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Impact Of Environmental Exposures On Respiratory Health, Lawrence Rasmussen Jan 2019

Impact Of Environmental Exposures On Respiratory Health, Lawrence Rasmussen

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of COPD; similarly, individuals exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) are also vulnerable to COPD and other airway diseases; however, distinct molecular mechanisms involved in SHS-induced lung effects that result in COPD are poorly understood. Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a primary lung defense against inhaled particulate matter and pathogens. Thus, understanding how inhaled irritants such as SHS disrupt MCC will promote improved scientific understanding and better public health initiatives to prevent respiratory illnesses. Using a variety of in vitro …

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Emergence Of Restricted Repetitive Behaviors In Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder And Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Helen Root Jan 2019

Emergence Of Restricted Repetitive Behaviors In Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder And Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, Helen Root

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Genetic disorders are ideal populations through which to study the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD; Moss, Richards, Nelson & Oliver, 2012). Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a particularly compelling population due to the high prevalence of ASD and prenatal diagnostic ability (Jeste, Wu, Senturk, Varcin, McCarthy, Shimzu, ScM, Vogel-Farley, Sahin & Nelson, 2014; McDonald, Varcin, Bhatt, Wu, Sahin, Nelson & Jeste, 2017; Sundberg & Sahin, 2015). However, findings related to the two core symptom domains of ASD within TSC are mixed, with little research examining restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs). The current study aimed to define the presence and profile …

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Uncovering The Role Of Women In Two Social Movements: The Intricacies Of Black Feminine Leadership, Ajanet Schauron Rountree Jan 2019

Uncovering The Role Of Women In Two Social Movements: The Intricacies Of Black Feminine Leadership, Ajanet Schauron Rountree

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ABSTRACT The historical conceptualization of social movements on the space-time continuum is often androcentric. Heavy reliance on male leadership perspectives negates the female point of view and creates what Marable labels an “idealized interpretation” that skirts the actual relationship between individuals and the evolution of history. This research is the deliberate recovery of the purposefully omitted while elucidating the intricacies of the leadership of Black women. It foregrounds and clarifies the leadership narratives of Black women who navigated the gendered and racialized spaces of their churches and communities in the struggle for civil and human rights during the Civil Rights …

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Fractional Calculus And Applications To Fractional Oscillation And Anomalous Diffusion, Norman W. Schmitz Jan 2019

Fractional Calculus And Applications To Fractional Oscillation And Anomalous Diffusion, Norman W. Schmitz

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Fractional calculus has existed since 1695, when L'Hôpital asked Leibniz about his notation for a derivative, $\dfrac{d^nf\left(x\right)}{dx^n}.$ L’Hôpital asked what the result would be if $n$ were $\dfrac{1}{2}$. Leibniz's response: ``An apparent paradox, from which one day useful consequences will be drawn.'' While fractional calculus has only been intensely explored in recent decades, this prediction seems to have been true, with fractional derivatives often seeming contradictory and difficult to work with. However, our exploration has found that these definitions are far more compatible after looking at their non-local properties, in particular their ability to account for causality. We then looked …

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Transcriptional Dynamics Of Dopaminergic Signaling, Katherine Elizabeth Savell Jan 2019

Transcriptional Dynamics Of Dopaminergic Signaling, Katherine Elizabeth Savell

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Drugs of abuse increase dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, a key reward structure that integrates contextual and cue-related information and regulates motivated behavior. This surge of dopamine triggers cell signaling cascades that converge in the nucleus to cause changes in gene expression, which are thought to lead to the observed functional and structural alterations in the reward circuit after exposure to drugs of abuse. However, while various drugs of abuse cause transcriptional changes, previously available tools have not had the capacity to deeply characterize these gene programs. Therefore, we optimized a dual lentivirus CRISPR system for targeted gene modulation …

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Intracellular Compartment-Specific Abnormalities In Proteasome Expression And Activity In The Superior Temporal Gyrus In Schizophrenia, Madeline R. Scott Jan 2019

