Digital Commons Network^™

It's The Law Schools Stupid! Explaining The Continuing Increase In The Number Of Lawyers, Herbert M. Kritzer

Articles

Many countries around the world have experienced sharp increases in the number of legal professionals over the last 40 to 50 years. In this paper, I focus on the role of the gatekeepers which in most countries today are the institutions that provide education and training for those hoping to enter the profession. I argue that while the profession may have an incentive to control the “production of producers,” the educational institutions do not share this incentive. While this argument has been made previously, in this paper I seek to draw out the implications of the institutional incentives, both with …

Uv And Visible Light Activated Tio2 Photocatalysis Of 6-Hydroxymethyluracil, A Model Compound For The Potent Cyanotoxin Cylindrospermopsin, Cen Zhao, Miquel Pelaez, Dionysios Dionysiou, Suresh Pillai, John Byrne, Kevin O'Shea

Articles

TiO₂ photocatalyses of 6-hydroxymethyl uracil (6-HOMU) a model compound for the potent cyanotoxin, cylindrospermopsin (CYN), were carried out employing visible and UV irradiation using different non-metal doped TiO₂ materials, nitrogen and fluorine-TiO₂ (NF-TiO₂), phosphorus and fluorine-TiO₂ (PF-TiO₂) and sulfur-TiO₂ (S-TiO₂). The model compound was readily degraded under UV TiO₂ photocatalysis with pseudo-first-order rate constants (k) of 2.1, 1.0, and 0.44 h⁻¹ for NF-TiO₂, PF-TiO₂ and S-TiO₂, respectively. Under visible light activated (VLA), NF-TiO₂ was the most active photocatalyst, PF-TiO …

Formation And Stability Of An Oil In Water Emulsion Containing Lecithin, Xanthan Gum And Sunflower Oil, Mark Traynor, Roisin Burke, Jesus Maria Frias, Edurne Gaston, Catherine Barry-Ryan

Articles

The optimisation of the formation and stability of an oil in water emulsion containing lecithin, xanthan gum and sunflower oil was evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and nonlinear regression. The main and combined effects of three independent variables; concentration of sunflower oil (10-20% v/v), soy lecithin (1-5% w/v) and xanthan gum (0.01-3% w/v) on the responses were examined. The main objectives of the study were to model and optimise maximum emulsion storage stability and to study interactive effects of emulsion ingredient. Emulsion stability and mean droplet diameter were measured over 14 days of storage using an image processing procedure …

Knight's Tours On 3 X N Chessboards With A Single Square Removed, Amanda M. Miller, David L. Farnsworth

Articles

The following theorem is proved: A knight’s tour exists on all 3 x n chessboards with one square removed unless: n is even, the removed square is (i, j) with i + j odd, n = 3 when any square other than the center square is removed, n = 5, n = 7 when any square other than square (2, 2) or (2, 6) is removed, n = 9 when square (1, 3), (3, 3), (1, 7), (3, 7), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 2), or (2, 8) is removed, or n = 11 when square (1, 3), (2, 4), …

Limits Of Disclosure, Steven Davidoff Solomon, Claire Hill

Articles

Disclosure has its limits. One big focus of attention, criticism, and proposals for reform in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis has been securities disclosure. But most of the criticisms of disclosure relate to retail investors. The securities at issue in the crisis were mostly sold to sophisticated institutions. Whatever retail investors’ shortcomings may be, we would expect sophisticated investors to make well-informed investment decisions. But many sophisticated investors appear to have made investment decisions without making much use of the disclosure. We discuss another example where disclosure did not work as intended: executive compensation. The theory behind more …

Reining In Remedies In Patent Litigation: Three (Increasingly Immodest) Proposals, Thomas F. Cotter

