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The Meaning Of The Seventeenth Amendment And A Century Of State Defiance, Zachary D. Clopton, Steven E. Art

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Nearly a century ago, the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution worked a substantial change in American government, dictating that the people should elect their senators by popular vote. Despite its significance, there has been little written about what the Amendment means or how it works. This Article provides a comprehensive interpretation of the Seventeenth Amendment based on the text of the Amendment and a variety of other sources: historical and textual antecedents, relevant Supreme Court decisions, the complete debates in Congress, and the social and political factors that led to this new constitutional provision. Among other things, this analysis …

The Supreme Court And Celebrity Culture, Richard A. Posner

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No abstract provided.

Reverse Regulatory Arbitrage: An Auction Approach To Regulatory Assignments, M. Todd Henderson, Frederick Tung

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In the years before the Financial Crisis, banks got to pick their regulators, engaging in a form of regulatory arbitrage that we now know was a race to the bottom. We propose to turn the tables on the banks by allowing regulators—specifically, bank examiners—to choose the banks they regulate. We call this "reverse regulatory arbitrage," and we think it can help improve regulatory outcomes. Building on our prior work that proposes to pay bank examiners for performance—by giving them financial incentives to avoid bank failures—we argue that bank supervisory assignments should be set through an auction among examiners. Examiner bidding …

More Than Primary Sources: Teaching About The Archival Profession As A Method Of K-12 Outreach, Eleanor Dickson, Matthew J. Gorzalski

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Traditional archival outreach methods for K-12 students teach children how to be historians-not archivists-by emphasizing critical thinking skills and document analysis. In contrast, K-12 outreach in the field of archaeology simultaneously emphasizes archaeological work, historical analysis, and critical thinking. This article examines both the archival and archaeological K-12 outreach models and draws from one author's experiences at The History Center in Diboll, Texas, to suggest changes to archival K-12 outreach that will leverage the profession's preexisting interactions with students to advocate for archives.

Back To The Future: The In Loco Parentis Doctrine And Its Impact On Whether K-12 Schools And Teachers Owe A Fiduciary Duty To Students, John E. Rumel

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No abstract provided.

Resilience In Transboundary Water Governance: The Okavango River Basin, Barbara Cosens

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When the availability of a vital resource varies between times of overabundance and extreme scarcity, management regimes must manifest flexibility and authority to adapt while maintaining legitimacy. Unfortunately, the need for adaptability often conflicts with the desire for certainty in legal and regulatory regimes, and laws that fail to account for variability often result in conflict when the inevitable disturbance occurs. Additional keys to resilience are collaboration among physical scientists, political actors, local leaders, and other stakeholders, and, when the commons is shared among sovereign states, collaboration between and among institutions with authority to act at different scales or with …

Personal Jurisdiction And Choice Of Law In The Cloud, Damon C. Andrews, John M. Newman

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Cloud computing has revolutionized how society interacts with, and via, technology. Though some early detractors criticized the "cloud" as being nothing more than an empty industry buzzword, we contend that by dovetailing communications and calculating processes for the first time in history, cloud computing is--both practically and legally-a shift in prevailing paradigms. As a practical matter, the cloud brings with it a previously undreamt-of sense of location independence for both suppliers and consumers. And legally, the shift toward deploying computing ability as a service, rather than as a product, represents an evolution to a contractual foundation for interacting.

Already, substantive …

Assessing Legal Advocacy To Advance Roma Health In Macedonia, Romania, And Serbia, Tamar Ezer

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Across Europe, Roma suffer extreme marginalisation, negatively impacting their health. Many cannot access healthcare at all. For others, the health system is a hostile place. At the same time, good legal frameworks are in place to protect health rights, and there is increasing recognition of systemic violations experienced by Roma. Essential to building on this momentum and closing the gap between standards and implementation is Roma ability to conduct legal advocacy. Since 2010, the Open Society Foundations has supported Roma engagement in Macedonia, Romania and Serbia in the following advocacy strategies: i) legal empowerment, ii) documentation and advocacy, iii) media …

