Digital Commons Network^™

Candels Visual Classifications: Scheme, Data Release, And First Results, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Mark Mozena, Dale Kocevski, Daniel H. Mcintosh, Jennifer Lotz, Eric F. Bell, Sandy Faber, Harry Ferguson, David Koo, Robert Bassett, Maksym Bernyk, Kirsten Blancato, Darren Croton, Tomas Dahlen, Frederic Bournaud, Paolo Cassata, Marco Castellano, Edmond Cheung, Christopher J. Conselice, Duilia F. De Mello, Laura Degroot, Jennifer Donley, Javiera Guedes, Norman Grogin, Nimish Hathi, Matt Hilton, Brett Hollon, Anton Koekemoer, Nick Liu, Ray A. Lucas, Marie Martig, Elizabeth Mcgrath, Conor Mcpartland, Bahram Mobasher, Alice Morlock, Erin O'Leary, Mike Peth, Janine Pforr, Annalisa Pillepich, David Rosario, Emmaris Soto, Amber Straughn, Olivia Telford, Ben Sunnquist, Jonathan Trump, Benjamin Weiner, Stijn Wuyts

Articles

We have undertaken an ambitious program to visually classify all galaxies in the five CANDELS fields down to H < 24.5 involving the dedicated efforts of over 65 individual classifiers. Once completed, we expect to have detailed morphological classifications for over 50,000 galaxies spanning 0 < z < 4 over all the fields, with classifications from 3 to 5 independent classifiers for each galaxy. Here, we present our detailed visual classification scheme, which was designed to cover a wide range of CANDELS science goals. This scheme includes the basic Hubble sequence types, but also includes a detailed look at mergers and interactions, the clumpiness of galaxies, k-corrections, and a variety of other structural properties. In this paper, we focus on the first field to be completed—GOODS-S, which has been classified at various depths. The wide area coverage spanning the full field (wide+deep+ERS) includes 7634 galaxies that have been classified by at least three different people. In the deep area of the field, 2534 galaxies have been classified by at least five different people at three different depths. With this paper, we release to the public all of the visual classifications in GOODS-S along with the Perl/Tk GUI that we developed to classify galaxies. We present our initial results here, including an analysis of our internal consistency and comparisons among multiple classifiers as well as a comparison to the Sérsic index. We find that the level of agreement among classifiers is quite good (>70% across the full magnitude range) and depends on both the galaxy magnitude and the galaxy type, with disks showing the highest level of agreement (>50%) and irregulars the lowest (<10%). A comparison of our classifications with the Sérsic index and rest-frame colors shows a clear separation between disk and spheroid populations. Finally, we explore morphological k-corrections between the V-band and H-band observations and find that a small fraction (84 galaxies in total) are classified as being very different between these two bands. These galaxies typically have very clumpy and extended morphology or are very faint in the V-band.

Bis(Spirolactam) 1,3-Double-Armed Calix[4]Arene Compounds And Their Application As Extractants For The Determination Of Heavy Metal Ions, Fintan Kelleher, Mary Deasy, James Ward, Li Li, Fiona Regan

Articles

A number of double-armed calix[4]arene compounds, with proline-derived spirolactam ligating groups on the lower rim, have been synthesised and investigated as extractants of toxic heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Pedersen’s extraction technique was employed to determine the capability of these new 1,3-distal derived calix[4]arene spiroalactams to extract selected heavy metal ions (e.g. Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺) from an aqueous phase into an organic phase. The percentage extraction was calculated using UV-vis spectroscopy. All of the compounds synthesised demonstrated good selectivity for the heavy metals selected …

Evidence That The Dna Mismatch Repair System Removes 1-Nucleotide Okazaki Fragment Flaps., Lyudmila Y Kadyrova, Basanta K Dahal, Farid A Kadyrov

