Digital Commons Network^™

Shared And Mutual Knowledge In Language Learning, Marty Meinardi

Articles

This article discusses the matter of shared knowledge from the perspective of the different deictic centres of understanding. Difficulties, which may result from a possible lack of a shared knowledge between NSs and NNSs due to differences in language experiences and personal backgrounds, are identified.

Assessing The Writing Of International Learners: A Discussion In Two Voices, Sue Norton, Marty Meinardi

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No abstract provided.

A New Approach To The Toxicity Testing Of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: The Clonogenic Assay, Eva Herzog, Alan Casey, Fiona Lyng, Gordon Chambers, Hugh Byrne, Maria Davoren

Articles

The cellular toxicity of three types of carbon nanoparticles, namely HiPco® single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), arc dischargeSWCNTand Printex 90 carbon black nanoparticles,was studied on three different cell models including the human alveolar carcinoma epithelial cell line (A549), the normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) using the clonogenic assay. Carbon nanomaterials are known to interact with colorimetric indicator dyes frequently used in cytotoxicity assays. By employing the clonogenic assay, any such interactions could be avoided, allowing a more reliable method for the in vitro toxicity assessment of carbon-based nanoparticles. It could be shown …

Global Health And Human Rights Imperative, Patricia C. Kuszler

Articles

Open any magazine, click on a television news channel, or surf the net and you are likely to find global health highlighted as one of the foremost challenges of new millennium. First, this article will consider the meaning and measures of global health and detail the path to improved health and development prescribed by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Second, it will trace the development of international human rights law as it relates to health. Third, it demonstrate how human rights and health, long traversing parallel routes, are in fact converging in the 21st Century quest for global health–a …

Command Of The Commons Boasts: An Invitation To Lawfare?, Craig H. Allen

Articles

The first panel in this, the 2006 Naval War College, International Law Department conference on "Global Legal Challenges: Command of the Commons, Strategic Communications, and Natural Disasters," has been asked to offer a US perspective on current assertions regarding the US command of the commons. It is my privilege to moderate the discussion by a distinguished panel that includes Vice Admiral Lowell E. ("Jake") Jacoby, US Navy (retired) the immediate past director of the Defense Intelligence Agency; Vice Admiral John G. Morgan, Jr., US Navy, deputy chief of naval operations for plans and strategy (N3/N5); and Rear Admiral Joseph L. …

Public Interest Research, Collaboration, And The Promise Of Wikis, Tom Cobb

Articles

One of my central goals in teaching law is to help students find ways to apply their emerging analytical powers and professional skills to promote the public interest.A related goal is to create an engaging learning experience in which students see each other—and other members of the legal community—as key resources in their education.

To help accomplish these goals, I have been formally and informally collaborating with clinics—the traditional home of public interest law and collaborative learning in most law schools— to find ways to infuse my legal writing classes with clinical methods and values. This article describes a class …

Be Careful What You Ask For: Educacion Para Todas/Os, The Perils And The Power, Jessica Solyom, Jeremiah Chin, Kristi Ryujin

Articles

Demonstrations supporting human and civil rights, while often romanticized as a phenomenon of the past, are becoming more pervasive today, reflecting the continued forms of discrimination and oppression undocumented workers, individuals, and families experience. In the past few years, Utah residents have been engaged in their own battle to determine the level of support the state is willing to extend students of color interested in attending institutions of higher education. On the "frontstage" many of the state's universities echo a rhetoric of support for diversity. Some even go as far as to outline their commitment to diversity as part of …

Increased Mitochondrial Mass In Cells With Functionally Compromised Mitochondria After Exposure To Both Direct Y Radiation And Bystander Factors, Sharon Nugent, Carmel Mothersill, C. Seymour, B. Mcclean, Fiona Lyng, James Murphy

Articles

The bystander effect describes radiation-like damage in unirradiated cells either in the vicinity of irradiated cells or exposed to medium from irradiated cells. This study aimed to further characterize the poorly understood mitochondrial response to both direct irradiation and bystander factor(s) in human keratinocytes (HPV-G) and Chinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO-K1). Oxygen consumption rates were determined during periods of state 4, state 3 and uncoupled respiration. Mitochondrial mass was determined using MitoTracker FM. CHO-K1 cells showed significantly reduced oxygen consumption rates 4 h after exposure to 5 Gy direct radiation and irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM) and an apparent recovery …

Optimising The Ratio Of Horseradish Peroxidase And Glucose Oxidase On A Bienzyme Electrode: Comparison Of A Theoretical And Experimental Approach, Dana Mackey, Anthony Killard, Adriano Ambrosi, Malcolm Smyth

Articles

This study compares the behaviour of an electrochemical enzyme biosensor with a theoretical analysis based on a mathematical model and numerical simulation. The biosensor is based on a bi-enzyme channelling configuration, employing the enzymes glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase, with direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase at a conducting polymer electrode. This was modelled by a system of partial differential equations and boundary conditions representing convective and diffusive transport of the substrates glucose and hydrogen peroxide, as well as reaction kinetics of the bienzyme electrode. The main parameter investigated was the ratio of the two immobilised enzymes, with the aim …

Digital Watermarking And Self-Authentication Using Chirp Coding, Jonathan Blackledge

Articles

This paper discusses a new approach to ‘watermarking’ digital signals using linear frequency modulated or ‘chirp’ coding. The principles underlying this approach are based on the use of a matched filter to provide a reconstruction of a chirped code that is uniquely robust, i.e. in the case of very low signal-to-noise ratios.