Intracellular Compartment-Specific Abnormalities In Proteasome Expression And Activity In The Superior Temporal Gyrus In Schizophrenia, Madeline R. Scott

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Protein homeostasis is an emerging component of schizophrenia (SZ) pathophysiology. Proteomic alterations in SZ are well-documented; however the underlying mechanism driving these changes remains unknown. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is fundamental to protein homeostasis regulation, and UPS transcript abnormalities in both blood and brain have been observed in SZ. Supporting a role for UPS dysfunction in SZ, we have reported decreased protein expression of ubiquitin-associated proteins in SZ brain. However, previous work on the proteasome has been limited to transcript expression. In the following studies we sought to address this gap in knowledge by characterizing proteasome dysfunction in the …

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Retinotopic Patterns Of Functional And Structural Connectivity In V1, Sara Sims Jan 2019

Retinotopic Patterns Of Functional And Structural Connectivity In V1, Sara Sims

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Vision is important for our everyday life, but we use our central vision differently than our peripheral vision. For example, we use central vision to read and peripheral vision when getting the gist of a scene. Different functions of central and peripheral vision suggest that information from central vision may be processed differently from that in peripheral vision. A previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) connectivity study suggested reliable differences in connections between centrally- and peripherally-representing visual cortex, and those differences follow well-established networks. Central-representing cortex was preferentially connected to regions belonging to the fronto-parietal (FP) net-work, mid-peripheral was generally …

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Relationship Between Frustration Tolerance And Psychological Self-Regulatory Mechanisms In Weight Loss Maintenance, Samantha Kaytana Henry Jan 2019

Relationship Between Frustration Tolerance And Psychological Self-Regulatory Mechanisms In Weight Loss Maintenance, Samantha Kaytana Henry

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The present study investigated the relevance of frustration tolerance and other psychological regulation factors (e.g., trait mindfulness, executive function) to long-term weight maintenance. Using a cross-sectional design, participants (N=91) were recruited from three behavioral weight loss interventions and categorized dichotomously (maintainer vs. regainer) based on their level of success in maintaining weight loss long term. Participants completed the Frustration Discomfort Scale (FDS), objective measures of executive functioning (EF), and self-report questionnaires. Poorer frustration tolerance was significantly associated with lower trait mindfulness, higher negative affectivity, and greater difficulties in self-reported EF. There were no differences by race or weight maintenance status. …

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An Exploratory Phenomenological Study To Investigate The Necessity Of An Athlete-Specific Bystander Intervention Program, Alexander Ian Gaits Hoffman Jan 2019

An Exploratory Phenomenological Study To Investigate The Necessity Of An Athlete-Specific Bystander Intervention Program, Alexander Ian Gaits Hoffman

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It has been well established that college athletes are among the most at-risk student populations for engaging in heavy episodic drinking and other risky alcohol and drug use behavior including but not limited to risky sexual behavior. Despite this knowledge, to date there are no truly effective long-term education, intervention, prevention, or treatment programs. This is especially true for bystander approaches. Bystander interventions have shown effectiveness in decreasing sexual assaults and changing rape mythology, but there has not been much research on its effectiveness on alcohol and drug use. There is also a lack of knowledge and understanding on how …

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Structural And Functional Insights Into Influenza A Virus Ns1-Mediated Rig-I Antagonism, Alexander Jureka Jan 2019

Structural And Functional Insights Into Influenza A Virus Ns1-Mediated Rig-I Antagonism, Alexander Jureka

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The influenza virus non-structural protein 1 is well known to antagonize the host innate immune response through its interaction with the innate immune sensor, retinoic acid induc-ible gene I (RIG-I). While the complete mechanism of the NS1:RIG-I interaction remains unclear, we were the first to demonstrate a direct interaction between the NS1 RNA-binding domain (NS1RBD) from the 1918H1N1 influenza virus and the second caspase activa-tion and recruitment domain (CARD2) of RIG-I using NMR. In addition, we also identi-fied that mutation of Arg 21 in the 1918H1N1 NS1RBD to Gln (R21Q) completely abrogated the NS1:CARD2 interaction. Given that CARD2 plays a …

