Digital Commons Network^™

Dispersion Medium Modulates Oxidative Stress Response Of Human Lung Epithelial Cells Upon Exposure To Carbon Nanomaterial Samples, Eva Herzog, Hugh Byrne, Maria Davoren, Alan Casey, Albert Duschl, Gertie Janneke Oostingh

Articles

Due to their large specific surface area, the potential of nanoparticles to be highly reactive and to induce oxidative stress is particularly high. In addition, some types of nanoparticles contain transition metals as trace impurities which are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems. This study investigates the potential of two types of single-walled carbon nanotube samples, nanoparticulate carbon black and crocidolite asbestos to induce ROS in lung epithelial cells in vitro. Carbon nanotube and carbon black samples were used as produced, without further purification or processing, in order to best mimic occupational exposure by inhalation of …

Gender Differences In Children’S Internet Use:Key Findings From Europe, Helen Mcquillan, Brian O'Neill

Articles

This paper analyses comparative empirical data from across Europe on gender differences in children’s internet use, and through a new interpretive framework on young people’s experiences, seeks to add new findings to this growing international knowledge base. Linking feminist theory on gender and technology with theories of youth gender identity construction, four key areas are investigated. Firstly, the impact of increased internet access and use in schools and in homes on gender equality is examined. Secondly, youth communication and content creation practices are investigated to explore whether the internet is facilitating flexibility in gender identity and the transcendence of traditional …

Invisible Borders: Mapping Out Virtual Law, Kathleen Claussen

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No abstract provided.

The Interactions Of The Largest Subunit Of Rna Polymerase Ii With Other Cellular Proteins: A Bioinformatic Approach, Abhijit Shukla, Aparna Natarajan, Sukesh Bhaumik, Hany A. El-Shemy, David A. Lightfoot

Articles

The function of a protein is governed by its interaction with other proteins inside a cell. Therefore, it is important to identify the interacting partners of a particular protein to decipher its function. The protein interaction networks are generally determined by bioinformatic as well as experimental methodologies such as yeast two hybrid, mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays. Here, we have analyzed bioinformatically the interactions of Rpb1p (the largest subunit of RNA Polymerase II) with other proteins in yeast, using Cytoscape software and Biogrid/Biomart database. We find that Rpb1p interacts with a large number of proteins involved …

The Interactions Of The Largest Subunit Of Rna Polymerase Ii With Other Cellular Proteins: A Bioinformatic Approach, Abhijit Shukla, Aparna Natarajan, Sukesh Bhaumik, Hany A. El-Shemy, David A. Lightfoot

Articles

The function of a protein is governed by its interaction with other proteins inside a cell. Therefore, it is important to identify the interacting partners of a particular protein to decipher its function. The protein interaction networks are generally determined by bioinformatic as well as experimental methodologies such as yeast two hybrid, mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays. Here, we have analyzed bioinformatically the interactions of Rpb1p (the largest subunit of RNA Polymerase II) with other proteins in yeast, using Cytoscape software and Biogrid/ Biomart database. We find that Rpb1p interacts with a large number of proteins …

Against Practice, Anthony V. Alfieri

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No abstract provided.

Rebellious Knowledge Production, Academic Activism, & Outsider Democracy: From Principles To Practices In Latcrit Theory, 1995 To 2008, Francisco Valdes

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No abstract provided.

Four Observations About Hate Speech Articles & Essays, Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic

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No abstract provided.