Articles

This essay, which builds on my recent work on the law and economics of comparative patent remedies, presents three proposals relating to the enforcement of domestic patent rights. The first, which may be close to being adopted in the United States, is for the courts and the International Trade Commission (ITC) to adopt a general presumption, grounded in patent law and policy, that patent owners who have committed to license their standard essential patents (SEPs) on fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory terms are not entitled to permanent injunctions or exclusion orders, but rather only to a damages in the form of …

Sol-Gel Characteristics For Corrosion Resistance Of Anodised Aluminium, Michael Whelan, John Cassidy, Brendan Duffy

Articles

Conventional anodising electrolytes based on sulphuric acid, oxalic acid and phosphoric acid have been used to form nanoporous layers on AA3003-H14 and sealed with silane based sol-gel sealers. It is shown that the sol-gel chemistries have varying levels of pore penetration depending on the synthesis conditions. The extent of sol-gel penetration and pore sealing is analysed by electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. To describe the sealing phenomena observed a sol-gel penetration and sealing rating has been proposed to explain the interactions of the sol-gels with the pores of the anodised layers. The corrosion resistance of the sol-gel sealed …

Electric Field Standing Wave Effects In Ft-Ir Transflection Spectra Of Biological Tissue Sections: Simulated Models Of Experimental Variability, Tomasz P. Wrobel, Barbara Wajnchold, Hugh Byrne, Malgorzata Baranska

Articles

The so-called electric field standing wave effect (EFSW) has recently been demonstrated to significantly distort FT-IR spectra acquired in a transflection mode, both experimentally and in simulated models, bringing into question the appropriateness of the technique for sample characterization, particularly in the field of spectroscopy of biological materials. The predicted effects are most notable in the regime where the sample thickness is comparable to the source wavelength. In this work, the model is extended to sample thicknesses more representative of biological tissue sections and to include typical experimental factors which are demonstrated to reduce the predicted effects. These include integration …

A Highly Efficient Tio2-Xcx Nano-Heterojunction Photocatalyst For Visible-Light Induced Antibacterial Applications, Vinodkumar Etacheri, Michael Seery, Stephen Hinder, Georg Michlits, Suresh Pillai

Articles

Visible-light-induced antibacterial activity of carbon-doped anatase-brookite titania nano-heterojunction photocatalysts are reported for the first time. These heterostructures were prepared using a novel low temperature (100 °C) non-hydrothermal low power microwave (300 W) assisted method. Formation of interband C 2p states was found to be responsible for the band gap narrowing of the carbon doped heterojunctions. The most active photocatalyst obtained after 60 minutes of microwave irradiation exhibits a 2-fold higher visible-light induced photocatalytic activity in contrast to the standard commercial photocatalyst Evonik-Degussa P-25. Staphylococcus aureus inactivation rate constant for carbon-doped nano-heterojunctions and the standard photocatalyst was 0.0023 and -0.0081 min …

Derivation Of A Fuzzy National Phosphorus Export Model Using 84 Irish Catchments, Ahmed Nasr, Michael Bruen

Articles

Implementation of appropriate management strategies to mitigate diffuse phosphorus (P) pollution at the catchment scale is vitally important for the sustainable development of water resources in Ireland. An important element in the process of implementing such strategies is the prediction of their impacts on P concentrations in a catchment using a reliable mathematical model. In this study, a state-of-the-art adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been used to develop a new national P model capable of estimating average annual ortho-P concentrations at un-gauged catchments. Data from 84 catchments dominated by diffuse P pollution were used in developing and testing the …

Drift Detection Using Uncertainty Distribution Divergence, Patrick Lindstrom, Brian Mac Namee, Sarah Jane Delany

Articles

Data generated from naturally occurring processes tends to be non-stationary. For example, seasonal and gradual changes in climate data and sudden changes in financial data. In machine learning the degradation in classifier performance due to such changes in the data is known as concept drift and there are many approaches to detecting and handling it.