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Marcks Effector Domain: Functions In Glioblastoma Progression And Novel Cytolytic Therapy, Nicholas James Eustace Jan 2019

Marcks Effector Domain: Functions In Glioblastoma Progression And Novel Cytolytic Therapy, Nicholas James Eustace

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Glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV astrocytoma) is the most common primary adult brain malignancy and remains incurable despite tremendous advances in our understanding of this heterogeneous disease. In this dissertation, we explore the challenges encountered in the treatment of GBM and discuss a promising new therapeutic approach gleaned from studies of the phospholipid binding “effector” domain (ED) of the protein Myristoylated alanine-rich protein C kinase substrate (MARCKS). Following an introduction to central nervous system (CNS) tumors and the grading of diffuse gliomas, we explain how recent advancements to our understanding of the cellular and molecular composition of CNS tu-mors, and the …

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Regulation Of St6gal-I In Cancer: Sox2 Identified As Novel Driver Of St6gal-I Expression, Kaitlyn Alexandra Dorsett Jan 2019

Regulation Of St6gal-I In Cancer: Sox2 Identified As Novel Driver Of St6gal-I Expression, Kaitlyn Alexandra Dorsett

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ST6Gal-I is a sialyltransferase that functions to add an 2-6 linked sialic acid to N-linked glycoproteins. The expression of ST6Gal-I is upregulated in many cancers at both the mRNA and protein levels. ST6Gal-I has also been shown to promote cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics including chemoresistance, tumor-initiating potential, and spheroid growth. However, the transcriptional drivers of ST6Gal-I expression in stem-like cells remain largely unknown. Herein we highlight that SOX2 and ST6GAL1 are both located on one of the most commonly amplified chromosomal segments in cancer, amplicon 3q26. Copy number gains in both SOX2 and ST6GAL1 are observed in roughly 25% …

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Identification Of Two Spop-Mediated Pathways In Prostate Cancer Progression, Joshua Fried Jan 2019

Identification Of Two Spop-Mediated Pathways In Prostate Cancer Progression, Joshua Fried

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Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies and causes of cancer related death in men. Morbidity is primarily attributed to late-stage and metastatic disease. Re-cent genomic screening studies have revealed that the Speckle type Poz Protein (SPOP) is the most frequently altered gene by missense mutations in prostate cancer. Interestingly, all of the identified mutations were located in the substrate binding domain of SPOP. Here, two pathways highlighting the impact of SPOP mutation on prostate cancer are pre-sented. First, evidence showing that one of the naturally occurring SPOP mutations, ser-ine 119 to asparagine (S119N), induces radiosensitivity and an …

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The Role Of Nudc In Rod Photoreceptor Cell Maintenance: A New Function For An Old Protein, Evan Boitet Jan 2019

The Role Of Nudc In Rod Photoreceptor Cell Maintenance: A New Function For An Old Protein, Evan Boitet

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The overall health and maintenance of rod photoreceptors depends on directed vectorial transport of rhodopsin from its synthesis within the inner segment to its target destination the outer segment disk membranes. Numerous proteins are known to be involved in molecular interactions with rhodopsin during transport, including the interaction of nuclear distribution protein C (nudC) with rhodopsin that was first described in Xenopus laevis. We found that the interaction of nudC and rhodopsin is conserved in mammalian retina. This interaction is direct and aberrant expression of nudC results in subcellular localization of rhodopsin. We show for the first time that nudC …

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Social Support And Self-Care Efficacy As Mediators Of Racial Disparities In Diabetes Health In Older Adults, Wesley Browning Jan 2019

Social Support And Self-Care Efficacy As Mediators Of Racial Disparities In Diabetes Health In Older Adults, Wesley Browning