Articles

The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system plays a major role in promoting genome stability and suppressing carcinogenesis. In this work, we investigated whether the MMR system is involved in Okazaki fragment maturation. We found that in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the MMR system and the flap endonuclease Rad27 act in overlapping pathways that protect the nuclear genome from 1-bp insertions. In addition, we determined that purified yeast and human MutSα proteins recognize 1-nucleotide DNA and RNA flaps. In reconstituted human systems, MutSα, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and replication factor C activate MutLα endonuclease to remove the flaps. ATPase and endonuclease …

Examining The Use Of Community Service Orders As Alternatives To Short Prison Sentences In Ireland, Kate O'Hara, Mary Rogan

Articles

Ireland’s highly discretionary sentencing system provides a rare opportunity to study the behaviour of judges when relatively free of externally imposed constraints. While this is so, few studies have investigated sentencing trends.

How Do Bank Regulators Determine Capital-Adequacy Requirements?, Eric A. Posner

Articles

No abstract provided.

The View From Inside The Nsa Review Group, Geoffrey R. Stone

Articles

No abstract provided.

Escaping The American Blot? A Comparative Look At Federalism In Australia And The United States Through The Lens Of Family Law, Emily Buss, William Buss

Articles

No abstract provided.

The Equality Taboo, David A. Strauss

Articles

No abstract provided.

Arizona And Anti-Reform, Nicholas Stephanopoulos

Articles

No abstract provided.

Balancing Effects Across Markets, Daniel A. Crane

Articles

In Philadelphia National Bank (PNB), the Supreme Court held that it is improper to weigh a merger's procompetitive effects in one market against the merger's anticompetitive effects in another. The merger in question, which ostensibly reduced retail competition in the Philadelphia area, could not be justified on the grounds that it increased competition against New York banks and hence perhaps enhanced competition in business banking in the mid-Atlantic region. I will refer to the Supreme Court's prohibition on balancing effects across markets as a "market-specificity" rule. Under this rule, efficiencies that may counterbalance anticompetitive aspects must be specific to …

The Unintended Effects Of Government-Subsidized Weather Insurance, Omri Ben-Shahar, Kyle D. Logue

Articles

Catastrophes from severe weather are perhaps the costliest accidents humanity faces. While we are still a long way from technologies that would abate the destructive force of storms, there is much we can do to reduce their effect. True, we cannot regulate the weather, but through smart governance and correct incentives we can influence human exposure to the risk of bad weather. We may not be able to control wind or storm surge, but we can prompt people to build sturdier homes with stronger roofs far from floodplains. We call these catastrophes "natural disasters," but they are the result of …

Mandatory Arbitration In Consumer Finance And Investor Contracts, Michael S. Barr

Articles

Mandatory pre-dispute arbitration clauses are pervasive in consumer financial and investor contracts—for credit cards, bank accounts, auto loans, broker-dealer services, and many others. These clauses often ill serve households. Consumers are typically presented with contracts on a “take it or leave it” basis, with no ability to negotiate over terms. Arbitration provisions are often not clearly disclosed, and in any event are not salient for consumers, who do not focus on the importance of the provision in the event that a dispute over the contract later arises, and who may misforecast the likelihood of being in such a dispute. The …

A Look Back At The "Gatehouses And Mansions" Of American Criminal Procedure, Yale Kamisar

Articles

I am indebted to Professor William Pizzi for remembering—and praising—the “Gatehouses and Mansions” essay I wrote fifty years ago. A great many articles and books have been written about Miranda. So it is nice to be remembered for an article published a year before that famous case was ever decided.

Wrongs, Rights, And Third Parties, Nicholas Cornell

Articles

In philosophical and legal arguments, it is commonly assumed that a person is wronged only if that person has had a right violated. This assumption is often viewed almost as a necessary conceptual truth: to be wronged is to have one's right violated, and to have a right is to be one who stands to be wronged. I will argue that this assumption is incorrect—that having a right and standing to be wronged are distinct and separable moral phenomena.

