Digital Commons Network^™

Exploring Deaf And Hard Of Hearing Peoples' Perspectives On Tasks In Augmented Reality: Interacting With 3d Objects And Instructional Comprehension, Sanzida Mojib Luna, Jiangnan Xu, Garreth W. Tigwell, Nicolas Lalone, Michael Saker, Alan Chamberlain, David I. Schwartz, Konstantinos Papangelis

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Tasks in augmented reality (AR), such as 3D interaction and instructional comprehension, are often designed for users with uniform sensory abilities. Such an approach, however, can overlook the more nuanced needs of Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) users who might have reduced auditory perception. To better understand these challenges, our study utilized the single-player AR game Angry Birds AR as a probe to explore how 11 DHH participants and 15 hearing participants experienced AR interactions. Our findings highlight that DHH users prefer interaction based on context, effective haptic cues, audio cue substitutes, and clear instructional design. We, therefore, propose …

Assessing The One Health (Ecosystem, Animal And Human Health) Impacts Of Current Dietary Patterns Based On Farm-To-Fork Life Cycle Assessment In The Republic Of Ireland, Daniel Tymko Burke, Paul Hynds, Anushree Priyadarshini

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Food production and dietary patterns play a central role in the myriad interactions among human, animal, and environmental health, emphasising the need for a One Health approach, and this study aims to evaluate dietary patterns within this framework. A cross-sectional dietary survey of adults was undertaken (2021) with a sample size of 957 respondents, representative of the population of Ireland. Subsequently, a farm-to-fork life cycle assessment (LCA) was employed to assess nine human health and environmental impacts (fine particulate matter formation, freshwater and marine ecotoxicity and eutrophication, human carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic toxicity and terrestrial acidification and ecotoxicity) across thirteen distinct …

Environmental Geography And Law: Toward A Synthesis, Michaela Anang-Hadjicostandi, Sophia Borgias, Karrigan Börk, Ann M. Eisenberg, Guadalupe M. Franco, Cinnamon Carlarne Hirokawa, Keith H. Hirokawa, Jonathan London, Melinda Morgan, Jessica Owley, Shannon Roesler, Sonya Ziaja

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This Article introduces the new interdisciplinary field of Environmental Geography and Law, which has deep roots in ecology, social science, and law. Environmental and natural resources laws are situated in specific times and places where the climate, ecosystems, history and political economy influence both the land and the law. These places drive and constrain the way law develops. In turn, the law shapes places, from the dispossession and forced migration of indigenous groups, to land development via railroad land grants, to patterns of resource extraction and infrastructure development. Past efforts to integrate law and geography have focused more on critical …

Lifespan Of Male And Female App/Ps1 And Appnl-F/Nl-F Mouse Models Of Alzheimer's Disease, Hannah Roberts, Yimin Fang, Kathleen Quinn, Tiarra Hill, Mackenzie R Peck, Andrzej Bartke, Kevin N Hascup, Erin R Hascup

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects women, yet most preclinical research studies are male-centric. We performed lifespan analyses of male and female AD mouse models (APP/PS1 and APP^NL-F/NL-F) and their shared genetic background control (C57BL/6). Survival curves support significant sex differences between genotypes. Minimal longevity revealed increased age in male APP/PS1, and decreased age in male APP^NL-F/NL-F mice. Maximal longevity revealed an increased average age in males. Furthermore, median lifespan differed between sex and genotype. This study supports dimorphic survival in two mouse models of AD, emphasizing the need to examine mechanisms and treatments in both sexes.

Sport, Soft Disempowerment And The 1966 Fifa World Cup, Richard Woodward

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Sport is increasingly acknowledged as a vital component of the United Kingdom’s arsenal of soft power assets. However, the UK’s attempts to wring soft power from sport have met with mixed success. Many of the UK’s experiences align with an embryonic literature suggesting that sport, as well as enabling the production of soft power, is simultaneously capable of eroding it, a phenomenon dubbed ‘soft disempowerment’. Drawing upon original archival documents, this article examines how the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) commandeered the 1966 World Cup and England’s victory in the competition in a doomed attempt to communicate positive messages …

Regulating Hidden Ai Authorship, Jacob Noti-Victor

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With the rapid emergence of high-quality generative artificial intelligence (“AI”), some have advocated for mandatory disclosure when the technology is used to generate new text, images, or video. But the precise harms posed by nontransparent uses of generative AI have not been fully explored. While the use of the technology to produce material that masquerades as factual (“deepfakes”) is clearly deceptive, this Article focuses on a more ambiguous area: the consumer’s interest in knowing whether works of art or entertainment were created using generative AI. In the markets for creative content—fine art, books, movies, television, music, and the like—producers have …