When 'Good' Corporate Governance Makes 'Bad' (Financial) Firms: The Global Crisis And The Limits Of Private Law, Nicholas C. Howson

Articles

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, investors, analysts, legislators, and pundits have spotlighted “good” or “improved” corporate governance as a remedy for all that presently ails us. It is one remedy in a long wish list that includes tougher requirements for risk capital, liquidity, and leverage; compensation and bonus reform; reimposition ofthe Glass-Steagall-like separation of bank “utility” and “casino” functions; the downsizing or breakup of institutions deemed “too big to fail;” enhanced consumer protection; securities law liability for secondary violators (like credit rating agencies); direct taxation of proprietary trading; “macroprudential” regulation; and new transparency requirements for …

Evolutionary Theory And The Origin Of Property Rights, James E. Krier

Articles

For legal scholars, the evolution of property rights has been a topic in search of a theory. My aim here is to draw together various accounts (some of them largely neglected in the legal literature), from dated to modern, and suggest a way they can be melded into a plausible explanation of property's genesis and early development. What results hardly amounts to a theory, but it does suggest an outline for one. Moreover, it provides a primer on the subject, a reasonably solid foundation for thinking and talking about the evolution of property rights.

Nonprofits And Narrative: Piers Plowman, Anthony Trollope, And Charities Law, Jill R. Horwitz

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What are the narrative possibilities for understanding nonprofit law? Given the porous barriers between nonprofit law and the literature about it, there are many. Here I consider two. First, nonprofit law and nonprofit literature are each enriched and made fully explicable by reference to the other. Nonprofit law has grown in parallel with literature. It may even be that important legal texts, texts about doing and being good, were imported directly from literary sources into law. Second, in writings ranging from sensational journalism to high literature, nonprofit laws and the scandals involving their violations have captured the public imagination for …

Application Of Natural Antimicrobials For Food Preservation, Brijesh Tiwari, Vasilis Valdramidis, Colm O' Donnell, Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan, Patrick J. Cullen, Paula Bourke

Articles

In this review, antimicrobials from a range of plant, animal, and microbial sources are reviewed 10 along with their potential applications in food systems. Chemical and biochemical antimicrobial 11 compounds derived from these natural sources and their activity against a range of pathogenic and 12 spoilage microorganisms pertinent to food, together with their effects on food organoleptic proper- 13 ties, are outlined. Factors influencing the antimicrobial activity of such agents are discussed 14 including extraction methods, molecular weight, and agent origin. These issues are considered in 15 conjunction with the latest developments in the quantification of the minimum inhibitory (and …

Hmgb1 Mediates Endogenous Tlr2 Activation And Brain Tumor Regression, James Curtin, Naiyou Liu, Marianela Candolfi, Weidong Xiong, Hikmat Assi, Kader Yagiz, Matthew Edwards, Kathrin Michelsen, Kurt Kroeger, Chunyan Liu, Akm Ghulam Muhammad, Mary Clark, Moshe Arditi, Begonya Comin-Anduix, Antoni Ribas, Pedro Lowenstein, Maria Castro

Articles

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor that carries a 5-y survival rate of 5%. Attempts at eliciting a clinically relevant anti-GBM immune response in brain tumor patients have met with limited success, which is due to brain immune privilege, tumor immune evasion, and a paucity of dendritic cells (DCs) within the central nervous system. Herein we uncovered a novel pathway for the activation of an effective anti-GBM immune response mediated by high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin protein released from dying tumor cells, which acts as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling …

Social Rights And The Relational Value Of The Rights To Participate In Sport, Recreation, And Play,, Janet E. Lord, Michael Ashley Stein

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No abstract provided.

Withdrawal: The Roberts Court And The Retreat From Election Law, Ellen D. Katz

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Last Term the Supreme Court handed down four decisions that upheld diverse efforts by state governments to regulate the electoral process. The Court turned back challenges to New York’s method for nominating judicial candidates, Washington’s modified blanket primary system, Indiana’s voter identification requirement, and Alabama’s use of gubernatorial appointment to fill county commission vacancies in Mobile County. Unlike other recent election decisions, these were not close cases. All nine Justices supported the New York holding, while supermajorities voted in favor of the result in the others. This consensus, moreover, emerged even as the Court voted to reverse unanimous decisions by …

Three-Dimensional Spatial Information Systems: State Of The Art Review, Bianca Schoen-Phelan, D. Laefer, S. W. Morrish, M. Bertolotto

