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Articles 1261 - 1290 of 2926
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The Effects Of High Literacy Demands In Mathematics On International Students, Fiona Faulkner, Clare O'Hara, Mark Prendergast
The Effects Of High Literacy Demands In Mathematics On International Students, Fiona Faulkner, Clare O'Hara, Mark Prendergast
Articles
Project Maths is an ambitious reform of Irish post-primary education. It involves changes to what students learn in mathematics, how they learn it and how they will be assessed. There is a much greater emphasis placed on student understanding of mathematical concepts, with increased use of contexts and applications that will enable students to relate mathematics to their everyday experiences. The assessment reflects the different emphasis on problem solving and applications in the teaching and learning of mathematics and there is a much greater emphasis on reading and understanding the problems. Hence there is a greater emphasis on student’s English …
Bayesian Exponential Random Graph Models With Nodal Random Effects, Stephanie Thiemichen, Nial Friel, Alberto Caimo, Goeran Kauermann
Bayesian Exponential Random Graph Models With Nodal Random Effects, Stephanie Thiemichen, Nial Friel, Alberto Caimo, Goeran Kauermann
Articles
We extend the well-known and widely used Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) by including nodal random effects to compensate for heterogeneity in the nodes of a network. The Bayesian framework for ERGMs proposed by Caimo and Friel (2011) yields the basis of our modelling algorithm. A central question in network models is the question of model selection and following the Bayesian paradigm we focus on estimating Bayes factors. To do so we develop an approximate but feasible calculation of the Bayes factor which allows one to pursue model selection. Two data examples and a small simulation study illustrate our mixed …
Case Studies Of Cavity And External Wall Insulation Retrofitted Under The Irish Home Energy Saving Scheme: Technical Analysis And Occupant Perspectives, Aimee Byrne, Gerard Byrne, Garrett O'Donnell, Anthony Robinson
Case Studies Of Cavity And External Wall Insulation Retrofitted Under The Irish Home Energy Saving Scheme: Technical Analysis And Occupant Perspectives, Aimee Byrne, Gerard Byrne, Garrett O'Donnell, Anthony Robinson
Articles
The residential sector represents 27% of primary energy consumption in Ireland. This paper examines the case study of the Irish government’s national grant scheme to encourage energy efficiency retrofit in private housing. That is the Home Energy Saving (HES) Scheme, later rebranded the Better Energy: Homes (BEH) Scheme. The methodology involved monitoring several homes immediately before and after retrofit alongside discussions with occupants. The examination focused on specific measures commonly introduced through the HES/BEH programme − cavity and external wall insulation. It has been found that a significant decrease in heat loss through the walls was measured in all cases. …
Biofilm Growth Kinetics And Nutrient (N/P) Adsorption In An Urban Lake Using Reclaimed Water: A Quantitative Baseline For Ecological Health Assessment, Tianzhi Wang, Zhenci Wu, Yunkai Li, Mingchao Liang, Zhenhua Wang, Paul Hynds
Biofilm Growth Kinetics And Nutrient (N/P) Adsorption In An Urban Lake Using Reclaimed Water: A Quantitative Baseline For Ecological Health Assessment, Tianzhi Wang, Zhenci Wu, Yunkai Li, Mingchao Liang, Zhenhua Wang, Paul Hynds
Articles
Reclaimed wastewater reuse represents an effective method for partial resolution of increasing urban water shortages; however, reclaimed water may be characterized by significant contaminant loading, potentially affecting receiving ecosystem (and potentially human) health. The current study examined biofilm growth and nutrient adsorption in Olympic Lake (Beijing), the largest artificial urban lake in the world supplied exclusively by reclaimed wastewater. Findings indicate that solid particulate, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and metal oxide (Al, Fe, Mn) constituent masses adhere to a bacterial growth curve during biofilm formation and growth. Peak values were observed after ≈30 days, arrived at dynamic stability after ≈50days …
Free Energies For Singleton Minimal States, John Murrough Golden
Free Energies For Singleton Minimal States, John Murrough Golden
Articles