My argument begins from cases in which third parties are affected by the violation of someone else's rights. I will introduce …

Resentencing In The Shadow Of Johnson V. United States, Leah Litman

Articles

On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court handed down a decision many years in the making—Johnson v. United States. Johnson held that the ‘‘residual clause’’ of the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) is unconstitutionally vague. Although Johnson may have been overshadowed in the final days of a monumental Supreme Court term, the decision is a significant one that will have important consequences for the criminal justice system. ACCA’s residual clause imposed a severe 15-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment, and many federal prisoners qualify for ACCA’s mandatory minimum. Johnson did away with ACCA’s residual clause such that defendants will no …

Three Words And The Future Of The Affordable Care Act, Nicholas Bagley

Articles

As an essential part of its effort to achieve near universal coverage, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) extends sizable tax credits to most people who buy insurance on the newly established health care exchanges. Yet several lawsuits have been filed challenging the availability of those tax credits in the thirty-four states that refused to set up their own exchanges. The lawsuits are premised on a strained interpretation of the ACA that, if accepted, would make a hash of other provisions of the statute and undermine its effort to extend coverage to the uninsured. The courts should reject this latest effort …

New Theory Proven Of Disease And New Ideas And New Methods For Medical Science For Vaccinations, Cures And Treatments Of Diseases, Stephen Smith

Articles

Abstract This research paper for medical science is applying new original further science aimed at curing the Ebola virus and adding to research for the vaccination, curing and treatment of diseases. This research approach achieves the construction of own research from accumulating answers to set goals finding answers to analysis of information of factors associated to disease research and this research adds to medical development needs as observed by actions reported from sources in the news media and from sources in general medical science literature. New theories are presented that apply to medical science involving disease function, new case types, …

Patent Markets: A Framework For Evaluation, Michael J. Burstein

Articles

Patents have become financial assets, in both practice and theory. A nascent market for patents routinely produces headline-grabbing transactions in patent portfolios, and patent assertion entities frequently defend themselves as sources of liquidity essential for a patent market to function. Much of the discourse surrounding these developments assumes that a robust, liquid market for patents would improve the operation of the patent system. In this Essay, I challenge that assumption and systematically assess the cases for and against patent markets. I do so by taking seriously both the underlying innovation promotion goal of the patent system and the lessons of …

Congruent Visual Speech Enhances Entrainment To Continuous Auditory Speech In Noise-Free Conditions, Michael Crosse, John S. Butler, Edmumd Lalor

Articles

Congruent audiovisual speech enhances our ability to comprehend a speaker, even in noise-free conditions. When incongruent auditory and visual information is presented concurrently, it can hinder a listener’s perception and even cause him or her to perceive information that was not presented in either modality. Efforts to investigate the neural basis of these effects have often focused on the special case of discrete audiovisual syllables that are spatially and temporally congruent, with less work done on the case of natural, continuous speech. Recent electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that cortical response measures to continuous auditory speech can be easily obtained using …

Contract Remedies In Action: Specific Performance, Yonathan A. Arbel

Articles

How is a right to specific performance of a contract used by parties? Despite longstanding scholarly interest in the topic, this question has been largely left unexplored. This Article presents a qualitative study of parties and attorneys involved in specific performance litigation. It investigates how parties choose between remedies, whether they negotiate after judgment for specific performance, whether specific performance is implemented, and the difficulties involved in its implementation.

The findings reveal important theoretical oversights and challenges to prevailing law. In practice, many plaintiffs opt out of specific performance. This is puzzling as expectation damages are notoriously under compensatory relative …

Potential Of Florida's Effective Assistance Of Counsel Doctrine To Increase Parent Engagement And Promote The Well-Being Of Children, Robert Latham, Robin L. Rosenberg

Articles

No abstract provided.

