Digital Commons Network^™

Application Of Natural Antimicrobials For Food Preservation, Brijesh Tiwari, Vasilis Valdramidis, Colm O' Donnell, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Patrick J. Cullen, Paula Bourke

Articles

In this review, antimicrobials from a range of plant, animal, and microbial sources are reviewed 10 along with their potential applications in food systems. Chemical and biochemical antimicrobial 11 compounds derived from these natural sources and their activity against a range of pathogenic and 12 spoilage microorganisms pertinent to food, together with their effects on food organoleptic proper- 13 ties, are outlined. Factors influencing the antimicrobial activity of such agents are discussed 14 including extraction methods, molecular weight, and agent origin. These issues are considered in 15 conjunction with the latest developments in the quantification of the minimum inhibitory (and …

Combating Global Climate Change: Why A Carbon Tax Is A Better Response To Global Warming Than Cap And Trade, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, David M. Uhlmann

Articles

Global climate change is the most significant environmental issue facing our nation and the world. There no longer is any question that global warming is occurring. Nor is there any serious debate about whether human activity is the root cause. If we fail to make significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions over the next ten to twenty years, we face the possibility of catastrophic environmental harm by the end of this century.

The Copyright Revision Act Of 2026, Jessica D. Litman

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As someone who teaches and writes about copyright law, I end up straddling two different worlds. On the one hand, I really do need to understand and be able to teach the details of the copyright statute and the case law construing it. My students need to know the difference between a public performance right under Section 106(4) and a public performance right by digital audio transmission under Section 106(6); they need to know the difference between the statutory licenses available under Section 114 and the statutory licenses available under Section 115.' So, I need to have all of those …

Ensuring Defense Counsel Competence At International Criminal Tribunals, Sonja B. Starr

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This article addresses the problem of incompetent representation by defense counsel in international criminal tribunals. According to the author, the ineffectiveness of a particular attorney may be attributable to a number offactors, including a lack of experience with international criminal law, unfamiliarity with the procedures of international criminal tribunals, and the simple failure to be fluent in the languages used by the court. Starr explains that the problem of incompetence persists because of obstacles to the recruitment, retention, and appointment of proficient defense lawyers, as well as the lack of administrative or judicial oversight concerning competence. The author points out …

Linkline's Institutional Suspicions, Daniel A. Crane

Articles

Antitrust scholars are having fun again. Not so long ago, they were the poor, redheaded stepchildren of the legal academy, either pining for the older days of rigorous antitrust enforcement or trying to kill off what was left of the enterprise. Other law professors felt sorry for them, ignored them, or both. But now antitrust is making a comeback of sorts. In one heady week in May of 2009, a front-page story in the New York Times reported the dramatic decision of Christine Varney-the Obama Administration's new Antitrust Division head at the Department of Justice-to jettison the entire report on …

Barack Obama, Margarita Lopez Torres, And The Path To Nomination, Ellen D. Katz

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Operating within these regimes, Obama was able to mount a credible--and ultimately successful--challenge to the leadership's choice for the nomination while Lopez Torres could not. This article offers an explanation why. It argues that Obama succeeded where Lopez Torres failed because the nomination process Obama traversed was more penetrable and more contestable than the one Lopez Torres faced.

Advertising Connoisseurs: Children's Active Engagement With And Enjoyment Of Television Advertising, Margaret-Anne Lawlor

Articles

The literature pertaining to advertising and children has tended to focus on how advertising affects children at cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural levels. A key element of the debate has been the extent to which children understand advertising as a mode of commercial communication, and the potential associated outcomes such as advertising scepticism and pester power. This paper adopts a different approach by exploring the extent to which television advertising can constitute a resource for a child's own use and enjoyment. As part of an interpretive study of a group of Irish children aged seven to nine years which explores their …

The Coke Side Of Life:An Exploration Of Pre-Schoolers' Constructions Of Product And Selves Through Talk-In-Interaction Around Coca-Cola, Olivia Freeman