It is assumed that any free energy funcuon exhibits strict periodic benav10r tor histories that have been periodic for all past times. This is not the case for the work function, which, however, has the usual defining properties of a free energy. Fonns given m fairly recent years for the minimum and related free energies of linear materials with memory have this property. Materials for which the minimal states are all singletons are those for which at least some of the singularities of the Fourier transfonn of the relaxation function are not isolated. For such materials, the maximum free energy …
Application Of Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display For Investigation Of Movement: A Novel Effect Of Orientation Of Attention, Brendan Quinlivan, John Butler, Ines Beiser, Laura Williams, Eavan Mcgovern, Sean O'Riordan, Michael Hutchinson, Richard Reilly
Application Of Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display For Investigation Of Movement: A Novel Effect Of Orientation Of Attention, Brendan Quinlivan, John Butler, Ines Beiser, Laura Williams, Eavan Mcgovern, Sean O'Riordan, Michael Hutchinson, Richard Reilly
Articles
Objective. To date human kinematics research has relied on video processing, motion capture and magnetic search coil data acquisition techniques. However, the use of head mounted display virtual reality systems, as a novel research tool, could facilitate novel studies into human movement and movement disorders. These systems have the unique ability of presenting immersive 3D stimulus while also allowing participants to make ecologically valid movement-based responses. Approach. We employed one such system (Oculus Rift DK2) in this study to present visual stimulus and acquire head-turn data from a cohort of 40 healthy adults. Participants were asked to complete head movements …
Robust Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Based Upfc Controller For Transient Stability Analysis In Autonomous Wind-Diesel-Pv Hybrid System, Asit Mohanty, Sandipan Patra, Prakash K. Ray
Robust Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Based Upfc Controller For Transient Stability Analysis In Autonomous Wind-Diesel-Pv Hybrid System, Asit Mohanty, Sandipan Patra, Prakash K. Ray
Articles
This study presents a comparative study of transient stability and reactive power compensation issues in an autonomous wind–diesel-photovoltaic based hybrid system (HS) using robust fuzzy-sliding mode based unified power flow controller (UPFC). A linearised small-signal model of the different elements of the HS is considered for the transient stability analysis in the HS under varying loading conditions. An IEEE type 1 excitation system is considered for the synchronous generator in the HS, with negligible saturation characteristic, for detailed voltage stability analysis. It is noted from the simulation results that the performance of UPFC is superior to static VAR compensator and …
On Some Zarankiewicz Numbers And Bipartite Ramsey Numbers For Quadrilateral, Janusz Dybizbanski, Tomasz Dzido, Stanislaw Radziszowski
On Some Zarankiewicz Numbers And Bipartite Ramsey Numbers For Quadrilateral, Janusz Dybizbanski, Tomasz Dzido, Stanislaw Radziszowski
Articles
No abstract provided.
Kernel Estimation And Model Combination In A Bandit Problem With Covariates, Wei Qian, Yuhong Yang
Kernel Estimation And Model Combination In A Bandit Problem With Covariates, Wei Qian, Yuhong Yang
Articles
Multi-armed bandit problem is an important optimization game that requires an exploration-exploitation tradeoff to achieve optimal total reward. Motivated from industrial applications such as online advertising and clinical research, we consider a setting where the rewards of bandit machines are associated with covariates, and the accurate estimation of the corresponding mean reward functions plays an important role in the performance of allocation rules. Under a flexible problem setup, we establish asymptotic strong consistency and perform a finite-time regret analysis for a sequential randomized allocation strategy based on kernel estimation. In addition, since many nonparametric and parametric methods in supervised learning …
Tweedie's Compound Poisson Model With Grouped Elastic Net, Wei Qian, Yi Yang, Hui Zou
Tweedie's Compound Poisson Model With Grouped Elastic Net, Wei Qian, Yi Yang, Hui Zou
Articles
