imply that the SMBHs spend a significant fraction of time off-nucleus, at scales beyond that of the molecular obscuring torus. Assuming reasonable distributions of recoil velocities, we compute the off-core timescale of (intrinsically type-2) quasars. We find that roughly one-half of major mergers result in a SMBH being displaced beyond the torus for a time of 107.5 yr or more, comparable to quasar activity timescales. Since major …

Jagannath's Saligram: On Bruno Latour And Literary Critique After Postcoloniality, Amit Ray, Evan Selinger

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Bruno Latour has turned to Indian vernacular fiction to illustrate the limits of ideology critique. In examining the method of literary analysis that underlies his appropriation of postcolonial history and culture, we appeal to Edward Said's notion of "traveling theory" in order to discuss critically the aesthetic as well as political stakes of using the technology of the modern novel for the allegorical purposes that Latour has in mind. We argue that Latourian analysis fails to uphold its own rigorous aspirations when it reduces complex literary and cultural representation to universal allegory.

Reviewing The Author-Function In The Age Of Wikipedia, Amit Ray, Erhardt Graeff

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In "Reviewing the Author-Function in the Age of Wikipedia," Amit Ray and Erhardt Graeff examine how wiki technology challenges traditional concepts of authorship and authority in knowledge production. The authors build on poststructuralist theory, particularly Roland Barthes's "Death of the Author" and Michel Foucault's concept of the "author-function," to analyze how wikis destabilize individual authorship in favor of collaborative, community-driven content creation.

The essay argues that wikis represent a fundamental shift from the Romantic notion of the solitary author-genius to what they term the "wiki writing process"—a dynamic system where traditional roles of reader, writer, and editor blur into a …

Session 1: Public Health Nutrition Breast-Feeding Practices In Ireland, Roslyn Tarrant, John Kearney

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Breast-feeding is the superior infant feeding method from birth, with research consistently demonstrating its numerous short- and long-term health benefits for both mother and infant. As a global recommendation the WHO advises that mothers should exclusively breast-feed for the first 6-months of life, thus delaying the introduction of solids during this time. Historically, Irish breast-feeding initiation rates have remained strikingly low in comparison with international data and there has been little improvement in breast-feeding duration rates. There is wide geographical variation in terms of breast-feeding initiation both internationally and in Ireland. Some of these differences in breast-feeding rates may be …

Regulated Expression Of Adenoviral Vectors-Based Gene Therapies: Therapeutic Expression Of Toxins And Immune-Modulators, James Curtin, Marianela Candolfi, Mariana Puntel, Weidong Xiong, Akm Ghulam Muhammad, Kurt Kroeger, Sonali Mondkar, Chunyan Liu, Niyati Bondale, Pedro Lowenstein, Maria Castro

Articles

Regulatable promoter systems allow gene expression to be tightly controlled in vivo. This is highly desirable for the development of safe, efficacious adenoviral vectors that can be used to treat human diseases in the clinic. Ideally, regulatable cassettes should have minimal gene expression in the "OFF" state, and expression should quickly reach therapeutic levels in the "ON" state. In addition, the components of regulatable cassettes should be non-toxic at physiological concentrations and should not be immunogenic, especially when treating chronic illness that requires long-lasting gene expression. In this chapter, we will describe in detail protocols to develop and validate first …

Consensus Mutagenesis Reveals That Non-Helical Regions Influence Thermal Stability Of Horseradish Peroxidase., Barry Ryan, CiaráN Fagan

Articles

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase has many uses in biotechnology but a stabilized derivative would have even wider applicability. To enhance thermal stability, we applied consensus mutagenesis (used successfully with other proteins) to recombinant horseradish peroxidase and generated five single-site mutants. Unexpectedly, these mutations had greater effects on steady-state kinetics than on thermal stability. Only two mutants (T102A, T110V) marginally exceeded the wild type’s thermal stability (4% and 10% gain in half- life at 50oC respectively); the others (Q106R, Q107D, I180F) were less stable than wild type. Stability of a five-fold combination mutant matched that of Q106R, the least-stable single mutant. …

Transfer Of Ampicillin Resistance From S. Typhimurium Dt104 To E. Coli K12 In Food, Ciara Walsh, Geraldine Duffy, R. O'Mahoney, D. A. Mcdowell, Seamus Fanning

Articles

Aims:  To investigate the transfer of antibiotic resistance from a donor Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 strain to a recipient Escherichia coli K12 strain.