Articles

Abstract Purpose – This paper proposes the activity-based focus group as a useful method with which to generate talk-in-interaction among pre-schoolers. Analytically, it aims to illustrate, how transcribed talk-in-interaction can be subjected to a discourse analytic lens, to produce insights into how pre-schoolers use ‘Coca-Cola’ as a conversational resource with which to build product-related meanings and social selves. Design/methodology/approach - Fourteen activity-based discussion groups with pre-schoolers aged between two and five years have been conducted in a number of settings including privately run Montessori schools and community based preschools in Dublin. The talk generated through these groups has been transcribed …

Copyright And Its Rewards, Foreseen And Unforeseen, Justin Hughes

Articles

Responding to Shyamkrishna Balganesh, Foreseeability and Copyright Incentives, 122 Harv. L. Rev. 1569 (2009)

When The Lawyer Knows The Client Is Guilty: Client Confessions In Legal Ethics, Popular Culture, And Literature, Michael Asimow, Richard H. Weisberg

Articles

The article explores the ethical dilemma faced by criminal defense lawyers when they know their client is factually guilty but the client insists on a vigorous defense. It examines the tension between the lawyer’s duty of zealous representation and the duty of candor toward the court, proposing a compromise that allows lawyers discretion to choose between strong or weak adversarial approaches based on the context. The analysis draws on historical cases, such as the Courvoisier case of 1840 and the modern case of Steven Feldman, as well as insights from popular culture and literary sources, to argue that the discretionary …

Constitution On Ice: A Report On Immigration Home Raid Operations, Bess Chiu, Lynly Egyes, Peter L. Markowitz, Jaya Vasandani

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No abstract provided.

Advocacy In The Court Of Public Opinion, Installment One: Broadening The Role Of Corporate Attorneys, Michele Destefano Beardslee

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No abstract provided.

The Confidence Game: Manipulation Of The Markets By Governmental Authorities, Caroline Bradley

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No abstract provided.

Electro-Optical Switching Of The Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Diffraction Gratings, Pavani Kotakonda, Izabela Naydenova, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal

Articles

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is a material promising for application in optical communications, diffractive optics and optical data storage. Diffraction gratings were optically recorded in a novel PDLC material developed at the Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics. Details of the fabrication and preliminary results of electro-optical switching of the holographic PDLC (HPDLC) diffraction gratings are presented. The redistribution of LCs was observed by using phase contrast microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy.

Motivation And Decision Making In City Break Travel, Gerard Dunne

Articles

The demand for city breaks has been one of the major growth areas in travel and tourism in recent years. The city break product is generally considered to be different from other holiday products, particularly in a spatial and temporal context. However marketing strategies targeting this important tourism niche continue to be based on data that is often anecdotal and frequently inaccurate. This book explores the distinctive characteristics of this form of travel and in particular the motivations and decision making involved in taking such trips. The book presents a decision making continuum that highlights the variation that exists between …

Hmgb1 Mediates Endogenous Tlr2 Activation And Brain Tumor Regression, James Curtin, Naiyou Liu, Marianela Candolfi, Weidong Xiong, Hikmat Assi, Kader Yagiz, Matthew Edwards, Kathrin Michelsen, Kurt Kroeger, Chunyan Liu, Akm Ghulam Muhammad, Mary Clark, Moshe Arditi, Begonya Comin-Anduix, Antoni Ribas, Pedro Lowenstein, Maria Castro

Articles

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor that carries a 5-y survival rate of 5%. Attempts at eliciting a clinically relevant anti-GBM immune response in brain tumor patients have met with limited success, which is due to brain immune privilege, tumor immune evasion, and a paucity of dendritic cells (DCs) within the central nervous system. Herein we uncovered a novel pathway for the activation of an effective anti-GBM immune response mediated by high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin protein released from dying tumor cells, which acts as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling …

The Antimicrobial Efficacy And Structure Activity Relationship Of Novel Carbohydrate Fatty Acid Derivatives Against Listera Spp. And Food Spoilage Microorganisms, Patricia Nobmann, Aoife Smith, Julie Dunne, Gary Henehan, Paula Bourke