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Diabetes is a health problem that affects millions of Americans annually, and Black Americans have a higher prevalence with more complications than White Americans. A disparity exists between Black and White older adults living with diabetes in distress related to symptoms, treatment, and complications associated with the disease. Additionally, there are differences in levels of performing diabetes self-care behaviors between Blacks and Whites. One series of factors that may predict better diabetes self-care and diabetes distress in older adults are self-care efficacy and components of social support. This study used linear regression models to predict racial differences between Blacks and …

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Peruvian Medical Students' Attitudes Toward People With Disabilities, Shane Daniel Burns Jan 2019

Peruvian Medical Students' Attitudes Toward People With Disabilities, Shane Daniel Burns

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Patients with disabilities often interpret health care providers’ skills and facilities inadequate, are denied health care services, and report poor treatment in the medical setting. Key stakeholders in reforming this process are medical students, a demographic that currently provides services for patients with disabilities and will shape tomorrow’s health care systems. Past research has demonstrated that medical students often hold negative attitudes toward people with disabilities with much of this research being conducted in the developed world and none in Latin America. As a result, this study pursued to understand Peruvian medical students’ attitudes toward people with disabilities and how …

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Bioactive Materials: Ion Release & Recharge, Wear, Gloss & Hydroxyapatite Formation, Mohammed Badahman Jan 2019

Bioactive Materials: Ion Release & Recharge, Wear, Gloss & Hydroxyapatite Formation, Mohammed Badahman

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Introduction : Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases 1. Unfortunately, there have been numerous failures with the treatment rendered, the materials used and how they are used. One significant cause for dental restoration failure is secondary caries and the need to replace the existing restoration. It has been reported that more than half of the restorations placed have been replaced because of recurrent caries. New materials and techniques have been developed to enhance adhesives in dentistry and improve the bonded interface however that interface still remains the weakest component of composite restorations. Marginal degradation and the …

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Role Of Developmental Protein, Nudc, In The Retina, Skyler Boehm Jan 2019

Role Of Developmental Protein, Nudc, In The Retina, Skyler Boehm

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Rod photoreceptors are the most prominent light sensitive cell in the retina of most mammals. The outer segments of photoreceptors contain the cellular machinery necessary for phototransduction to occur. The process of generating the phototransduction components occurs in the inner segment before being trafficked to the outer segment. These processes are highly regulated and require many different trafficking proteins and chaperones. The developmental protein nuclear distribution gene C (nudC) was found to be present in the photoreceptor, but its function is yet to be determined. Here we confirm that nudC is present in the retina and necessary in the photoreceptors. …

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Vagal Mediated Heart Rate Variability And Cognitive Impairments In Hiv-Seropositive Women, William C. Nicholson Jan 2019

Vagal Mediated Heart Rate Variability And Cognitive Impairments In Hiv-Seropositive Women, William C. Nicholson

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Regardless of sufficient viral suppression, HIV exerts an ongoing inflammatory process that promotes chronic autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, accelerates physiological aging, and increases the risk of developing a spectrum of cognitive disorders (known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders [HAND]). Given this, identifying pathological mediators of this inflammatory response could provide insight into the mechanisms driving HAND. The vagus nerve (indexed by vagal-mediated heart rate variability [vmHRV]) could provide such a mediator as it regulates ANS activity via reciprocal cardio-neural pathways, which regulate inflammation and homeostasis. Vagal dysfunction is associated with persistent inflammatory signaling (e.g., stress or inflammatory-based disorders [such as …

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Early Life Stress And Immune Responses In Adult Rat Kidneys, Ijeoma E. Obi Jan 2019

Early Life Stress And Immune Responses In Adult Rat Kidneys, Ijeoma E. Obi

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Globally, human studies show overwhelming associations between adverse childhood experiences and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risks throughout adult life. As early as 6 years old, there are significant associations between childhood adversity and inflammation, and those association are observed throughout adult life as well. Over a decade ago, rodent models were used to establish the importance of the immune cells in hypertension, which is the major risk factor in developing CVD. Although these associations in humans are important, they pose several limitations that can be overcome by the use of animal models to study the molecular mechanisms that are …

