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Do Elephants Eat More Trees When Less Grass Is Available? A Field Study In Kruger National Park, South Africa., Emily Goldberg

Yale Day of Data

Although African bush elephants are often responsible for the majority of herbivore-driven savanna tree mortality, confusion remains regarding the factors that influence their diet. Some elephants either browse or graze almost exclusively, while others balance the two, and the determinants of this variation remain poorly understood. I seek to determine whether grass availability controls the proportion of woody plants in elephant diet and, therefore, the amount of damage elephants do to trees while foraging. Preliminary analysis using already-available data on grass biomass, elephant density, and elephant damage to trees suggest that tree damage is in fact negatively correlated with grass …

Data Collection And Analysis At The Atlas Detector, Savannah Thais

Yale Day of Data

No abstract provided.

Agricultural Finance Act, Taiwan: Legislative Yuan

Documents

No abstract provided.

Sale Of Good Banks To Ubi, Banca D'Italia/Central Bank Of Italy

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No abstract provided.

Regulation W Special Analysis: Impact On National Bank Community Development Corporations, United States: Department Of The Treasury: Office Of The Comptroller Of The Currency (Occ)

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No abstract provided.

Convincing Comeback For Bank Of Cyprus, Alice Gledhill

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No abstract provided.

Ubi Banca Offers Just Eur1 To Buy 3 Rescued Italian Banks, Rachel Sanderson

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No abstract provided.

Italy's Ubi To Buy Rescued Banks, Raise Cash In Latest Clean-Up, Valentina Za, Andrea Mandala

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No abstract provided.

Lone Star Picked As Top Candidate To Buy Portugal's Novo Banco, Axel Bugge

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No abstract provided.

Bulletin No. 12.2, December 16–31, 2016, Commissione Nazionale Per Le Societa E La Borsa

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No abstract provided.

Russia: Inside The Private Bank Backed By The State, Max Seddon

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Using loans from the central bank, Otkritie doubled its assets overnight

Regional Supply Chains: Strengthening Urban-Rural Connections Around The Benefits From Natural Areas, Bradford S. Gentry, Eve Boyce, Abigail Martin, Max Webster, Rachel Weston

Yale School of the Environment Publications Series

Report of the 2017 Berkley Workshop

Held at the Inn at Shelburne Farms, Shelburne, VT - June 2017

Macrobenthos Community Succession In The Northern Gulf Of Mexico Hypoxic Regions: Testing The Pearson-Rosenberg Model, Shivakumar K. Shivarudrappa, Kevin B. Briggs

Journal of Marine Research

The Pearson and Rosenberg (P-R) conceptual model of macrobenthic succession was used to assess the impact of hypoxia (dissolved oxygen concentration ≤2 mg L^–1) on the macrobenthic community on the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The stress-response relationship between bottom-water oxygen concentration and the macrobenthic community was used to determine the ecological condition of the benthic habitat. In lieu of testing the effect of decreasing influence of organic enrichment on the macrobenthic community as a function of distance from the source of organic pollution, we tested the effect of bottom-water dissolved oxygen concentration as a …

The Sea: The Science Of Ocean Prediction, Nadia Pinardi, Pierre F. J. Lermusiaux, Kenneth H. Brink, Ruth H. Preller

Journal of Marine Research

At the beginning of the 20th century Vilhelm Bjerknes defined the “ultimate problem ofmeteorology and hydrography” as the discovery of “the laws according to which an atmospheric or hydrospheric state develops out of the preceding one” and the “precalculation of future states” from gridded analyzed observations—that is, forecasting. The development of the electronic computer and the vision of several meteorologists allowed the transformation of meteorology into a sophisticated scientific discipline based on physics and mathematics. The first successful meteorological forecast was carried out in the 1950s. Meteorological forecasting became an operational activity at the end of the 1960s. The contributions …

Some Considerations About Coastal Ocean Observing Systems, K. H. Brink, Anthony R. Kirincich

Journal of Marine Research

Coastal ocean observing capabilities are evolving rapidly, both in terms of sensors and in terms of the volume of information available. We discuss the aspects of the coastal ocean that make it a unique environment, both in terms of physical processes and measurement techniques. Although many global-level systems are relevant to the coastal ocean, we concentrate on treating systems that are unique to the continental shelf environment. Further, we briefly discuss examples of measurement systems that would be useful for developing and driving ocean prediction systems.