The Right Not To Use In Property And Patent Law, Eduardo Peñalver, Oskar Liivak

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In Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., the Supreme Court held (1) that patent owners have an absolute right not to practice their patent and (2) that even these nonpracticing patent owners are entitled to the liberal use of injunctive relief against infringers. Both of these holdings have been very important to the viability of patent assertion entities, the so-called patent trolls. In eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., the Supreme Court softened the injunction rule. In this Article, we argue that Congress or the Court should reconsider Continental Paper Bag's embrace of an absolute right not to …

Building A Strong Foundation: Justice John Simonett And Constitutional Law In Minnesota, Robert Stein

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I am delighted to join in this Tribute to the remarkable judicial career of Minnesota Supreme Court Justice John E. Simonett—a great justice and, equally important, a great human being. I remember Justice Simonett with deep respect and affection. During my years as dean of the University of Minnesota Law School, I could always count on Justice Simonett to enliven any program with his erudite and pithy remarks, his wit, and his joyful presence. I remember particularly a Judges in Residence program in which Justice Simonett and Justice Anthony Kennedy of the Supreme Court of the United States were the …

Adolescent Criminal Responsibility, Proportionality, And Sentencing Policy: Roper, Graham, Miller/Jackson, And The Youth Discount, Barry C. Feld

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The Supreme Court in Roper v. Simmons 1 prohibited states from executing offenders for murders committed when younger than eighteen years of age. Roper found a national consensus existed against executing adolescents based on state statutes and jury practices. 2 The Justices also conducted an independent proportionality analysis and concluded that youths' immature judgment, susceptibility to negative peer influences, and transitory personality development reduced their culpability and precluded the most severe sentence. 3

Dampening Financial Regulatory Cycles, Brett Mcdonnell

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No abstract provided.

Numerical Half Truths, Human Lies, And Other Distortions Of Truth, Richard W. Painter

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No abstract provided.

The Law Of Friction, William Mcgeveran

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“Frictionless sharing” became a Silicon Valley catchphrase in 2011. It refers to platforms such as Spotify or the Washington Post Social Reader that automatically publicize users’ activities in social networks like Facebook, rather than waiting for approval of each individual disclosure. This article carefully analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of frictionless sharing. Social media confers considerable advantages on individuals, their friends, and of course intermediaries like Spotify and Facebook. But many implementations of frictionless architecture have gone too far, potentially invading privacy and drowning useful information in a tide of meaningless spam. The article also dismantles the rhetoric of frictionless …

Tort Liability In The Age Of The Helicopter Parent, Elizabeth G. Porter

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Discussions of parental liability by courts and legal scholars are often tinged with fear: fear that government interference will chill parental autonomy; fear that parents will be held liable for their children’s every misdeed; and, recently, fear that a new generation of so-called “helicopter parents” who hover over their children’s every move will establish unrealistically high legal standards for parenting. However, in the context of common law suits against parents, these fears are misguided. To the contrary, courts have consistently shielded wealthier parents — those most likely to be defendants in civil suits — from exposure to liability for conduct …

Constitutional Provisions Making Sharia “A” Or “The” Chief Source Of Legislation: Where Did They Come From? What Do They Mean? Do They Matter?, Clark B. Lombardi

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The constitutions of many Arab countries provide that Islamic law ("shari'a") is a "source" of national law. Indeed, some make shari'a norms "a chief source," of state law. Other stronger provisions even declare them to be "the chief source" or "the only source" of legislation. There has been surprisingly little historical scholarship about these clauses, either in Arabic or in Western languages. There has also been almost no systematic comparative scholarship looking at the way that these clauses have been interpreted in different countries. In both Western scholarship and in popular Arab discourse one finds considerable confusion about where these …

Emergency Response: A Systemic Approach To Diaper Rash, Chest Pain, And Medicaid In The Ed, Sallie Thieme Sanford [email protected]