Flow Dynamics Of Agricultural Waste Nanofibers: Shear, Temperature, And Oscillatory Insights, Bilge N. Altay, Burak Aksoy, James Atkinson, Christopher Lewis, Carlos Diaz-Acosta, Raymond Francis

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The rheology and fiber size of corn stover (CS) and cleaned cotton gin trash (CGT) cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were studied including behaviors at both moderate and extremely high shear rates, to simulate industrial processes ranging from mixing and pumping to high-speed coating, printing, and extrusion. Particle size analyzer showed that 99% of CS fibers measured around 226 nm, while 85% of CGT fibers were approximately 143 nm. Both CS and CGT CNFs formed gel-like suspensions, and shear flow tests revealed that all samples exhibited shear-thinning behavior, allowing easy flow under shear forces. Gels with higher solid content (1%) demonstrated extended …

Effect Of Multispecies Swards On The Fat Composition And Oxidative Stability Of Milk From Dairy Cows In Mid-Late Lactation, Samuel Rapisarda, Kate M. Mccarthy, Tommy M. Boland, Helen Sheridan, Frank J. Monahan, Finbar J. Mulligan, Graham O'Neill, Nissreen Abu-Ghannam

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Multispecies swards have been recognized as more sustainable than traditional ryegrass systems, in addition to providing a range of phytochemicals to the ruminant diet. In this regard, polyphenols may be linked to higher levels of bioactive fatty acids in milk and enhanced nutraceutical properties in dairy products. This study compares the fat composition and oxidative stability of milk produced by cows fed on multispecies swards (MULTI) with milk from two conventional swards [a perennial ryegrass monoculture (PRG) and a mixture of perennial ryegrass and white clover (PRG + WC)] during the Irish summer. Milk from cows fed on MULTI had …

Development Of The Navigation Guide Evidence-To-Decision Framework For Environmental Health: Version 1.0, Nicholas Chartres, Max T. Aung, Sustan L. Norris, Courtney Cooper, Lia A. Bero, Roger Chou, Devon C. Payne-Sturges, Wendy E. Wagner, Jessica W. Reyes, Lisa M. Askie, Daniel A. Axelrad, Deysi Flores Vigo, Jill E. Johnston, Juleen Lam, Keeve E. Nachman, Eva Rehfuess, Rachel Rothschild, Patrice Sutton, Lauren Zeise, Tracey J. Woodruff

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Environmental exposures, including widespread industrial pollution, impact human health and are amplified in more highly exposed communities. Policy and regulatory frameworks for making decisions and recommendations on interventions to mitigate or prevent exposures tend to narrowly focus on exposure and some health-related data related to risks. Typically, such frameworks do not consider other factors, including essentiality, health equity, and distribution of benefits and costs. Further, decisions and recommendations lack transparency regarding how they were developed. We developed the Navigation Guide Evidence-to-Decision Framework for Environmental Health (E2DFEH) to provide a structured and transparent framework incorporating a range of scientific information and …

Designing Legal Writing Problems For The Nextgeneration, Jaclyn Celebrezze, Lauren E. Sancken, Carrie Sanford, Amanda K. Stephen, David Ziff

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When reviewing the legal writing curriculum at our school for these NextGen skills, we discovered that our primary class activities and assignments already provided our students with opportunities to practice NextGen’s fundamental skills. This essay highlights some of our activities and describes how those assignments hone relevant NextGen skills.

Rahimi And The Future Of (The Rest Of) The Protection Order Prohibition, Bonnie Carlson

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In the summer of 2024, the Supreme Court considered United States v. Rahimi. Scholars and lawyers watched with bated breath to see how the court would interpret and apply the foundation-shifting Second Amendment test it established in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen two years earlier. Ultimately, the Court upheld the federal law which temporarily bans some protection order respondents from possessing firearms. But the Court provided little in the way of additional guidance that lower courts desperately needed as evidenced by the disparate outcomes on gun cases nationwide following Bruen. Rather, the Court opted for a …

Locating Consumer Financial Regulation, Nikita Aggarwal

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Recent advances in data-driven technology in consumer financial markets, commonly referred to as "fintech," have resurfaced the question of whether and to what extent data, particularly consumers' personal data, should be a locus for regulatory intervention in these markets. While innovation in fintech and the accompanying increase in the processing of personal data offer to improve the functioning of consumer financial markets, like all advances in technology, they also come with costs and risks. In 2024, in a move that favored the regulation of personal financial data per se and many of the traditional features of personal data protection regulation, …

Cultural Cognition And The Thoughtful Judge, Jack H.L. Whiteley

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That judges follow what the law is, and not what they wish it was, is a requirement of the rule of law. At the same time, scholars, lawyers, and judges often say that judges’ values influence their decisions. Connecting these two ideas has generated a conversation about the relationship between law, ideology, and politics.