Articles

A spatial information system (SIS) is critical to the hosting, querying, and analyzing of spatial data sets. The increasing availability of three-dimensional (3D) data (e.g. from aerial and terrestrial laser scanning) and the desire to use such data in large geo-spatial platforms have been dual drivers in the evolution of integrated SISs. Within this context, recent patents demonstrate efforts to handle large data sets, especially complex point clouds. While the development of feature-rich geo-systems has been well documented, the implementation of support for 3D capabilities is only now being addressed. This paper documents the underlying technologies implemented for the support …

The Antimicrobial Efficacy And Structure Activity Relationship Of Novel Carbohydrate Fatty Acid Derivatives Against Listera Spp. And Food Spoilage Microorganisms, Patricia Nobmann, Aoife Smith, Julie Dunne, Gary Henehan, Paula Bourke

Articles

Novel mono-substituted carbohydrate fatty acid (CFA) esters and ethers were investigated for their antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria focussing on Listeria monocytogenes. Carbohydrate derivatives with structural differences enable comparative studies on the structure/activity relationship for antimicrobial efficacy and mechanism of action. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized compounds was compared with commercially available compounds such as monolaurin and monocaprylin, as well as the pure free fatty acids, lauric acid and caprylic acid, which have proven antimicrobial activity. Compound efficacy was compared using an absorbance based broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), …

Churches As First Amendment Institutions: Of Sovereignty And Spheres, Paul Horwitz

Articles

This Article offers a novel way of approaching the role of churches and other religious institutions within the First Amendment framework Beyond that it offers a broader organizing structure for the legal treatment of First Amendment institutions entities whose fundamental role in shaping and contributing to public discourse entitles them to substantial autonomy to organize and regulate themselves without state interference Drawing on the work of the neoCalvinist writer Abraham Kuyper it encourages us to think about churches and other First Amendment entities as sovereign spheres nonstate institutions whose authority is ultimately coequal to that of the state In the …

The Suspension Theory: Hurricane Katrina Looting, Property Rights, And Personhood Comment, Casey E. Faucon

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No abstract provided.

Facts, Information, And The Newly Discovered Record In Pierson V. Post, James E. Krier

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Unlike Professors Fernandez, Banner, and Donahue, I am not a legal historian; like them, however, I am much interested in the comings and goings of the famous old case about the fox. It figures significantly in my course on property and in my co-authored book on the subject. The background of the case is noted in the book and will be updated in the next edition to take account of Fernandez's discovery of the hitherto lost judgment roll in the case.I Her find yields many facts, but, in my judgment, virtually no information. Facts are necessary to information, but not …

Entrepreneurship And Law: Accessing The Power Of The Creative Impulse Foreword, Steven H. Hobbs

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No abstract provided.

Transcriptional Regulation Of Cholesterol 24-Hydroxylase By Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors., Marjan Shafaati, Riona O'Driscoll, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Steve Meaney

Articles

The mechanistic basis for the tissue specific expression of cholesterol elimination pathways is poorly understood. To gain additional insight into this phenomenon we considered it of interest to investigate if epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the brain-specific enzyme cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), a key regulator of brain cholesterol elimination. We demonstrated a marked time-dependent derepression of the expression of CYP46A1, in response to treatment with the potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Trichostatin A. The pattern of expression of the genes in the genomic region surrounding CYP46A1 was found to be diametrically opposite in brain and liver. Intraperitoneal injection …

An Evaluation Of Miru-Vntr Analysis And Spoligotyping For Genotyping Of M. Bovis Isolates And A Comparison With Rflp Typing, Joanne Mclernon, Eamon Costello, Orla Flynn, Gillian Madigan, Fergus Ryan

Articles

Common strain typing methods for differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis isolates include restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, spoligotyping and more recently, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. Strain typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolates based on the variable-number tandem repeats of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU-VNTR) and on spoligotyping was evaluated in this study and these typing methods were compared with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing. A total of 386 M. bovis isolates from cattle, badgers and deer in the Republic of Ireland that had previously been typed by IS6110, polymorphic GC-rich sequence (PGRS) …