Tweedie's Compound Poisson model is a popular method to model data with probability mass at zero and non-negative, highly right-skewed distribution. Motivated by wide applications of the Tweedie model in various fields such as actuarial science, we investigate the grouped elastic net method for the Tweedie model in the context of the generalized linear model. To efficiently compute the estimation coefficients, we devise a two-layer algorithm that embeds the blockwise majorization descent method into an iteratively re-weighted least square strategy. In together with the strong rule, the proposed algorithm is implemented in an easy-to-use R package HDtweedie, and is shown …
Effect Of Olive Mill Wastewater Phenolic Extract, Whey Protein Isolate And Xanthan Gum On The Behaviour Of Olive O/W Emulsions Using Response Surface Methodology., Nicola Caporaso, Alessandro Genovese, Roisin Burke, Catherine Barry-Ryan, Raffaele Sacchi
Effect Of Olive Mill Wastewater Phenolic Extract, Whey Protein Isolate And Xanthan Gum On The Behaviour Of Olive O/W Emulsions Using Response Surface Methodology., Nicola Caporaso, Alessandro Genovese, Roisin Burke, Catherine Barry-Ryan, Raffaele Sacchi
Articles
Spray-dried polyphenols extracted from olive mill wastewater (OMW) were used to formulate 20% olive oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilised with whey protein isolate (WPI) and xanthan gum at pH 7. The effects of olive biophenol extract (0.9-4.4 mM), whey protein isolate (0.13-0.5 %) and xanthan gum (0.06-0.2 %) on the physical stability (creaming index), viscosity, emulsion droplet size and distribution, primary and secondary oxidation products were assessed over accelerated storage of emulsions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for experimental design using three-factor central composite design (CCD) with 3 central points. The effects of OMW phenolics, WPI and xanthan gum were …
Identification Of A Parameter In Fourth-Order Partial Differential Equations By An Equation Error Approach, Nathan Bush, Baasansuren Jadamba, Akhtar A. Khan, Fabio Raciti
Identification Of A Parameter In Fourth-Order Partial Differential Equations By An Equation Error Approach, Nathan Bush, Baasansuren Jadamba, Akhtar A. Khan, Fabio Raciti
Articles
The objective of this short note is to employ an equation error approach to identify a variable parameter in fourth-order partial differential equations. Existence and convergence results are given for the optimization problem emerging from the equation error formulation. Finite element based numerical experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Existence Theory For The Radically Symmetric Contact Lens Equation, David S. Ross, Kara L. Maki, Emily K. Holtz
Existence Theory For The Radically Symmetric Contact Lens Equation, David S. Ross, Kara L. Maki, Emily K. Holtz
Articles
In this paper we present a variational formulation of the problem of determining the elastic stresses in a contact lens on an eye and the induced suction pressure distribution in the tear film between the eye and the lens. This complements the force-balance derivation that we used in earlier work [K. L. Maki and D. S. Ross, J. Bio. Sys., 22 (2014), pp. 235–248]. We investigate the existence of solutions of the relevant boundary value problem for the singular, second-order Euler–Lagrange equation. We prove that, for lenses of constant thickness, solutions exist. We present an example to show that in …
Archivists And Thespians: A Case Study And Reflections On Context And Authenticity In A Digitization Project, Matthew J. Gorzalski
Archivists And Thespians: A Case Study And Reflections On Context And Authenticity In A Digitization Project, Matthew J. Gorzalski
Articles
During a recent digitization project between archivists and theater faculty at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC), different assumptions and perspectives revealed competing ideas about context and authenticity of primary sources. This article discusses these points of contention by framing them within similar concerns expressed in the archival and humanities literature. It then examines theater literature to understand performance studies research needs and to conceptualize notions of context and authenticity in theater scholarship. The article supports prior assertions that notions of context and authenticity are not absolute but are rooted in the perspectives of different disciplines. It also argues that when …
Improved High Temperature Stability Of Anatase Tio2 Photocatalysts By N, F, P Co-Doping, Rachel Fagan, Declan Mccormack, Steven Hinder, Suresh Pillai