Langmuir Supercells On The Middle Shelf Of The South Atlantic Bight: 1. Cell Structure, D. K. Savidge, A. E. Gargett

Journal of Marine Research

Langmuir circulation cells extending through entire water columns exert a profound influence on sediment transport on shallow shelves, hence their designation as "Langmuir Supercells" (LSs) upon discovery in 2004 in water of 15 m depth at the Long-Term Ecosystem Observatory (LEO) off New Jersey (United States). Until now, similar high-frequency, full water column measurements of turbulent velocities and density fields have not been reported from significantly deeper continental shelf environments. Such deeper measurements are needed to determine whether LSs exist to influence sediment transport outside the inner shelf. In this article, that deficiency is addressed, using measurements from a midshelf …

A New Era For The Sea, K. H. Brink, James J. Mccarthy

Journal of Marine Research

Now in its 80th year of publication, Journal of Marine Research has always striven to serve the oceanographic community by publishing papers vital to the marine research in the long and rich tradition of the Sears Foundation for Marine Research. As such, with this special issue we bring into the fold The Sea, the long-standing highly respected series that provides a continuing, comprehensive, and timely synthesis of the state of knowledge of ocean science...

Rainfall Effect On Sediment And Nutrient Fluxes In A Small Mangrove River, Okinawa, Japan, Kazumi Terada, Yukio Koibuchi, Masahiko Isobe

Journal of Marine Research

To understand the effect of rainfall on sediment and nutrient fluxes in a mangrove river ecosystem, field observations were conducted in the Fukido River, Okinawa, Japan. Water currents and water quality parameters (salinity and turbidity) were measured at the river mouth and upstream, and surface water samples were analyzed for nutrient concentrations (NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, SiO₂-Si, suspended solids [SS], total nitrogen [TN], and total phosphorus [TP]). Observations were conducted on both clear and rainy days, which revealed the effect of weather. SS flux at the river mouth (outflux to sea) and upstream …

Recent Advances In Nearshore Wave, Circulation, And Sediment Transport Modeling, James T. Kirby

Journal of Marine Research

Significant advances in the modeling of nearshore processes have occurred over recent decades as a result of developments in both computational approaches and theoretical understanding. This review examines the present state of progress primarily from a hydrodynamics standpoint, followed by a brief discussion of applications to sediment transport and morphological evolution. Wave-averaged formulations of the wave-current interaction problem and resulting models for wave-induced currents are reviewed in order to compare and contrast radiation stress and vortex force approaches. Waveresolving approaches are then discussed, with an emphasis on the recent rapid development of 3D nonhydrostatic models and their application to a …

Forecast Errors, Goodness, And Verification In Ocean Forecasting, Gary B. Brassington

Journal of Marine Research

Verification is an essential part of the forecast process that provides guidance on the statistical behavior of the system and a framework by which a forecast can be assessed for its "goodness." Much of the framework applicable to ocean forecasting has been developed within the atmospheric community. A review of the available material is given with some commentary on its relevance in the context of ocean forecasting. A statistical theory is presented for errors in an ocean forecast system (both deterministic and ensemble) and for a number of verification metrics. Theoretical results are demonstrated with empirical models and results from …

The Effect Of A Strong Warm Winter On Subtropical Zooplankton Biomass And Metabolism, Inma Herrera, José Lopéz-Cancio, Lidia Yebra, Santiago Hernández-Léon

Journal of Marine Research

Winter 2010 was the warmest of the last 30 years in the subtropical oceanic waters north of the Canary Islands. Sea surface temperature was always above 19°C, promoting a strong stratification and preventing the expected late winter bloom. The knowledge of how planktonic organisms respond to such a warm scenario is of paramount importance to predict the effect of future ocean changes. In this study, zooplankton biomass and gut fluorescence (GF), electron transport system (ETS) activity, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) activity were measured as proxies of metabolism in the oceanic waters north of the Canary Islands during the winter–spring period …

Ocean Dynamics, Gregg Jacobs, Baylor Fox-Kemper

Journal of Marine Research

Operational prediction systems must balance conflicting considerations involved in representing the widest possible range of ocean physics, limited by computational constraints. Choices must be made in prediction systems that exclude particular dynamics to enable feasible solutions within defined resources. We examine some of the basic ocean dynamics that ocean prediction systems intend to represent. The two most basic simplifications are the Boussinesq and hydrostatic. Even with these limitations, ocean models represent a vast range of physical processes, and this enables application to many problems. We examine a succinct range of basic dynamics and consider how these affect operational ocean prediction …

Observations Of The East Madagascar Current System: Dynamics And Volume Transports, Aksel Voldsund, Borja Aguiar-González, Tor Gammelsrød, Jens-Otto Krakstad, Jenny Ullgren

Journal of Marine Research

The South Equatorial Current (SEC) in the Indian Ocean bifurcates when it reaches Madagascar leading, respectively, to the North East Madagascar Current (NEMC), which contours the island flowing northwestward, and to the South East Madagascar Current (SEMC), which flows southwestward. Both branches eventually contribute to the greater Agulhas Current system and thus play a part in the global ocean circulation. In addition, these currents have important effects on the local conditions for marine life. In this study, the NEMC and the SEMC are investigated based on a comprehensive, multidisciplinary survey of the east coast of Madagascar in 2008. Results from …

Reconstructing The Recent Past Ocean Variability: Status And Perspective, Simona Masina, Andrea Storto