Improving Operator Situational Awareness With Wide Area Geographic Data View Displays Of The Electric Power Grid, Esa M. Rantanen, Limor Hochberg, Diego Klabjan, Mingyang Di

Articles

To reduce clutter on wide-area geographic data view displays of electric power systems, substations in geographically compact areas should be spread out and line overlaps and intersections minimized. Such pat- terns optimized with respect to given constraints can be modeled as a multicommodity flow problem. Due to the size of the developed model, we developed two clustering-based iterative algorithms to decompose the global network into smaller regions and then iteratively solve the subproblem in each region by readjusting some values. Three solutions were selected for experimental evaluation. The experimental results were somewhat inconclusive, due to naïve participants, simple task, and …

Novel Nucleosomal Particles Containing Core Histones And Linker Dna But No Histone H1, Hope A. Cole, Feng Cui, Tara L. Burke, Tatiana Nikitina, Vivekananthan Nargarajavel, Naoe Kotomura, Victor B. Zhurkin, David J. Clark

Articles

Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is assembled into regularly spaced nucleosomes, which play a central role in gene regulation by determining accessibility of control regions. The nucleosome contains ∼147 bp of DNA wrapped ∼1.7 times around a central core histone octamer. The linker histone, H1, binds both to the nucleosome, sealing the DNA coils, and to the linker DNA between nucleosomes, directing chromatin folding. Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digests the linker to yield the chromatosome, containing H1 and ∼160 bp, and then converts it to a core particle, containing ∼147 bp and no H1. Sequencing of nucleosomal DNA obtained after MNase digestion (MNase-seq) …

Cold Plasma Inactivation Of Bacterial Biofilms And Reduction Of Quorum Sensing Regulated Virulence Factors, Dana Ziuzina, Daniela Boehm, Sonal Patil, Patrick J. Cullen, Paula Bourke

Articles

The main objectives of this work were to investigate the effect of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) against a range of microbial biofilms commonly implicated in foodborne and health- care associated human infections and against P. aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS)-regu- lated virulence factors, such as pyocyanin, elastase (Las B) and biofilm formation capacity post-ACP treatment. The effect of processing factors, namely treatment time and mode of plasma exposure on antimicrobial activity of ACP were also examined. Antibiofilm activity was assessed for E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus in terms of reduction of cultur- ability and retention of metabolic activity using …

Unusual Behavior In Parental Care By A House Wren (Troglodytes Aedon): Post Fledging Use Of An Old Nest During Cold Nights, Micah N. Scholer

Articles

I report on the unusual behavior of an adult House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) leading recently fledged young back to the nest for two consecutive nights. The ambient temperature reached below 0°C during both nights. Despite disadvantages associated with remaining in the nest, this observation suggests that adult birds may assess trade-offs between perceived risks versus the benefits of engaging in other activities, in this case roosting communally for thermoregulation.

Don't Ask, Must Tell—And Other Combinations, Adam M. Samaha, Lior Strahilevitz

Articles

No abstract provided.

Riley’S Less Obvious Tradeoffs: Forgoing Scope-Limited Searches, Richard H. Mcadams

Articles

No abstract provided.

Acus - And Administrative Law - Then And Now, Michael Herz

Articles

The Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) both shapes and reflects the intellectual, policy, and practical concerns of the field of administrative law. Its recommendations are therefore a useful lens through which to view that field. Also, because of an unfortunate hiatus, ACUS has gotten underway not once but twice. Those two beginnings provide a kind of natural experiment, and they make a revealing contrast. This article traces the transformations of American administrative law, as well as the field’s perpetual concerns, by comparing the initial recommendations of ACUS 1.0 (1968 to 1970) with the initial recommendations of ACUS 2.0 …

Perceived Adequacy Of Illumination, Spatial Brightness, Horizontal Illuminance And Mean Room Surface Exitance In A Small Office, James Duff, Kevin Kelly, Christopher Cuttle

Articles

This paper presents a pilot study that investigated the suitability of mean room surface exitance as a predictor of spatial brightness and perceived adequacy of illumination, and then compared these results with how horizontal illuminance predicted both items under the same conditions. The experiment included 26 participants. A small office was used for the study. It exposed participants to three levels of mean room surface exitance, each delivered with three different light distributions and across three different surface reflectances, resulting in a total of 27 light scenes. A clear relationship existed between mean room surface exitance and both perceived adequacy …

Rit Scholar Works User Guide, Frances Andreu

Articles

A procedural overview for accessing and submitting works in RIT Scholar Works. Latest update: October 2015