Articles

Novel mono-substituted carbohydrate fatty acid (CFA) esters and ethers were investigated for their antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria focussing on Listeria monocytogenes. Carbohydrate derivatives with structural differences enable comparative studies on the structure/activity relationship for antimicrobial efficacy and mechanism of action. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized compounds was compared with commercially available compounds such as monolaurin and monocaprylin, as well as the pure free fatty acids, lauric acid and caprylic acid, which have proven antimicrobial activity. Compound efficacy was compared using an absorbance based broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), …

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress And Dna-Adduct Formation But Not Dna-Breakage In Human Lung Cells, Kunal Bhattacharya, Maria Davoren, Jens Boertz, Roel P.F. Schins, Eik Hoffmann, Elke Dopp

Articles

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), also known as titanium (IV) oxide or anatase, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. It is also one of the most commercially used form. To date, no parameter has been set for the average ambient air concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles (NP) by any regulatory agency. Previously conducted studies had established these nanoparticles to be mainly non-cyto- and -genotoxic, although they had been found to generate free radicals both acellularly (specially through photocatalytic activity) and intracellularly. The present study determines the role of TiO2-NP (anatase, ∅ < 100 nm) using several parameters such as cyto- and genotoxicity, DNA-adduct formation and generation of free radicals following its uptake by human lung cells in vitro. For comparison, iron containing nanoparticles (hematite, Fe2O3, ∅ < 100 nm) were used. The results of this study showed that both types of NP were located in the cytosol near the nucleus. No particles were found inside the nucleus, in mitochondria or ribosomes. Human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) were more sensitive regarding cyto- and genotoxic effects caused by the NP than human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). In contrast to hematite NP, TiO2-NP did not induce DNA-breakage measured by the Comet-assay in both cell types. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured acellularly (without any photocatalytic activity) as well as intracellularly for both types of particles, however, the iron-containing NP needed special reducing conditions before pronounced radical generation. A high level of DNA adduct formation (8-OHdG) was observed in IMR-90 cells exposed to TiO2-NP, but not in cells exposed to hematite NP. Our study demonstrates different modes of action for TiO2- and Fe2O3-NP. Whereas TiO2-NP were able to generate elevated amounts of free radicals, which induced indirect genotoxicity mainly by DNA-adduct formation, Fe2O3-NP were clastogenic (induction of DNA-breakage) and required reducing conditions for radical formation.

The Rules Against Scandal And What They Mean For The First Amendment’S Religion Clauses, Marci A. Hamilton

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No abstract provided.

Political Responses To Supreme Court Decisions, Marci A. Hamilton

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No abstract provided.

From The Chair, Lela P. Love

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No abstract provided.

The Administration Of Justice And Human Rights, David Weissbrodt

Articles

This article discusses the place of international human rights standards - as elaborated in global and regional treaties, other instruments, and authoritative interpretations - in the advancement of the administration of justice. The administration of justice includes the norms, institutions, and frameworks by which states seek to achieve fairness and efficiency in dispensing criminal, administrative, and civil justice. The United Nations, regional organisations, and other international structures have codified a substantial framework of fair trial and other administration of justice standards, which have been accepted, albeit not always followed, by most nations and which have begun to be used in …

Disclosure, Endorsement, And Identity In Social Marketing, William Mcgeveran

Articles

Social marketing is among the newest advertising trends now emerging on the internet. Using online social networks such as Facebook or MySpace, marketers can send personalized promotional messages featuring an ordinary customer to that customer's friends. Because they reveal a customer's browsing and buying patterns, and because they feature implied endorsements, the messages raise significant concerns about disclosure of personal matters, information quality, and individuals' ability to control the commercial exploitation of their identity. Yet social marketing falls through the cracks between several different legal paradigms that might allow its regulation-spanning from privacy to trademark and unfair competition to consumer …

From Environment To Energy: China's Reconceptualization Of Climate Change, Dongsheng Zang

Articles

Domestically and internationally, by the first half of 2009 it was already questionable whether the Copenhagen Conference could achieve anything. Anthony Giddens warned-in an otherwise inspiring book on climate change-that "doomsday is no longer a religious concept, a day of spiritual reckoning, but a possibility imminent in our society and economy." In such a context, it becomes imperative to revisit some of the fundamental issues in the Kyoto Protocol framework. Are timetables and targets really the best way to regulate climate change? Does the current framework create bad politics? Where are the powerful driving forces towards a low-carbon society?