Recently, part of this conversation has focused on a theory called cultural cognition. The theory offers an account of how people’s values shape how they interpret things without their noticing. People whose values tend toward hierarchy sometimes perceive facts differently than people whose values tend toward …

Designer Organs: Ethical Genetic Modifications In The Era Of Machine Perfusion, Irina Filz Von Reiterdank, Susan M. Wolf, Raphaela Bento, Insoo Hyun

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Gene therapy is a rapidly developing field, finally yielding clinical benefits. Genetic engineering of organs for transplantation may soon be an option, thanks to convergence with another breakthrough technology, ex vivo machine perfusion (EVMP). EVMP allows access to the functioning organ for genetic manipulation prior to transplant. EVMP has the potential to enhance genetic engineering efficiency, improve graft survival, and reduce posttransplant complications. This will enable genetic modifications with a vast variety of applications, while raising questions on the ethics and regulation of this emerging technology. This review provides an in-depth discussion of current methodologies for delivering genetic vectors to …

Lawyers’ And Law Professors’ Experience With Worker Governance, Brett H. Mcdonnell

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Part I surveys some of the leading arguments concerning the benefits and costs of worker governance. It also describes some of the ways in which those benefits and costs can evolve along with the growth, or lack thereof, of companies with worker governance. Part II looks at governance in law firms. It considers how the explanations for the adoption of worker governance fare with respect to law firms, notes the limited, elitist nature of worker governance within law firms, and considers the consequences of that real but elitist worker governance for the understanding of lawyers. Part III considers the same …

Corporate Governance For Platform Workers, Matthew T. Bodie, Grant M. Hayden Professor

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Regardless of their status under employment law, we believe that corporate law holds untapped potential in reshaping the rights and working conditions of platform workers. While the law of corporate governance remains aligned with shareholder interests, the collapse of the law-and-economics underpinnings of shareholder primacy should prompt us to develop new approaches to corporate governance. In this Essay, we briefly set out three alternative models for determining whether stakeholders should participate in corporate governance: a democratic participation model, a theory of the firm model, and an information theory model. All are fully consistent with the precepts of standard economics that …

Presidential Control And Administrative Capacity, Nicholas Bednar

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Presidential control is the power to direct administrative capacity toward the President’s own policy objectives. Accordingly, presidential power vis-à-vis administrative policymaking has two necessary components: control and capacity. First, the President must have the ability to set the agency’s policymaking agenda and direct the day-to-day activities of its leadership and career employees. Second, the agency needs a well-managed team of policymakers with expertise and experience in both the substantive policy area and the policymaking process. Yet scholars have long assumed—without much empirical testing—that the administrative state has sufficient capacity to implement the President’s agenda. Not so.

This Article argues that …

Economic History And The Remaking Of Family Law, June R. Carbone, Naomi Cahn

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In looking at the history of family law, we locate family law – and the status of women and children within it – as a function of political economy. That is, family law is shaped by a societal system that allocates access to, and control of, sources of wealth, decision-making power, and responsibility for dependents. As the nature of family assets has changed from land to male wage labor to two incomes and a complex set of complementary employer and state-provided benefits, so too have family dynamics and, ultimately, family law. They have evolved into the contemporary system, with a …

In Memoriam: Robert D. Cooter, Francesco Parisi

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The International Review of Law & Economics is publishing these notes in memory and celebration of Robert D. Cooter—its Editor from 1988 to 2004—offering brief reflections on him as teacher, scholar, and exemplar. A giant of law and economics, Robert D. Cooter combined breadth with creative insight: he helped build a systematic economic understanding of torts, contracts, and property, a novel approach to public law and Constitutional design, and opened new frontiers on the interaction between law and social norms and on the expressive power of law. His humanity and scholarly ethos—curiosity, humor, and intellectual honesty—left a lasting mark on …

Collegiate Nil Collectives: Context, Structure, And Future, Matthew T. Bodie, Esdras D. Camacho

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Since its inception, the NCAA has championed the principle of amateurism in college sports-the idea that collegiate athletes may not receive monetary compensation for their athletic performance. In its 2021 decision in National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston, however, the Supreme Court found the NCAA had violated antitrust law with its restrictions on certain benefits provided to athletes. With the possibility of much greater liability to follow, the NCAA soon thereafter enacted a radical departure from past practice, enabling athletes to profit from their names, images, and likenesses ("NIL") while maintaining their amateur status. There were important limitations on this …

Free Speech And Incorporation: A Reassessment, Ilan Wurman

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Many of the Supreme Court’s most controversial free speech decisions involve state laws. In Gitlow v. New York, the Court assumed that the First Amendment’s guarantee of freedom of speech applied directly against the states via the Fourteenth Amendment, a doctrine today referred to as incorporation. Yet there is reason to doubt incorporation is correct as a matter of the original meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. Indeed, much of the historical evidence involves debates over the freedom of speech, but none of the historical actors seemed to think the First Amendment applied against the states. This short essay evaluates the …

How Are Ideologies False? A Reconstruction Of The Marxian Concept, Brian Leiter

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No abstract provided.