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The Role Of Protein Synthesis Attenuation And Eif2-Alpha Phosphorylation In Retinal Degeneration, Christopher Ryan Starr Jan 2019

The Role Of Protein Synthesis Attenuation And Eif2-Alpha Phosphorylation In Retinal Degeneration, Christopher Ryan Starr

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Inherited retinal degeneration is a class of diseases in which there is no cure and very few treatment options available. An activated unfolded protein response has been detected in various animal models of retinal degenerative diseases. Several groups have found heightened activation of one pathway of the unfolded protein response in particular, the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase signaling cascade, which converges on and phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 to transiently halt protein synthesis and allow the cell to reestablish homeostasis. Although it is widely accepted that this signaling is inherently protective, hyperactivity or …

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Dysregulation In The Central Nervous System Upon Mcmv Infection In Newborn Mice, Cathy Yea Won Sung Jan 2019

Dysregulation In The Central Nervous System Upon Mcmv Infection In Newborn Mice, Cathy Yea Won Sung

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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in infants and children throughout the world. Between 0.2-1.2% of all live births is infected with HCMV in the United States. Approximately 5-15% of these newborn babies will develop long-term neurological damage resulting in motor disorders, mental retardation, and sensorineural hearing loss. Although the neurological sequelae associated with congenital HCMV infections are well characterized, little is known about the pathogenesis of the damage to the central nervous system (CNS). To study the pathogenesis of congenital HCMV infection, we have developed a mouse model in which newborn mice are infected intraperitoneally …

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Therapeutic Mechanisms In Sickle Cell Nephropathy, Crystal Taylor Jan 2019

Therapeutic Mechanisms In Sickle Cell Nephropathy, Crystal Taylor

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Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a commonly inherited genetic blood disorder that causes hypoxia-induced polymerization of mutant hemoglobin resulting in erythrocyte sickling, transient microvascular occlusion, ischemic injury, and end-organ damage. Systemic endothelial dysfunction and vaso-occlusive episodes observed in SCD are particularly deleterious to the kidney, where the hypoxic, hyperosmotic environment of the medulla makes it particularly susceptible to ischemic injury. Over recent decades, chronic kidney disease has emerged as a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity in SCD patients. Despite a growing interest in the importance of sickle cell nephropathy (SCN), therapeutic options are limited and much remains undiscovered regarding …

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The Role Of Protein O-Glcnacylation In Regulating Mitochondrial Function, Jalessa Nicole Wright Jan 2019

The Role Of Protein O-Glcnacylation In Regulating Mitochondrial Function, Jalessa Nicole Wright

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The attachment of O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to the serine/threonine residues of proteins has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in transcriptional regulation, protein activation as well as cell survival. Several studies have reported that elevated O-GlcNAc levels have adverse effects on mitochondrial function. These negative effects have been linked to O-GlcNAc modification of mitochondrial proteins that are integral across multiple metabolic cell processes i.e. VDAC, NDUFA9 and DRP-1. Mitochondrial complexes I, III and IV all contain subunit proteins that are O-GlcNAc modified and increased O-GlcNAcylation of these proteins is associated with deficits in oxidative phosphorylation in these models. Conversely, it has …

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Methods For The Establishment Of A Dss-Induced Ibd Model In Adult Zebrafish, Ningxiang Zeng Jan 2019

Methods For The Establishment Of A Dss-Induced Ibd Model In Adult Zebrafish, Ningxiang Zeng

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of idiopathic chronic inflammatory intestinal conditions. To reveal its pathogenesis, several different animal models have been established. Although no single model captures the complexity of human IBD, each model provides valuable insights into one or another major aspect of disease, and together they have led to the establishment of a generally accepted understanding for human IBD pathogenesis. Recently, zebrafish have become an important platform for IBD research, and several murine IBD outcomes have been adapted to the zebrafish. Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) -induced colitis, the most widely used murine IBD model, has never …

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Exploring The Link Between Dietary Fiber, The Gut Microbiota And Estrogen Metabolism Among Women With Breast Cancer, Ayse G. Zengul Jan 2019