Most approaches to detecting concept drift, however, make the assumption that true classes for test examples will be available at no cost shortly after classification and base the detection of concept drift on measures relying on these labels. The high labelling cost in many domains …

Spectral Multiplicity Of Selfadjoint Schrodinger Operators On Star-Graphs With Standard Interface Conditions, Sergey Simonov, Harald Woracek

Articles

We analyze the singular spectrum of selfadjoint operators which arise from pasting a finite number of boundary relations with a standard interface condition. A model example for this situation is a Schroedinger operator on a star-shaped graph with continuity and Kirchhoff conditions at the interior vertex. We compute the multiplicity of the singular spectrum in terms of the spectral measures of the Weyl functions associated with the single (independently considered) boundary relations. This result is a generalization and refinement of Theorem of I.S. Kac.

Extreme Wave Events In Ireland: 14 680 Bp–2012, Laura Cooke, John M. Dudley, Frédéric Dias

Articles

The island of Ireland is battered by waves from all sides, most ferociously on the west coast as the first port of call for waves travelling across the Atlantic Ocean. However, when discussing ocean events relevant to the nation of Ire- land, one must actually consider its significantly larger designated continental shelf, which is one of the largest seabed territories in Europe. With this expanded definition, it is not surprising that Ireland has been subject to many oceanic events which could be designated as “extreme”; in this paper we present what we believe to be the first catalogue of such …

A Comparison Of Raman, Ftir And Atr-Ftir Micro Spectroscopy For Imaging Human Skin Tissue Sections., Syed Mehmood Ali, Franck Bonnier, Helen Lambkin, Kathleen Flynn, V Mcdonagh, Claragh Healy, T C. Lee, Fiona Lyng, Hugh Byrne

Articles

Raman and Infrared absorption spectroscopies are compared for the analysis of human hand skin tissue sections. The tissue sections have been formalin fixed and paraffin processed, and subsequently dewaxed. Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectra are preprocessed using the resonant Mie – extended multiplicative scattering algorithm to remove spectral artefacts. FTIR images of resolution 4cm^-1, analysed using K-means cluster analysis, reveal the double layer structure of the dermis and epidermis, but no further layer differentiation is achieved using the higher spatial resolution of the Attenuated Total Reflection imaging or improved spectral resolution of 2cm^-1. At comparable spectral …

On The Predictive Analytics Of The Probit And Logit Link Functions, Necla Gunduz, Ernest Fokoue

Articles

Researchers and practitioners have long held that the probit and logit link functions generally yield the same performance in binary classification. Despite this widespread recognition of the strong similarities between these two link functions, very few (if any) researchers have dedicated time to carry out a formal study aimed at establishing and characterizing firmly all the aspects of the similarities and differences. This paper proposes a definition of both structural and predictive equivalence link functions-based binary regression models, and provides both a theoretical and computational justification of the long held claim that probit and logit are indeed very similar. From …

On The Persistence Properties Of The Cross-Coupled Camassa-Holm System, David Henry, Darryl Holm, Rossen Ivanov

Articles

In this paper we examine the evolution of solutions, that initially have compact support, of a recently-derived system of cross-coupled Camassa-Holm equations. The analytical methods which we employ provide a full picture for the persistence of compact support for the momenta. For solutions of the system itself, the answer is more convoluted, and we determine when the compactness of the support is lost, replaced instead by an exponential decay rate.

Particle Trajectories In Extreme Stokes Waves Over Inifinte Depth, Tony Lyons

Articles

We investigate the velocity field of fluid particles in an extreme water wave over infinite depth. It is shown that the trajectories of the particles within the fluid and along the free surface do not form closed paths over the course of one period, but rather undergo a positive drift in the direction of wave propagation. In addition it is shown that the wave crest cannot form a stagnation point despite the velocity of the fluid being zero there.

Mathematical Modelling At Secondary School: The Macsi-Clongowes Wood College Experience, J.P.F. Charpin, S. O'Hara, Dana Mackey

Articles

In Ireland, to encourage the study of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects and particularly mathematics, the Mathematics Applications Consortium for Science and Industry (MACSI) and Clongowes Wood College (County Kildare, Ireland) organized a mathematical modelling workshop for senior cycle secondary school students. Participants developed simple mathematical models for everyday life problems with an open-ended answer. The format and content of the workshop are described and feedback from both students and participating teachers is provided. For nearly all participants, this workshop was an enjoyable experience which showed mathematics and other STEM components in a very positive way.