Improved High Temperature Stability Of Anatase Tio2 Photocatalysts By N, F, P Co-Doping, Rachel Fagan, Declan Mccormack, Steven Hinder, Suresh Pillai
Articles
Among the three commonly occurring phases (anatase, rutile, and brookite) of TiO2, the anatase form is reported to be the best photocatalyst due to the improved charge-carrier mobility and the greater number of surface hydroxyl groups. The anatase to rutile transition in titania photocatalysts usually occurs at a temperature between 500 °C to 700 °C. Development of a high temperature stable (above 1000 °C) anatase phase is important for various environmental applications (e.g. self-cleaning ceramic tiles, anti-microbial sanitary wares, etc.). In this study, the use of ammonium hexafluorophosphate as a single source dopant (method A) and urea, trifluoroacetic acid and …
Optimisation Of Anodic Oxidation Of Aluminium For Enhanced Adhesion And Corrosion Properties Of Sol-Gel Coatings., Michael Whelan, Tobin Edmond, John Cassidy, John Colreavy, Brendan Duffy
Optimisation Of Anodic Oxidation Of Aluminium For Enhanced Adhesion And Corrosion Properties Of Sol-Gel Coatings., Michael Whelan, Tobin Edmond, John Cassidy, John Colreavy, Brendan Duffy
Articles
The anodising process for clad and bare AA2024-T3 has been optimised as a surface preparation technique prior to sol-gel coating deposition. The combination of anodised aluminium surfaces and organically functionalised sol-gel chemistry have been investigated to impart elevated corrosion resistance and increased mechanical properties to the aluminium metal. A duplex anodising process has been developed to utilise the natural corrosion resistance properties of sulphuric acid anodising with the adhesion and hosting properties of phosphoric acid anodising. The novel anodising process and sol-gel sealed surfaces have been characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Performance of the …
Bayesian Exponential Random Graph Modeling Of Whole-Brain Structural Networks Across Lifespan, Michel Sinke, Rick Dijkhuizen, Alberto Caimo, Cornelis Stam, Willem Otte
Bayesian Exponential Random Graph Modeling Of Whole-Brain Structural Networks Across Lifespan, Michel Sinke, Rick Dijkhuizen, Alberto Caimo, Cornelis Stam, Willem Otte
Articles
No abstract provided.
Enhanced Corrosion Protection And Biocompatibility Of A Plga-Silane Coating On Az31 Mg Alloy For Orthopaedic Applications, Sankalp Agarwal, Muhammad Morshed, Marie-Noelle Labour, David Hoey, Brendan Duffy, James Curtin, Swarna Jaiswal
Enhanced Corrosion Protection And Biocompatibility Of A Plga-Silane Coating On Az31 Mg Alloy For Orthopaedic Applications, Sankalp Agarwal, Muhammad Morshed, Marie-Noelle Labour, David Hoey, Brendan Duffy, James Curtin, Swarna Jaiswal
Articles
This paper reports a multi-step procedure to fabricate a novel corrosion resistant and biocompatible PLGA-silane coating on the magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31. The first step involves alkaline passivation followed by dip coating in a methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) mixture to produce a cross-linked siloxane coating. The second step is to impart an amine functionalization to the silane modified surface by using 3-aminopropyl-triethoxy silane (APTES) for promoting adhesion of the acid terminated poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) as a final coating step. Static contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed the successful assembly of coatings on …
Testing Racial Profiling: Empirical Assessment Of Disparate Treatment By Police, Sonja B. Starr
Testing Racial Profiling: Empirical Assessment Of Disparate Treatment By Police, Sonja B. Starr
Articles
In this Article, I explore why measuring disparate-treatment discrimination by police is so difficult, and consider the ways that researchers' existing tools can make headway on these challenges and the ways they fall short. Lab experiments have provided useful information about implicit racial bias, but they cannot directly tell us how these biases actually affect real-world behavior. Meanwhile, for observational researchers, there are various hurdles, but the hardest one to overcome is generally the absence of data on the citizen conduct that at least partially shapes policing decisions. Most crime, and certainly most noncriminal "suspicious" or probable-cause-generating behavior, goes unreported …