A Natural Law Approach To Parental Rights, Richard Epstein

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No abstract provided.

The Ironically Important Role Of Incidental Take Authorizations In Whale Conservation, Alexander Carbaugh-Rutland, Jessica Owley, Kenneth Broad

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The late 1970s and early '80s saw a regime shift in wildlife protection under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and the Endangered Species Act (ESA). That shift may be impeding the recovery of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoise species) in ways that are yet underexplored. As enacted, the MMPA and ESA established a conservation framework designed to reduce, to the fullest extent possible, "takes" of protected species. Between 1978 and 1982, a series of amendments to both statutes introduced a complex web of incidental take authorizations designed to ensure Congress' initial push for wildlife conservation would not impede economic …

The New Substantive Due Process, Leah M. Litman

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After the Supreme Court overruled Roe v. Wade, commentators made much about the possible demise of substantive due process—the idea that the Constitution safeguards certain substantive liberties that are not specifically or explicitly spelled out in the Constitution. Judges and scholars are debating which substantive due process decisions are next on the chopping block and whether the entire domain of substantive due process is in jeopardy. But a curious thing happened as the Court scaled back and openly questioned the traditional individual-rights line of substantive due process: Rather than eliminating it entirely, the Court seems to have transposed it elsewhere. …

Labor Law, Ownership, And The Firm, Sanjukta Paul

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In shaping economic coordination within and across both firms and markets, one significant action of law is to allocate privileges or rights between people or groups of people. These include the right to coordinate with other people or groups of people in particular ways regarding core economic decisions-a type of activity that is not always or in all circumstances legally permissible. An area that makes this more general action of law especially concrete is antitrust or competition law, with its collection of "exemptions." Antitrust's formal and informal exemptions quite directly allocate economic coordination rights, for particular kinds of activity, and …

Physicists As Environmental Experts, Rachel Rothschild

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The question of which scientists are qualified to provide expert guidance in legal controversies is a perennial debate among scholars, judges, and lawyers. Scientists who participate in legal disputes can achieve enormous power and influence, not only over the case at hand but over long-term developments in legal doctrine. While these issues arise in many areas of the law, environmental litigation has been a particularly active site of contestations over epistemic authority. Courts have frequently relied on scientists to understand whether the government is justified in regulating pollution and who may be liable for environmental and public health harms.

This …

Minor V. Happersett And The Repudiation Of Universal Suffrage, Ellen D. Katz

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Nearly 150 years ago, Minor v. Happersett rejected a constitutional challenge to a Missouri law that excluded women from the electorate. Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment forty-five years later is often said to have “overturned” Minor. In fact, the Amendment did no such thing. Minor held that voting is not among the privileges of citizenship protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Nineteenth Amendment says nothing to the contrary, and instead bars laws and practices that deny or abridge the right to vote “on account of sex.” Minor remains good law today.

It was not happenstance that the Nineteenth Amendment …

Boden Lecture: Taxation Of Autonomous Artificial Intelligence, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Lucas Brasil Salama, Herbert Snitz, W. Robert Thomas

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This Article proposes that tax can be a useful supplement to other measures to regulate Autonomous Artificial Intelligence (AAI) and limit its potential harmful effects. This proposal differs from command-and-control regulation of AAI along the lines of European Union legislation that may unduly limit the development of AAI. It also differs from existing proposals to tax AAI to generate revenue to help workers displaced by AAI programs, or to tax the data used by AAI The proposal is based on granting AAI programs like ChatGPT separate legal personhood, like corporate personhood, while incentivizing or requiring their corporate owner to place …

The Sovereignty Problem In Federal Indian Law, Matthew L.M. Fletcher

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There is a sovereignty problem in federal Indian law-namely, that the federal government's sovereign defenses prevent tribal nations and individual Indian people from realizing justice in the courts. Often, compelling tribal and Indian claims go nowhere as the judiciary defers to the interests of the United States, even where Congress has expressly stated its support for tribal interests. Conversely, tribal judiciaries allow claims to proceed to the merits, invoking customary and traditional law to hold tribal governments accountable.

Sovereignty theory helps to explain why justice can be done in one court system but not another. But federal, state, and tribal …