Chirp coding for authenticating data is generic in the sense that it can be used for a range of data types and applications (the authentication of speech and audio signals, for example). The theoretical and computational aspects of the matched filter and the properties of a chirp are …

Modelling And Computer Simulation Of Radar Screening Using Plasma Clouds, Jonathan Blackledge

Articles

Following a brief introduction on the principles of screening an aerospace vehicle using a plasma, we develop models for the Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) associated with microwave (Radar) back-scattering from a strong and weakly ionized plasma screen. In the latter case, it is shown that the strength of the return signal is determined by an IRF that is characterised by the simple negative exponential exp(−σ₀t/Є₀) where σ₀ is the average conductivity of the plasma, Є₀ is the permittivity of free space and t is the two-way travel time. For a weakly ionized plasma, the …

Influence Of Electric Field And Light On An Easy Axis Of Nlc Confined By Rectangular Channel At Weak Surface Anchoring, S.V. Pasechnik, A.V. Dubtsov, Yuri Panarin, D.V. Shmeliova, V.A. Tsvetkov, V.G. Chigrinov

Articles

We present new experimental results on combined action of light and electric field on a nematic liquid crystal in a rectangular channel at a weak surface anchoring. The first experimental study of slow surface dynamics at combined action of electric field and polarized light in new experimental geometry was performed. Influence of polarized light on spatial twist-like deformation of a director field induced by electric field was established.

The Role Of Spontaneous Polarization And The Thickness Of Alignment Layers On The V-Shaped Switching In Flc Cells, V. Manjuladevi, J.K. Vij, Yuri Panarin

Articles

Ferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures with the various values of spontaneous polarizations were prepared, and the substrates were coated with different thicknesses of aligning agent. The frequency dependence of the electrooptic response of these materials in cells with various thickness of alignment layers has been measured. The coercive voltage as well as the contrast ratios are calculated. Our results support the ‘‘electrostatic model’’, according to which both the value of spontaneous polarization and the thickness of the alignment layer play important roles in the V-shaped switching.

Emergence And Control Of Fluoroquinolone Resistant Toxin A Negative Toxin B Positive Clostridium Difficile, Denise Drudy, N. Harnedy, S. Fanning, Margaret Hannan, Lorraine Kyne

Articles

No abstract provided.

Photoinduced Surface Relief Studies In An Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer, Pavani Kotakonda, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal

Articles

Surface relief gratings (SRGs) have been optically recorded in a dry, self-developing acrylamide-based photopolymer. An investigation of the dependence of photoinduced surface relief amplitude and profile on recording intensity, UV post-exposure, thickness of the sample, composition of the photopolymer and temperature at constant spatial frequency was carried out using white light interferometry. Non-sinusoidal surface relief grating profiles which depend on sample thickness were observed at low spatial frequency. The surface relief effect is intended to be applied to the alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) for different applications such as voltage controllable diffraction gratings, lenses, polarizing components and switches.

A Novel Wideband Semi-Planar Miniaturized Antenna, Giuseppe Ruvio, Max Ammann

Articles

A semi-planar miniaturized antenna which operates over the FCC allocated UWB spectrum is presented. The small antenna comprises a folded conducting element connected to a printed section. Several solutions are introduced which create different current paths increasing the effective dimensions of the antenna. The antenna is examined for the stand-alone case and for the antenna mounted in various locations on a larger handset-type groundplane. The impedance and radiation characteristics show a relative independence of the groundplane size and the antenna location on it. The proposed antenna is a valuable candidate for handset applications due to its compactness. The proposed antenna …

Macrobending Fiber Loss Filter, Ratiometric Wavelength Measurement And Application, Qian Wang, Ginu Rajan, Gerald Farrell, Pengfei Wang, Yuliya Semenova, Thomas Freir

Articles

A macrobending standard single-mode fibre (SMF28) is optimized as an edge filter, with the optimal bending radius and length determined according to the bend loss and polarization sensitivity of the bending fibre. An all-fibre ratiometric wavelength system is built and calibrated. The system's accuracy and resolution is discussed with the influence of noise of input signal and photodetectors. Finally, the ratiometric system is employed for the demodulation of FBG strain sensing.