Methods and Results:  Mating experiments were conducted in broth, milk and ground meat (beef) at incubation temperatures of 4, 15, 25 and 37°C for 18 and 36 h. Ampicillin-resistance transfer was observed at similar frequencies in all transfer media at 25 and 37°C (10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁵ log₁₀ CFU ml g⁻¹, transconjugants per recipient) for 18 h. At 15°C, transfer was observed in ground meat in the recipient strain (10⁻⁶, log_{10 …}

Antibiotic Resistance In Foodborne Pathogens- A Cause For Concern?, Ciara Walsh, Seamus Fanning

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The widespread use of antibiotics in food animal production systems has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacteria that can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. Infection with antibiotic resistant bacteria negatively impacts on public health, due to an increased incidence of treatment failure and severity of disease. Development of resistant bacteria in food animals can result from chromosomal mutations but is more commonly associated with the horizontal transfer of resistance determinants borne on mobile genetic elements. Food may represent a dynamic environment for the continuing transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants between bacteria. Current food preservation …

A Model Compound Study: The Ecotoxicological Evaluation Of Five Organic Contaminants With A Battery Of Marine Bioassays, Ailbhe Macken, Michelle Giltrap, Barry Foley, Evin Mcgovern, Brendan Mchugh, Maria Davoren

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This paper describes the ecotoxicological evaluation of five organic contaminants frequently detected in marine sediments (tributyltin, triphenyltin, benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, and PCB 153) using three marine species (Vibrio fischeri, Tetraselmis suecica, and Tisbe battagliai). The sensitivity of each species varied for all compounds. The triorganotins were consistently the most toxic to all species. The applicability of each test system to assess the acute toxicity of environmental contaminants and their use in Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) is discussed. Suitability of the Microtox and T. battagliai tests for employment in TIE studies were further assessed through spiking experiments with tributyltin. Results demonstrated that …

Acquiring Innovation, Xuan-Thao Nguyen, Jeffrey A. Maine

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In recent years, the innovation market has witnessed a new business model involving companies that are mere patent holding shells and not operating entities. They have no customers or products to offer, but they do have an aggressive tactic of using patent portfolios to threaten other operating companies with potential infringement litigation. The strategy is executed with the end goal of extracting handsome settlements. Acquisitions of patents for offensive use have become a major concern to operating companies because such acquisitions pose the threats of patent injunction, interrupting the business and crippling further innovation.

While many operating companies today know …

When Deterrence And Death Mitigation Fall Short: Fantasy And Fetishes As Gap-Fillers In Border Regulation, Mary D. Fan

Articles

Drawing on fieldwork and political theory with Lacanian psychoanalytic influences, this article analyzes how fantasy and fetishes help sustain strategies shown to be no solution to U.S. border control problems. More than a decade after the official launch of the border control paradigm of "prevention through deterrence," predicated on the assumption that ramping up walls, barriers, policing, and the human costs of border crossing would deter, there has been scant evidence of deterrence and much evidence of diversion of migrants to more dangerous crossing points where death rates have soared. Attempts to mitigate the cost to life have also proved …

Jacobus Tenbroek, Participatory Justice, And The Un Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities, Michael Ashley Stein, Janet E. Lord

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No abstract provided.

Effect Of Uva Fluence Rate On Indicators Of Oxidative Stress In Human Dermal Fibroblasts, James D. Hoerter, Christopher S. Ward, Kyle D. Bale, Admasu N. Gizachew, Rachelle Graham Rachelle Graham, Jaclyn Reynolds, Melanie E. Ward Melanie E. Ward, Chesca Choi, Jean-Leonard Kagabo, Michael Sauer, Tara Kuipers, Timothy Hotchkiss Timothy Hotchkiss, Nate Banner, Renee A. Chellson, Theresa Ohaeri, Langston Gant, Leah Vanderhill

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During the course of a day human skin is exposed to solar UV radiation that fluctuates in fluence rate within the UVA (290-315 nm) and UVB (315-400 nm) spectrum. Variables affecting the fluence rate reaching skin cells include differences in UVA and UVB penetrating ability, presence or absence of sunscreens, atmospheric conditions, and season and geographical location where the exposure occurs. Our study determined the effect of UVA fluence rate in solar-simulated (SSR) and tanning-bed radiation (TBR) on four indicators of oxidative stress---protein oxidation, glutathione, heme oxygenase-1, and reactive oxygen species--in human dermal fibroblasts after receiving equivalent UVA and UVB …

Comparative In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study Of Silver Nanoparticle On Two Mammalian Cell Lines, Gordon Chambers, Sanchali Mukherjee, Alan Casey, Niall Ó Claonadh

Articles

In this study the cytotoxic effect of commercially available silver (Ag) nanoparticle was evaluated using human dermal and cervical cancer cell lines. Prior to the cellular studies a full particle size characterisation was carried out using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy in distilled water and cell culture media. The Zeta Potential (ZP)associated with the Ag nanoparticle was also determined in order to assess its stability in the solutions and its possible interaction with the media. The DLS and ZP study have suggested interaction of Ag nanoparticles with the media, which can lead to secondary …

Multi-Algorithmic Cryptography Using Deterministic Chaos With Applications To Mobile Communications, Jonathan Blackledge

Articles

In this extended paper, we present an overview of the principal issues associated with cryptography, providing historically significant examples for illustrative purposes as part of a short tutorial for readers that are not familiar with the subject matter. This is used to introduce the role that nonlinear dynamics and chaos play in the design of encryption engines which utilize different types of Iteration Function Systems (IFS). The design of such encryption engines requires that they conform to the principles associated with diffusion and confusion for generating ciphers that are of a maximum entropy type. For this reason, the role of …

Audio Data Verification And Authentication Using Frequency Modulation Based Watermarking, Jonathan Blackledge, Omar Farooq