Exploring The Link Between Dietary Fiber, The Gut Microbiota And Estrogen Metabolism Among Women With Breast Cancer, Ayse G. Zengul

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Breast cancer continues to be a very prevalent disease and impacts over 260,000 new patients per year in the United States. The gut microbiota composition may affect breast cancer risk by modulating various hormonal metabolites including endogenous estrogens. Dietary factors impact gut microbial ecology and influence the regulation of estrogen metabolism. Current evidence supports the potential role of dietary fiber in breast cancer prevention and its possible modulating influence on serum estrogen levels through the gut microbiota associated with β-glucuronidase activity. However, this mechanism is not clearly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the associations between dietary fiber, …

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Prevalence Of Drugs In Blood Alcohol Concentrations Above Versus Below 0.08% In Alabama Driving Under The Influence Cases, Charity Buggs Jan 2019

Prevalence Of Drugs In Blood Alcohol Concentrations Above Versus Below 0.08% In Alabama Driving Under The Influence Cases, Charity Buggs

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Driving under the influence of drugs combined with alcohol has become an increasing problem in the United States. When a person provides a breath test that results in less than the 0.08% per se limit, their driving may still be impaired from drug use. Over the past decade, more blood samples from DUI cases involving motor vehicle crashes have tested positive for drugs than for alcohol. Cases with previously analyzed blood samples were taken from the Laboratory Information Management System at the Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences for statistical analysis. The aim of this study was to review reported DUI …

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Predictors Of School Weapon Carrying Among Adolescents, Jonathan Adams Jan 2019

Predictors Of School Weapon Carrying Among Adolescents, Jonathan Adams

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The presence of weapons threatens the safety of all individuals on school grounds. Emergent research suggests factors linked to school weapon carrying may stem from both within and outside the school environment; however, few efforts have been made to identify a comprehensive set of risk and protective factors associated with school weapon carrying. To address this gap, the first manuscript serves as a comprehensive, systematic review of variables associated with higher or lower likelihood an adolescent will carry weapons to school. Results indicated higher rates of weapon carrying among individuals who are male, sexual minority, children of single parents; exhibit …

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Identifying Associated Risk With Exposure Ti Weapon Carrying Among Emerging Adults Living In Disadvantaged Urban Areas In Birmingham, Tolulope Aduroja Jan 2019

Identifying Associated Risk With Exposure Ti Weapon Carrying Among Emerging Adults Living In Disadvantaged Urban Areas In Birmingham, Tolulope Aduroja

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IDENTIFYING ASSOCIATED RISK WITH EXPOSURE TO WEAPON CARRYING AMONG EMERGING ADULTS LIVING IN DISADVANTAGED URBAN AREAS IN BIRMINGHAM TOLULOPE ADUROJA HEALTH EDUCATION/HEALTH PROMOTION ABSTRACT Weapon carrying is a public health concern due to its association with a serious injury, disability or death, and adverse health-related outcomes. Weapon carrying among youth is associated with both intrinsic or internalizing and extrinsic or externalizing factors (Stayton, 2011). Violence in youth and young adults is the 2nd leading cause of death (homicide) in Alabama. Health behavior theories posit that health-relevant attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills drive subsequent actions people take to protect themselves from …

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Identification And Application Of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells For Dental Tissue Regenration, Yousuf Al-Aboosi Jan 2019

Identification And Application Of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells For Dental Tissue Regenration, Yousuf Al-Aboosi

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Mesenchymal stem cells have been very attractive treatment modality in regenerative medicine, but not so much in regenerative dentistry. This can be attributed to the difficulty in obtaining dental origin stem cells without extracting a tooth or other invasive procedures. Autogenous gingival graft harvested from palatal tissue is used as the gold standard for treating single tooth recession. The healing of the gingival graft has been shown to be mostly depended on the recipient side more than the graft itself. This study is aiming to find if the palatal tissue has cells with mesenchymal characteristics that are helping in the …

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