Quantum Dot Energy Relaxation Mediated By Plasmon Emission In Doped Covalent Semiconductor Heterostructures, A. V. Fedorov, Anna Baranov, I. D. Rukhlenko, T. S. Perova, Kevin Berwick

Articles

The interaction between interface plasmons within a doped substrate and quantum dot electrons or holes has been theoretically studied in double heterostructures based on covalent semiconductors. The interface plasmon modes, the corresponding dispersion relationship, and the intraband carrier relaxation rate in quantum dots are reported. We find the critical points in the interface plasmon density of states for multilayered structures results in enhanced quantum dot intraband carrier relaxation when compared to that for a single heterostructure. A detailed discussion is made of the relaxation rate and the spectral position dependencies on the quantum dot layer thickness as well as on …

Diffusion And Fractional Diffusion Based Models For Multiple Light Scattering And Image Analysis, Jonathan Blackledge

Articles

This paper considers a fractional light diffusion model as an approach to characterizing the case when intermediate scattering processes are present, i.e. the scattering regime is neither strong nor weak. In order to introduce the basis for this approach, we revisit the elements of formal scattering theory and the classical diffusion problem in terms of solutions to the inhomogeneous wave and diffusion equations respectively. We then address the significance of these equations in terms of a random walk model for multiple scattering. This leads to the proposition of a fractional diffusion equation for modelling intermediate strength scattering that is based …

Optical Performance Of Non-Blocking 4x4 Optical Switch: Simulation And Experiment, V. Alex, A. Dubtsov, Yuri Panarin, T. Wilkinson

Articles

A prototype of pure non-blocking 4x4 optical LC switch was designed and built. This switch is based on conventional LCD technology, where the each pixel controlled the polarization state of the light beam. An addressing algorithm was described. The optical performance of the switch, such as cross-talk and insertion loss, was simulated and experimentally studied. The suggested approach offers several advantages over the conventional cross-point architecture such as: cost; complexity; size; adjustment; and optical performance.

Torsion-Free Groups And Modules With The Involution Property, Brendan Goldsmith, C. Meehan, S.L. Wallutis

Articles

An Abelian group or module is said to have the involution property if every endomorphism is the sum of two automorphisms, one of which is an involution. We investigate this property for completely decomposable torsion-free Abelian groups and modules over the ring of -adic integers.

Baugruppe - Lessons From Freiburg On Cooperative Housing : Lessons From Freiburg On Cooperative Housing, Joseph Little

Articles

Creating Sustainable Communities in the UK and Ireland

The Genesis of Quartier Vauban

Patent Symmetry, Alan L. Durham

Articles

The patent system suggests a natural symmetry if nonobvious changes are enough to distinguish a patentable invention from the prior art then further nonobvious changes should be enough to avoid infringing the patent Logical as this seems the courts have adopted the notoriously difficult standard of insubstantial differences rather than nonobviousness as the ultimate test of infringement In this article I consider the possibility of a genuinely symmetrical patent system and find the difficulties profound However I conclude that a semisymmetrical adaptation of the nonobviousness standard of patentability could provide a superior infringement analysis an analysis more objective in application …

The Formation Of International Treaties, Vincy Fon, Francesco Parisi

Articles

No abstract provided.

Stone V. Ritter And The Expanding Duty Of Loyalty, Claire Hill, Brett Mcdonnell

Articles

After the latest Disney decision, good faith seemed poised to take on a new and prominent role, either as an independent duty or as a component of one of the traditional fiduciary duties, loyalty or care. In the next case to arise, Stone v. Ritter, the Delaware Supreme Court quite specifically characterized the duty of good faith as part of the duty of loyalty. The Court also characterized Caremark, until then a paradigmatic duty of care case, as a duty of loyalty case. In our view, the court in Stone v. Ritter got it right, and indeed, should have gone …

The Goldilocks Hypothesis: Balancing Intellectual Property Rights At The Boundary Of The Firm, Dan L. Burk, Brett Mcdonnell

Articles

Recent scholarship has begun to assess the role of intellectual property rights in the theory of the Coasean firm. Some of this scholarship has looked at the effects of intellectual property on decisions to "make or buy" inputs to production. Other scholarship has looked at the effects of intellectual property on allocation of resources between employees and the firm. In this paper, we integrate these two lines of scholarship, positing a "Goldilocks hypothesis" for the proper disposition of intellectual property rights. We argue that to properly allocate resources within the firm, property rights must be calibrated so as to avoid …

Patents, Tax Shelters, And The Firm, Dan L. Burk, Brett Mcdonnell

Articles

Since the landmark State Street decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, patentable subject matter has encompassed business methods, including tax investment strategies. Patents provide approximately twenty years of exclusive rights in the claimed method, in return for public disclosure in a published patent. Typically, the efficacy of specialized investment strategies will be diminished as they become generally known and so widely practiced; for this reason, many tax investment methods have been implemented under confidentiality agreements in order to prevent them from becoming widely practiced. However, patenting of such strategies may allow them to be …

Peer Review And Publication: Lessons For Lawyers, Susan Haack

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No abstract provided.

Creating A Viral Federal Privacy Standard, A. Michael Froomkin

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No abstract provided.

An Anti-Authoritarian Constitution? Four Notes, Patrick O. Gudridge

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No abstract provided.