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In an effort to rein in health care costs, states have focused on non-emergent use of the Emergency Department (ED) by people with Medicaid coverage, although this is an issue that cuts across payor groups. Particularly in light of the Affordable Care Act insurance expansions, I argue for a system-based approach that views ER overutilization as less a reflection of poor judgment on the part of patients and more a consequence of poor access to primary care and poor systems for managing the complex circumstances of high utilizers. I describe a state program of seven “best practices,” and argue that …

Powerless Against Police Brutality: Felon’S Story, Tamara F. Lawson

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Imagine driving to the store with friends, but while en route, you are shot and beaten by the police so severely that random citizen witnesses intervene to stop the police brutality. Next, envision recovering from these injuries and awakening from a coma chained to your hospital bed informed that you are under arrest for attempted murder of a police officer. Then, consider waiting over five years for the opportunity to tell your story to the court, believing justice will be served, but instead you discover that the trial is more influenced by the revelation of your prior criminal record than …

Property, Privacy And Power: Rethinking The Fourth Amendment In The Wake Of U.S. V. Jones, Dana Raigrodski

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This Article seeks to uncover invisible gender, race, and class biases driving modern Fourth Amendment discourse. Unlike traditional theories, which tend to view the Fourth Amendment through the lens of either privacy or property, this Article advances a theory focusing on the real issues of power and control that fuel Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Specifically, the Article exposes the private/public and home/market dichotomies that are central to the Supreme Court rhetoric as arbitrary and artificial. It finds that current Fourth Amendment discourse protects the interest of white, privileged men and perpetuates male ideology as well as male domination. That focus leaves …

Judges And Their Papers, Kathryn A. Watts

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Who should own a federal judge’s papers?

This question has rarely been asked. Instead, it has generally been accepted that the Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal judges own their working papers, which include papers created by judges relating to their official duties, such as internal draft opinions, confidential vote sheets, and case-related correspondence. This longstanding tradition of private ownership has led to tremendous inconsistency. For example, Justice Thurgood Marshall’s papers were released just two years after he left the bench, revealing behind-the-scenes details about major cases involving issues such as abortion and flag burning. In contrast, …

Against Notice Skepticism In Privacy (And Elsewhere), M. Ryan Calo

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What follows is an exploration of innovative new ways to deliver privacy notice. Unlike traditional notice that relies upon text or symbols to convey information, emerging strategies of “visceral” notice leverage a consumer’s very experience of a product or service to warn or inform. A regulation might require that a cell phone camera make a shutter sound so people know their photo is being taken. Or a law could incentivize websites to be more formal (as opposed to casual) wherever they collect personal information, as formality tends to place people on greater guard about what they disclose. The thesis of …

Governance Of Global Mobile Money Networks: The Role Of Technical Standards In Mobile Money In Developing Countries, Jane K. Winn

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Mobile money has the potential to be an effective policy instrument for financial inclusion in developing countries, but it also has the potential to fuel money laundering and terrorist financing. The 2012 revised Financial Action Task Force standards attempt to strike a workable balance between the goals of financial inclusion and financial integrity in developing countries. Mobile money schemes are mostly based in national markets, however, and are not normally designed to address the need of poor migrants for cheap, effective cross-border remittance services.

Demand for such cross-border remittance services may drive the development of technical standards to build global …

Introduction To Mobile Money In Developing Countries: Financial Inclusion And Financial Integrity Conference Special Issue, Jane K. Winn, Louis De Koker

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This special issue of the Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts contains papers contributed to a conference held at the University of Washington School of Law on April 20, 2012. The conference, entitled Mobile Money in Developing Countries: Financial Inclusion and Financial Integrity, was organized by the University of Washington School of Law with the support of the Linden Rhoads Dean’s Innovation Fund, Deakin University School of Law, Australia, and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).