The Perverse Effects Of Subsidized Weather Insurance, Omri Ben-Shahar, Kyle D. Logue
The Perverse Effects Of Subsidized Weather Insurance, Omri Ben-Shahar, Kyle D. Logue
Articles
This Article explores the role of insurance as a substitute for direct regulation of risks posed by severe weather. In pricing the risk of human activity along the predicted path of storms, insurance can provide incentives for efficient location decisions as well as for cost-justified mitigation efforts in building construction and infrastructure. Currently, however, much insurance for severe-weather risks is provided and heavily subsidized by the government. This Article demonstrates two primary distortions arising from the government’s dominance in these insurance markets. First, existing government subsidies are allocated differentially across households, resulting in a significant regressive redistribution favoring affluent homeowners …
Maximizing The Spatial Representativeness Of No2 Monitoring Data Using A Combination Of Local Wind-Based Sectoral Division And Seasonal And Diurnal Correction Factors, Aoife Donnelly, Owen Naughton, Bruce Misstear, Brian Broderick
Maximizing The Spatial Representativeness Of No2 Monitoring Data Using A Combination Of Local Wind-Based Sectoral Division And Seasonal And Diurnal Correction Factors, Aoife Donnelly, Owen Naughton, Bruce Misstear, Brian Broderick
Articles
This article describes a new methodology for increasing the spatial representativeness of individual monitoring sites. Air pollution levels at a given point are influenced by emission sources in the immediate vicinity. Since emission sources are rarely uniformly distributed around a site, concentration levels will inevitably be most affected by the sources in the prevailing upwind direction. The methodology provides a means of capturing this effect and providing additional information regarding source/pollution relationships. The methodology allows for the division of the air quality data from a given monitoring site into a number of sectors or wedges based on wind direction and …
Face Recognition-Based Real-Time System For Surveillance, Fahad Parvez Mahdi, Md. Mahmudul Habib, Susan Mckeever, A.S.M. Moslehuddin, Pandian Vasant
Face Recognition-Based Real-Time System For Surveillance, Fahad Parvez Mahdi, Md. Mahmudul Habib, Susan Mckeever, A.S.M. Moslehuddin, Pandian Vasant
Articles
The ability to automatically recognize human faces based on dynamic facial images is important in security, surveillance and the health/independent living domains. Specific applications include access control to secure environments, identification of individuals at a particular place and intruder detection. This research proposes a real-time system for surveillance using cameras. The process is broken into two steps: (1) face detection and (2) face recognition to identify particular persons. For the first step, the system tracks and selects the faces of the detected persons. An efficient recognition algorithm is then used to recognize detected faces with a known database. The proposed …
Hamiltonian Formulation For Wave-Current Interactions In Stratified Rotational Flows, Adrian Constantin, Rossen Ivanov, Calin-Iulian Martin
Hamiltonian Formulation For Wave-Current Interactions In Stratified Rotational Flows, Adrian Constantin, Rossen Ivanov, Calin-Iulian Martin
Articles
We show that the Hamiltonian framework permits an elegant formulation of the nonlinear governing equations for the coupling between internal and surface waves in stratified water flows with piecewise constant vorticity.
On The N-Wave Equations With Pt-Symmetry, Vladimir Gerdjikov, Georgi Grahovski, Rossen Ivanov
On The N-Wave Equations With Pt-Symmetry, Vladimir Gerdjikov, Georgi Grahovski, Rossen Ivanov
Articles
We study extensions of N-wave systems with PT-symmetry. The types of (nonlocal) reductions leading to integrable equations invariant with respect to P- (spatial reflection) and T- (time reversal) symmetries is described. The corresponding constraints on the fundamental analytic solutions and the scattering data are derived. Based on examples of 3-wave (related to the algebra sl(3,C)) and 4-wave (related to the algebra so(5,C)) systems, the properties of different types of 1- and 2-soliton solutions are discussed. It is shown that the PT symmetric 3-wave equations may have regular multi-soliton solutions for some specific choices of their parameters.