Weyl-Titchmarsh Type Formula For Periodic Schrodinger Operator With Wigner-Von Neumann Potential, Sergey Simonov, Pavel Kurasov

Articles

Schroedinger operator on the half-line with periodic background potential perturbed by a certain potential of Wigner-von Neumann type is considered. The asymptotics of generalized eigenvectors for the values of the spectral parameter from the upper half-plane and on the absolutely continuous spectrum is established. Weyl-Titchmarsh type formula for this operator is proven.

Mass Transfer From A Vertical Flat Plate Due To Natural Convection With A Constant Counterflow, David Mcdonnell, Brendan Redmond, Lawrence J. Crane

Articles

This paper first examines the mass transfer from a vertical flat surface of a soluble material due to natural convection. A perturbation term is then introduced into the stream function to model the introduction of a constant counterflow. The effect this counterflow has on both the overall mass transfer and the overall velocity profile is studied in detail.

Bayesian Model Selection For Exponential Random Graph Models, Alberto Caimo, Nial Friel

Articles

Exponential random graph models are a class of widely used exponential family models for social networks. The topological structure of an observed network is modelled by the relative prevalence of a set of local sub-graph configurations termed network statistics. One of the key tasks in the application of these models is which network statistics to include in the model. This can be thought of as statistical model selection problem. This is a very challenging problem---the posterior distribution for each model is often termed ``doubly intractable'' since computation of the likelihood is rarely available, but also, the evidence of the posterior …

Endomorphisms Of Abelian Groups With Small Algebraic Entropy, D. Dikranjan, Ketao Gong, P. Zanardo

Articles

We study the endomorphisms ϕ of abelian groups G having a “small” algebraic entropy h (where “small” usually means ). Using essentially elementary tools from linear algebra, we show that this study can be carried out in the group , where an automorphism ϕ with must have all eigenvalues in the open circle of radius 2, centered at 0 and ϕ must leave invariant a lattice in , i.e., be essentially an automorphism of . In particular, all eigenvalues of an automorphism ϕ with must be roots of unity. This is a particular case of a more general fact known …

One Step Quick Detection Of Cancer Cell Surface Marker By Integrated Nife-Based Magnetic Biosensing Cell Cultural Chip, Chenchen Bao, Lei Chen, Tao Wang, Daxiang Cui, Chong Lei, Yong Zhou, Furong Tian

Articles

RGD peptides has been used to detect cell surface integrin and direct clinical effective therapeutic drug selection. Herein we report that a quick one step detection of cell surface marker that was realized by a specially designed NiFe-based magnetic biosensing cell chip combined with functionalized magnetic nanoparti- cles. Magnetic nanoparticles with 20-30 nm in diameter were prepared by coprecipitation and modified with RGD-4C, and the resultant RGD-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were used for targeting cancer cells cul- tured on the NiFe-based magnetic biosensing chip and distinguish the amount of cell surface receptor-integrin. Cell lines such as Calu3, Hela, A549, CaFbr, HEK293 …

Eigenfunction Expansions Associated With The One-Dimensional Schrödinger Operator, Daphne Gilbert

Articles

We consider the form of eigenfunction expansions associated with the time-independent Schrödinger operator on the line, under the assumption that the limit point case holds at both of the infinite endpoints. It is well known that in this situation the multiplicity of the operator may be one or two, depending on properties of the potential function. Moreover, for values of the spectral parameter in the upper half complex plane, there exist Weyl solutions associated with the restrictions of the operator to the negative and positive half-lines respectively, together with corresponding Titchmarsh-Weyl functions.