Articles

An approach to watermarking digital signals using frequency modulation - ‘Chirp Coding’ - is considered. The principles underlying this approach are based on the use of a matched filter to reconstruct a ‘chirp stream’ code that is uniquely robust. The method is generic in the sense that it can, in principle, be used for a variety of different signal (the authentication of speech and biomedical signals, for example). Further, by generating a bit stream that is signal dependent, chirp coding provides a method of self-authentication, which has a wide range of applications including copyright protection and digital rights management. However, …

Proposal For Using A Studio Format To Enhance Institutional Advancement, Shannon Chance

Articles

Universities today need to become quicker on their toes. They must continually scan the environment and seize emerging opportunities – and institutional advancement must lead this effort. An unfortunate number of institutional advancement operations are ill equipped for the task at hand. Many suffer from high staff turnover and overly hierarchical systems that refl ect excessive fragmentation and compartmentalization. They inadvertently perpetuate stifl ing and unnecessary bureaucracy. Organizing advancement efforts around the metaphor of the design studio or creative workshop promises to (a) pool talent, (b) cultivate collaboration, and (c) align diverse but related interests in order to promote fruitful …

Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes Induce Indirect Cytotoxicity By Medium Depletion In A549 Lung Cells, Gordon Chambers, Alan Casey, Fiona Lyng, Maria Davoren, Eva Herzog (Thesis), Hugh Byrne

Articles

The ability of two types of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), namely Arc Discharge (AD) and HiPco® single walled carbon nanotubes, to induce an indirect cytotoxicity in A549 lung cells by means of medium depletion was investigated. The nanotubes were dispersed in a commercial cell culture medium and subsequently removed by centrifugation and filtration. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the removal of the nanotubes and showed differing degrees of alteration of the composition of the medium upon the removal of the nanotubes. The ability to induce an indirect cytotoxic effect by altering the medium was evaluated using two endpoints, namely the Alamar …

Stifling The Potential Of Grutter V. Bollinger: Parents Involved In Community Schools V. Seattle School District No. 1, Michelle Adams

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No abstract provided.

An All-Fiber Temperature Sensor Based On A Macro-Bend Singlemode Fiber Loop, Ginu Rajan, Yuliya Semenova, Gerald Farrell

Articles

An all-fibre temperature sensor is proposed based on a macro-bend singlemode fibre loop using a ratiometric power measurement scheme. The sensor has a linear characteristic with temperature at a fixed wavelength and bend radius. A direct linear relationship between the bend loss of the singlemode fibre and temperature is reported for the first time. By measuring the change in bend loss of the system a change in temperature can be measured assuming the system is calibrated. The proposed sensor has a higher temperature resolution than other conventional fibre-optic sensors and also benefits from simplicity.

Extending The Reach Of The State Into The Post-Sentence Period: Section 26 Of The Criminal Justice Act 2007, Mary Rogan

Articles

The Criminal Justice Act 2007 heralded a plethora of changes to Irish criminal law and procedure. The law on sentencing was also affected by its provisions. The focus of this article is on section 26 of that Act which introduces a general power on a court to make an order while passing sentence which will take effect on the expiration of a sentence of imprisonment. Under section 26 a court can impose two such orders, the “monitoring” order and the “protection of persons” order. The author assesses the background to the introduction of these dispositions and the potential application and …

Digital Radio Policy In Canada: From Analog Replacement To Multimedia Convergence, Brian O'Neill

Articles

Digital radio policy in Canada has moved from a position of seeking to migrate all radio broadcasting onto a single digital transmission system (Eureka-147) to a multi-platform, cross-media and multimedia approach. The most recent digital radio policy of 2006 suggests a range of new possibilities for radio broadcasting, including multimedia broadcasting, but as a result has compromised the early adoption of the Eureka-147 standard. This paper contrasts the different policy contexts of 1995 and 2006 and argues that the competing technological options for digital audio delivery now pose significant dilemmas for broadcasters and policy makers.

Child Sexual Abuse And Hiv Transmission In Sub-Saharan Africa, Kevin Lalor

Articles

The purpose of this paper is to examine the risks of HIV transmission to children through sexual abuse and exploitation in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper is based on a review of pertinent literature. Child sexual abuse in this region must be defined broadly enough to encompass widespread coercion or violence in early sexual relations in some regions, the practice of ‘transactional sex’ and constructions of masculinity, emphasising multiple sexual partners and power over women and girls. The high HIV prevalence in SSA is briefly described. Research evidence showing the link between child sexual abuse and HIV transmission is reviewed, although …

Entrepreneurs With Disabilities: Profile Of A Forgotten Minority., Thomas Cooney

Articles

The hosting of the Special Olympics in Ireland in 2003 compellingly brought to the forefront of public consciousness the capacity of people with disabilities to significantly contribute economically and socially to the nation. However, a body of research now exists highlighting that people with disabilities are less likely to be gainfully employed and will have lower earnings than non-disabled people. These differentials are caused by a variety of factors, including perceived and actual discrimination. An alternative career option for people with disabilities is to become self-employed, which has the benefits of the freedom, flexibility, and independence associated with self-employment, as …