The Dynamics Of Flat Surface Internal Geophysical Waves With Currents, Alan Compelli, Rossen Ivanov
The Dynamics Of Flat Surface Internal Geophysical Waves With Currents, Alan Compelli, Rossen Ivanov
Articles
A two-dimensional water wave system is examined consisting of two discrete incompressible fluid domains separated by a free common interface. In a geophysical context this is a model of an internal wave, formed at a pycnocline or thermocline in the ocean. The system is considered as being bounded at the bottom and top by a flatbed and wave-free surface respectively. A current profile with depth-dependent currents in each domain is considered. The Hamiltonian of the system is determined and expressed in terms of canonical wave-related variables. Limiting behavior is examined and compared to that of other known models. The linearised …
Interactive Learning: Developing An Esimulation Portal Framework, Ayman Tobail, John Crowe, Amr Arisha
Interactive Learning: Developing An Esimulation Portal Framework, Ayman Tobail, John Crowe, Amr Arisha
Articles
The emerging eLearning paradigm is becoming increasingly used in many academic disciplines. The concept acknowledges learning processes that no longer deploy only traditional teaching methods. It can be argued that today’s third level education students are part of a new virtual era where the blackboard has been replaced by the interactive whiteboard, so more interactive and virtually orientated teaching aids are required to assist in the transition from traditional learning to eLearning. The key objective of this paper is to propose a simulation-based learning framework that integrates web-based simulation and a web content management hierarchy model. Using the highly complex …
Mathematics Learning Support Across A Multi-Campus Institution: A Prototype Of Virtual Support, Cormac Breen, Ciaran O'Sullivan, Damian Cox
Mathematics Learning Support Across A Multi-Campus Institution: A Prototype Of Virtual Support, Cormac Breen, Ciaran O'Sullivan, Damian Cox
Articles
In this paper, a study on Mathematics Learning Support (MLS) that was undertaken across three institutes intending to form the Technological University for Dublin is outlined. This study consisted of a survey that was circulated to both staff and students in each of the three institutes. The survey had two objectives. Firstly it sought to identify the students’ needs for MLS in each of the three institutes. Secondly, it sought to ascertain the preferred method of provision of MLS, on a scale ranging from exclusively online, to exclusively in person. Following on the results of this survey it was decided …
New Approach Of Modifying The Anatase To Rutile Transition Temperature In Tio2 Photocatalysts, Ciara Byrne, Rachel Fagan, Steven Hinder, Declan Mccormack, Suresh Pillai
New Approach Of Modifying The Anatase To Rutile Transition Temperature In Tio2 Photocatalysts, Ciara Byrne, Rachel Fagan, Steven Hinder, Declan Mccormack, Suresh Pillai
Articles
In pure synthetic titanium dioxide, the anatase to rutile phase transition usually occurs between the temperatures of 600 °C and 700 °C. The phase transition temperature can be altered by various methods, including modifying the precursor or by adding dopant or modifier to the TiO2 sample. In an attempt to investigate the phase transition using aromatic carboxylic acids, the current study examines the impact of increasing concentrations of benzoic acid (1 : 0, 1 : 1, 1 : 4 and 1 : 8 molar ratio TiO2 : benzoic acid) on anatase to rutile transition. The samples were characterised using Raman …
In Praise Of (Some) Ex Post Regulation: A Response To Professor Galle, Kyle D. Logue
In Praise Of (Some) Ex Post Regulation: A Response To Professor Galle, Kyle D. Logue
Articles
According to modern law-and-economics (“L&E”) orthodoxy, the primary—maybe even the only—legitimate justification for government regulation is to correct a market failure. This conclusion is based on two key assumptions. First, when markets are functioning reasonably well, they are better at achieving efficiency than the government is. Second, most markets function reasonably well most of the time. Although there is probably evidence to support these assumptions (for example, the relative prosperity of market-based economies in comparison with the relative poverty of centrally planned economies), both assumptions are usually taken as articles of faith by mainstream L&E scholars. This is why scholarly …
Influence Of Ionic Liquids On The Selectivity Of Ion Exchange-Based Polymer Membrane Sensing Layers, Lukasz Mendecki, Nicole Callan, Meghan Ahern, Benjamin Schazmann, Aleksandar Radu
Influence Of Ionic Liquids On The Selectivity Of Ion Exchange-Based Polymer Membrane Sensing Layers, Lukasz Mendecki, Nicole Callan, Meghan Ahern, Benjamin Schazmann, Aleksandar Radu
Articles
The applicability of ion exchange membranes is mainly defined by their permselectivity towards specific ions. For instance, the needed selectivity can be sought by modifying some of the components required for the preparation of such membranes. In this study, a new class of materials –trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) were used to modify the properties of ion exchange membranes. We determined selectivity coefficients for iodide as model ion utilizing six phosphonium-based ILs and compared the selectivity with two classical plasticizers. The dielectric properties of membranes plasticized with ionic liquids and their response characteristics towards ten different anions were investigated using …