Synthesis And Modification Of Octafluoro[2.2]Paracyclophane (Parylene Af4), Craig Hicks, Brendan Duffy, Gráinne Hargaden

Articles

Parylenes are a class of organic compounds which have gained significant attention due to their application as coatings in areas such as medical devices and electronics. This review highlights the development of synthetic pathways to Octafluoro[2.2]Paracyclophane, commonly referred to as parylene AF4. Methods which have been used to functionalise AF4 are also presented.

The Bio-Nano-Interface In Predicting Nanoparticle Fate And Behaviour In Living Organisms: Towards Grouping And Categorising Nanomaterials And Ensuring Nanosafety By Design, Hugh Byrne, Arti Ahluwalia, Diana Boraschi,, Bengt Fadeel, Peter Gehr, Arno C. Gutleb, Michaela Kendall, Manthos Papadopoulos, Iseult Lynch

Articles

In biological media, nanoparticles acquire a coating of biomolecules (proteins, lipids, polysaccharides) from their surroundings, which reduces their surface energy and confers a biological identity to the particles. This adsorbed layer is the interface between the nanomaterial and living systems and therefore plays a significant role in determining the fate and behaviour of the nanoparticles. This review summarises the state of the art in terms of understanding the bio-nano interface and provides direction for potential future research directions and some recommendations for future priorities and strategies to support the safe implementation of nanotechnologies. The central premise is that nanomaterials must …

Three Puzzling Things About New York Times V. Sullivan: Beginning The Anniversary Conversation, Leonard M. Niehoff

Articles

This is the 50th anniversary of a watershed year in the history of the civil rights movement. During that year, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference mounted its anti-segregation campaign in Alabama; Commissioner "Bull" Connor turned dogs and fire hoses on demonstrators; activists were attacked; riots flared; George Wallace blocked the doors of a public university to keep black students out; President Kennedy dispatched troops to Alabama and called for the passage of a civil rights bill; Medgar Evers was murdered; the then-largest human rights demonstration in U.S. history converged on Washington; Martin Luther King Jr. gave his historic speech at …

Index Theory: The Law, Promise And Failure Of Financial Indices, Gabriel V. Rauterberg, Andrew Verstein

Articles

Financial indices, like the S&P 500 or the Consumer Price Index, have become a ubiquitous feature of our financial markets. One index, the London InterBank Offered Rate (“Libor”), may be the world’s most important number, an interest rate benchmark upon which hundreds of trillions of dollars depend. Yet, almost everyday new revelations emerge that Libor was tampered with during the height of the financial crisis by one or many of the world’s most prominent banks, with billions of dollars potentially misappropriated. This index disruption has attracted tremendous interest from regulators, private litigants, and market observers. Despite their importance, however, financial …

Prometheus Rebound: Diagnostics, Nature, And Mathematical Algorithms, Rebecca S. Eisenberg

Articles

The Supreme Court’s decision last Term in Mayo v. Prometheus left considerable uncertainty as to the boundaries of patentable subject matter for molecular diagnostic inventions. First, the Court took an expansive approach to what counts as an unpatentable natural law by applying that term to the relationship set forth in the challenged patent between a patient’s levels of a drug metabolite and the indication of a need to adjust the patient’s drug dosage. And second, in evaluating whether the patent claims add enough to this unpatentable natural law to be patent eligible, the Court did not consult precedents concerning the …

Modern Multivariate Methods For Accurate Dialect Classification, Ernest Fokoue, Zichen Ma

Articles

We perform discriminant analysis together with principal component analysis on dialect and accent recognition. Since the data matrix exhibits high dimension low sample size feature, we calculate the principal components and the score matrix based on the dual space. Given the transformed score matrix, linear discriminant model does not fit the data well, while quadratic discriminant model, the superior model comparing to LDA, may fail sometimes when large number of principal components are required. Using the Gaussian radial basis function kernel, we calculate the kernel matrix and perform LDA directly on it. Comparing the LDA-PCA method, the in-sample prediction error …