Journal of Marine Research

In the last two decades, climate research has benefited from the continuous development of analysis systems dedicated to operational monitoring and forecasting, which opened up the possibility of exploiting the state of the art modeling and data assimilation tools to reconstruct and study the ocean during the past decades. This activity became feasible also thanks to the increasing availability of long time series of high-quality in situ and remotely-sensed observations. Retrospective analyses (or simply reanalyses or ocean syntheses), indeed combine quality controlled reprocessed ocean observations with a state-of-the-art ocean general circulation model (OGCM) using data assimilation methods to estimate the …

The North Icelandic Jet And Its Relationship To The North Icelandic Irminger Current, Robert S. Pickart, Michael A. Spall, Daniel J. Torres, Kjetil Våge, Hedinn Valdimarsson, C. Nobre, G. W. K. Moore, Steingrimur Jonsson, Dana Mastropole

Journal of Marine Research

Shipboard hydrographic and velocity sections are used to quantify aspects of the North Icelandic Jet (NIJ), which transports dense overflow water to Denmark Strait, and the North Icelandic Irminger Current (NIIC), which imports Atlantic water to the Iceland Sea. The mean transports of the two currents are comparable, in line with previous notions that there is a local overturning cell in the Iceland Sea that transforms the Atlantic water to dense overflow water. As the NIJ and NIIC flow along the north side of Iceland, they appear to share a common front when the bottom topography steers them close together, …

A Future For Intelligent Autonomous Ocean Observing Systems, P. F.J. Lermusiaux, D. N. Subramani, J. Lin, C. S. Kulkarni, A. Gupta, A. Dutt, T. Lolla, P. J. Haley Jr., W. H. Ali, C. Mirabito, S. Jana

Journal of Marine Research

Ocean scientists have dreamed of and recently started to realize an ocean observing revolution with autonomous observing platforms and sensors. Critical questions to be answered by such autonomous systems are where, when, and what to sample for optimal information, and how to optimally reach the sampling locations. Definitions, concepts, and progress towards answering these questions using quantitative predictions and fundamental principles are presented. Results in reachability and path planning, adaptive sampling, machine learning, and teaming machines with scientists are overviewed. The integrated use of differential equations and theory from varied disciplines is emphasized. The results provide an inference engine and …

Oil Spill Forecasting (Prediction), George Zodiatis, Robin Lardner, Tiago M. Alves, Yiannis Krestenitis, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Sarantis Sofianos, Katerina Spanoudaki

Journal of Marine Research

Oil spills in the ocean are a matter of concern due to the damaging effect they can have on coastal and offshore resources. This work presents a review of present-day modeling techniques used in the mitigation of oil spills by booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants, and other equipment and the importance of the controlling parameters of these techniques. Three basic questions need to be addressed by oil spill models: (1) where the spill will move, (2) when will the spill get to the modeled endpoints, and (3) what will be its state when it arrives. The first two questions are relatively …

Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Forecasting At Short And Medium Time Scales, Julie Pullen, Richard Allard, Hyodae Seo, Arthur J. Miller, Shuyi Chen, Luciano Ponzi Pezzi, Travis Smith, Philip Chu, José Alves, Rui Caldeira

Journal of Marine Research

Recent technological advances over the past few decades have enabled the development of fully coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling prediction systems that are used today to support short-term (days to weeks) and medium-term (10–21 days) needs for both the operational and research communities. We overview the coupling framework, including model components and grid resolution considerations, as well as the coupling physics by examining heat fluxes between atmosphere and ocean, momentum transfer, and freshwater fluxes. These modeling systems can be run as fully coupled atmosphere-ocean and atmosphere-ocean-wave configurations. Examples of several modeling systems applied to complex coastal regions including Madeira Island, Adriatic Sea, …

The Generation Of Rossby Waves And Wake Eddies By Small Islands, R. C. Musgrave, G. Flierl, T. Peacock

Journal of Marine Research

The influence of small islands on zonal geostrophic currents is examined in a two-layer configuration. An analytic solution for steady quasigeostrophic flow is derived under the assumption of no upstream influence and is validated numerically in a time-dependent quasigeostrophic model. Under these conditions solutions are the sum of two eigenmodes, which are either arrested Rossby waves or evanescent depending on background flow conditions (layer speeds, stratification, and latitude). In contrast to homogeneous flows, arrested Rossby waves in two layers can occur even when the depth mean flow is westward and can be generated both to the east and west of …

Doctors, Death, And Denial: The Origins Of Hospice Care In 20th Century America, Sarah E. Pajka

Kaplan Senior Essay Prize for Use of Library Special Collections

This essay provides insight into the social and cultural trends that led to the creation of hospice care in the United States. The essay covers the changes in treatment of death by the medical profession, from the discussion of tuberculosis sanatoriums and cancer centers in the early 1900s through the rise of medical authority, and the pivotal role of Yale School of Nursing dean Florence Wald in the 1980 opening of Connecticut Hospice, the first modern American hospice facility.