Editorial: Nutrition Research Reviews, Katherine Younger

Articles

Cognitive performance in children and whether this can be improved by nutritional means is an area of investigation fraught with experimental challenges, making it difficult to draw useful conclusions. Hoyland et al. (1) have here provided a much-needed systematic review of the evidence on the specific question of the effects of breakfast on children’s cognitive performance and, unsurprisingly, have concluded that the effects are generally positive, most clearly shown for memory and attention tasks and most easily demonstrated in nutritionally vulnerable children. However, the benefits of food before schoolwork are not necessarily purely, or even mostly, physiological; they could be …

From Bush V. Gore To Namudno: A Response To Professor Amar, Ellen D. Katz

Articles

In his Dunwody Lecture, Professor Akhil Amar invites us to revisit the Bush v. Gore controversy and consider what went wrong. This short essay responds to Professor Amar by taking up his invitation and looking at the decision through a seemingly improbable lens, the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision last June in Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. One (NAMUDNO) v. Holder. Among its many surprises, NAMUDNO helps illuminate the Court’s fundamental error nine years ago. Professor Amar forcefully argues that the mistrust with which the Justices in the Bush v. Gore majority viewed the Florida Supreme Court was both unjustified …

Barack Obama, Margarita Lopez Torres, And The Path To Nomination, Ellen D. Katz

Articles

Operating within these regimes, Obama was able to mount a credible--and ultimately successful--challenge to the leadership's choice for the nomination while Lopez Torres could not. This article offers an explanation why. It argues that Obama succeeded where Lopez Torres failed because the nomination process Obama traversed was more penetrable and more contestable than the one Lopez Torres faced.

Interpreting Data: A Reply To Professor Pardo, Robert M. Lawless, Angela K. Littwin, Katherine M. Porter, John A. E. Pottow, Deborah K. Thorne, Elizabeth Warren

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Professor Pardo has published a pointed critique to our Report, raising three major complaints. First, he claims that we make two predicating assumptions in our study that are flawed. Second, he contends that we misunderstand the means test and fail to appreciate with sufficient "nuance" its "operative effect." Third, he maintains that our Report suffers from methodological problems. We can address the two impugned assumptions quickly. The first one - that BAPCPA's means test is the sole causal agent driving 800,000 putative filers from the bankruptcy courts - is not one we make. The second - regarding the income profiles …

A Precautionary Tale: Assessing Ecological Damages After The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, Sanne Knudsen

Articles

To address the shortcomings of our existing damages paradigm--exemplified by the response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound--this article suggests that we invoke the burden-shifting attributes of the precautionary principle to transfer the risk of long-term, unknown ecological harm to those who have caused the injury. Through such a risk transfer, this article posits that true costs of ecological injury would more properly be borne by actors capable of altering their behavior to avoid such injury in the first place. In addition, this article suggests offering defendants two options for incurring damages for ecological injuries--either accepting …

Proposing A Place For Politics In Arbitrary And Capricious Review, Kathryn A. Watts

Articles

Current conceptions of “arbitrary and capricious” review focus on whether agencies have adequately explained their decisions in statutory, factual, scientific, or otherwise technocratic terms. Courts, agencies, and scholars alike, accordingly, generally have accepted the notion that influences from political actors, including the President and Congress, cannot properly help to explain administrative action for purposes of arbitrary and capricious review. This means that agencies today tend to sweep political influences under the rug even when such influences offer the most rational explanation for the action.

This Article argues that this picture should change. Specifically, this Article argues for expanding current conceptions …

Globalization And Standards: The Logic Of Two-Level Game, Jane K. Winn

Articles

The emergence of a global information architecture has fueled regulatory competition among nations and regions to set information and communication technology (“ICT”) standards. Such regulatory competition can be thought of as a two level game: level one is competition to set ICT standards within a nation or region; level two is competition to set the global ICT standards with reference to local standards.

The United States and the European Union are global leaders in setting ICT standards, and compete to set global ICT standards based on different local regulatory cultures: the U.S. is a “liberal market economy” (“LME”) within which …