The conference provided an early opportunity to analyze the impact of the newly-released revised 2012 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) …

Only Part Of The Picture: A Response To Professor Tushnet's Worth A Thousand Words, Zahr Kassim Said

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Professor Rebecca Tushnet’s recent article Worth a Thousand Words: The Image of Copyright elucidates a number of difficulties in copyright that flow from judicial failures to treat images consistently and rigorously. She argues that courts both assess copyrightability and evaluate potential infringement in ways that rely on a naïve understanding of the way artists create, and indeed, the way viewers receive works of art. The problem is particularly pronounced with respect to what Tushnet calls non-textual works because copyright law’s default to textuality means that the tools and methods that judges use misalign with the objects of their examination.

In …

Mandated Disclosure In Literary Hybrid Speech, Zahr K. Said

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This Article, written for the Washington Law Review’s 2013 Symposium, The Disclosure Crisis, argues that hidden sponsorship creates a form of non-actionable influence rather than causing legally cognizable deception that mandatory disclosure can and should cure.

The Article identifies and calls into question three widely held assumptions underpinning much of the regulation of embedded advertising, or hidden sponsorship, in artistic communications. The first assumption is that advertising can be meaningfully discerned and separated from communicative content for the purposes of mandating disclosure, even when such advertising occurs in “hybrid speech.” The second assumption is that the hidden promotional aspects …

Fixing Copyright In Characters: Literary Perspectives On A Legal Problem, Zahr K. Said

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This Article argues for the benefits of an interdisciplinary approach to the problem of copyright’s internal inconsistencies. Character jurisprudence under copyright law misaligns with cultural and literary conceptions of character. Intellectual property law has taken insufficient account of important discrepancies among legal, cultural, and literary theories of character. Literature helps articulate what is at work in the doctrinal tensions in copyright’s character jurisprudence over which kind of character, if any, to protect independently, and how much of it, if any, to protect separately from the text.

At the heart of the doctrinal confusion over the proper scope of protection for …

Monitoring, Reporting, And Recalling Defective Financial Products, Daniel Schwarcz

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In recent years, innovations in consumer financial protection have drawn heavily from the law governing the safety of tangible products. This short essay, prepared for a symposium entitled Frontiers of Consumer Protection, extends this approach by evaluating whether the law governing post-sale product safety for tangible consumer products offers potential lessons for consumer financial protection. In particular, it considers the extent to which the law could require providers of consumer financial products to affirmatively monitor, report or correct regulatory problems with their products that come to light after sale. Such post-sale self-policing by financial firms could offer benefits similar to …

Neuroscience, Mental Privacy, And The Law, Francis X. Shen

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Will brain science be used by the government to access the most private of spaces — our minds — against our wills? Such scientific tools would have tremendous privacy implications if the government suddenly used brain science to more effectively read minds during police interrogations, criminal trials, and even routine traffic stops. Pundits and scholars alike have thus explored the constitutional protections that citizens, defendants, and witnesses would require to be safe from such mind searching. Future-oriented thinking about where brain science may lead us can make for great entertainment and can also be useful for forward-thinking policy development. But …

Confusion Isn't Everything, William Mcgeveran, Mark P. Mckenna

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The typical shorthand justification for trademark rights centers on avoiding consumer confusion. But in truth, this encapsulation mistakes a method for a purpose: confusion merely serves as an indicator of the underlying problems that trademark law seeks to prevent. Other areas of law accept confusion or mistake of all kinds, intervening only when those errors lead to more serious harms. Likewise, every theory of trademark rights considers confusion troubling solely because it threatens more fundamental values such as fair competition or informative communication. In other words, when it comes to the deep purposes of trademark law, confusion isn’t everything. Yet …

Free Speech Aboard The Leaky Ship Of State: Calibrating First Amendment Protections For Leakers Of Classified Information, Heidi Kitrosser

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The Obama Administration has initiated six prosecutions of government employees for leaking classified information. This is double the number of prosecutions brought by all previous administrations combined. The rise in prosecutions, coupled with other developments – most notably a series of disclosures from the website wikileaks – has brought a renewed focus to the first amendment status of classified information and those who disseminate it. Most of the attention and concern, however, has centered on the protections due non-governmental third parties who publish information that is leaked to them. When their attention turns to leakers, commentators most often argue or …