This …

Worst Case And The Worst Example: An Agenda For Any Young Lawyer Who Wants To Save The World From Climate Chaos, William H. Rodgers, Jr., Anna T. Moritz

Articles

Wherever you turn with regard to climate change, you'll hear about the worst, and the worst of the worst, and the worst that will happen after that. Young lawyers should put themselves in the right frame of mind to tackle all these "worsts" that are headed our way.

In the interest of keeping it simple, we would suggest a personal strategy for every young lawyer that would entail: (I) Honoring Knowledge and Learning; (II) Protecting Your Institutions and Loving Your Country; (III) Planning and Conducting Your Personal War on Bad Law; and (IV) Rejecting Defeatism and Impossibility Theorems.

Let's consider …

Success Or Failure?: Japan's National Strategy On Intellectual Property And Evaluation Of Its Impact From The Comparative Law Perspective, Toshiko Takenaka

Articles

This short Article will discuss Japan's national IP strategy and changes brought to the IP system, focusing on features that follow the U.S. IP system. Additionally, it will review these changes from the comparative law perspective and evaluate whether the new system has accomplished its national strategy mission.

Dispersion Medium Modulates Oxidative Stress Response Of Human Lung Epithelial Cells Upon Exposure To Carbon Nanomaterial Samples, Eva Herzog, Hugh Byrne, Maria Davoren, Alan Casey, Albert Duschl, Gertie Janneke Oostingh

Articles

Due to their large specific surface area, the potential of nanoparticles to be highly reactive and to induce oxidative stress is particularly high. In addition, some types of nanoparticles contain transition metals as trace impurities which are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems. This study investigates the potential of two types of single-walled carbon nanotube samples, nanoparticulate carbon black and crocidolite asbestos to induce ROS in lung epithelial cells in vitro. Carbon nanotube and carbon black samples were used as produced, without further purification or processing, in order to best mimic occupational exposure by inhalation of …

Raman Spectroscopy: A Potential Platform For The Rapid Measurement Of Carbon Nanotube-Induced Cytotoxicity, Peter Knief, Colin Clarke, Eva Herzog, Maria Davoren, Fiona Lyng, Aidan Meade, Hugh Byrne

Articles

In this study the suitability of Raman spectroscopy for the determination of carbon nanotube mediated toxicity on human alveolar carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) is explored. The exposure of this cell line represents the primary pathway of exposure in humans, that of inhalation. Peak ratio analysis demonstrates a dose dependent response which correlates to previous toxicological studies. Principal component analysis is employed to further classify cellular response as a function of dose and to examine differences between spectra as a function of exposed concentration. To further illustrate the potential of Raman spectroscopy in this field, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression and …

Relating Fractal Dimension To Branching Behaviour In Filamentous Microorganisms, David Barry, Onwuarolu Ifeyinwa, Shauna Mcgee, Raymond Ryan, Gwilym Williams, Jonathan Blackledge

Articles

The productivity of an industrial fermentation process involving a filamentous microbe is heavily dependent on the morphological form adopted by the organism. The development of systems capable of rapidly and accurately characterising morphology within a given process represents a significant challenge to biotechnologists, as the complex phenotypes that are manifested are often not easily quantified. Conventional parameters employed in these analyses are of limited value, as they reveal little about the specific branching behaviour of the organism, which is an important consideration given the demonstrated link between branching frequency and metabolite production. More recently, fractal geometry has been employed in …

Scattering From A Tenuous Random Medium With Applications In Optics, Jonathan Blackledge

Articles

Mathematical models for the scattering of light (and other radiation) tend to fall into two categories based on a weak field condition (single scattering processes) or a strong field condition (multiple scattering processes). In the latter case, the complexity of deterministic models coupled with available solutions often fail to provide results that are of value to engineering systems (e.g. imaging systems). For this reason, multiple scattering problems are often approached using stochastic modelling methods whose foundations lie in random walk theory where the amplitude and phase of the scattered field are taken to conform to an appropriate statistical process and …