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Quantitative Analysis Of Dynamic Functional Connectivity In The Brain, David O'Connor Oct 2022

Quantitative Analysis Of Dynamic Functional Connectivity In The Brain, David O'Connor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a key tool in translational neuroscience. It has been used to investigate the neurobiological phenomena which underpin traits, behaviors and disorders. However, it’s utilization far from perfect. The field struggles with statistical false positives, model overfitting, and poor generalizability. These issues have greatly impeded translation. The causes are multi-factorial, including, but not limited to; the use of small, homogeneous sample sizes, uncertainty about which brain states contribute to successful brain behavior models, and an unclear relationship between the fMRI blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal and underlying neural activity. Solutions to these issues are …

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An Aristotelian Theory Of The Political Association: An Alternative To Weber, Armando Perez-Gea Oct 2022

An Aristotelian Theory Of The Political Association: An Alternative To Weber, Armando Perez-Gea

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation explores and defends an Aristotelian theory of the state, which I argue should replace the Weberian understanding of the state that dominates social science. Elaborating on Aristotle’s insights, I understand the state as an association with the twin goals of creating a public realm where honor (understood as the recognition of striving to live a life worth remembering) exists and exercising a type of authority which has as its standard non-domination (I call this kind of authority “republican rule”). Apart from these twin goals, the state is built upon a self-sufficient association. I propose this as an alternative …

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Bachahs, Murats, And ShāKhs: The Culture Of Same-Sex Desire In Afghanistan, Ali Abdi Oct 2022

Bachahs, Murats, And ShāKhs: The Culture Of Same-Sex Desire In Afghanistan, Ali Abdi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is an introduction to the culture of same-sex desire in Afghanistan and aims at understanding how (non-normative) gender and sexuality materialize in everyday social relations in Kabul. I conducted ethnographic fieldwork in Kabul (and, for a much shorter period, in Bamyan and Mazar-i-Sharif) between 2016 and 2021. The main population with whom I worked were a group of male-born, non-masculine dancers and sex-workers who used murat for self-identification, a term they had borrowed from the argot of hijras/khwaja siras in Pakistan. By examining the formation of the queer subjectivity of murats, I suggest that the sex/gender world in …

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Deciphering Fact From Fiction: Utilizing Machine Learning To Extract Drivers Of Epigenetic Aging In Cell Culture, Christopher Minteer Oct 2022

Deciphering Fact From Fiction: Utilizing Machine Learning To Extract Drivers Of Epigenetic Aging In Cell Culture, Christopher Minteer

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Aging is associated with dramatic changes to DNA methylation (DNAm), although the causes and consequences of such alterations are unknown. Our ability to experimentally uncover mechanisms of epigenetic aging would be greatly enhanced by our ability to study and manipulate these changes using in vitro models. However, it remains unclear whether the changes elicited by cells in culture can serve as a model of what is observed in aging tissues in vivo. To test this, I developed a computational platform utilizing machine learning (elastic net regression modeling) and consensus clustering to identify modules of CpGs that covary across cumulative doublings …

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The Stream Of The Moment: Music Streaming, Modes Of Listening, And The Curated “Song”, Tatiana Rose Daub Koike Oct 2022

The Stream Of The Moment: Music Streaming, Modes Of Listening, And The Curated “Song”, Tatiana Rose Daub Koike

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

People today largely agree that music streaming is significantly changing the ways we experience music. But what often goes unnoticed is the question of how, exactly, such changes occur. What are the processes that are embedded in a media form that can bring about such broad-scale changes to listening practice? What are some methodological tools we can use to understand these causes and effects? My dissertation seeks to address these questions by exploring how music streaming mediates cultures of musical listening. I will stage a complex relationship between musical ontology, the listening experience, and sonic technologies that forms a perspective …

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Sleep Health In Young Women With Breast Cancer: A Mixed Methods Study, You Ri Hwang Oct 2022

Sleep Health In Young Women With Breast Cancer: A Mixed Methods Study, You Ri Hwang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Sleep disturbance is one of the most common and distressing symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Research has shown that sleep disturbance can adversely affect quality of life and clinical outcomes. Younger aged women with breast cancer represent a unique sub-group of survivors and combined with their developmental stage of life, their survivorship experience is distinctive from older women. Sleep health in young women with breast cancer (YWBC) has not been well studied. Cognitive appraisal of breast cancer and how a woman copes with the experience can potentially affect sleep health. Yet, there is lack of evidence on the effect of …

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Beyond The Inclosure Schema, Michael Burton Oct 2022

Beyond The Inclosure Schema, Michael Burton

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The purpose of the inclosure schema is to reveal uniform structure in many paradoxes. Arguably, if it is successful, these paradoxes all require uniform solutions---a deep result. This dissertation explores the frontiers of inclosure, going beyond the schema in three ways. First, the philosophical project beyond the inclosure schema, the inclosure project, is examined. In particular, an account of the nonformal relation of correspondence between a paradox and an instance of the inclosure schema is given, with the Liar-like paradoxes chosen as test cases. Second, Curry's paradox, a paradox supposedly beyond the schema's reach, is argued to require a solution …

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Novel Erudition: Experience And Expertise In Contemporary French-Language Fictions, Sophia Helverson Oct 2022

Novel Erudition: Experience And Expertise In Contemporary French-Language Fictions, Sophia Helverson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Erudition, as a rich intellectual dialogue with literature and ideas, is what allows the individual “d’exercer sa liberté,” according to French author Céline Minard. In this dissertation, I examine what it means to consider erudition as fundamental not just to intellectual freedom, but to experience itself. Here, I argue that erudition, far from a retreat from reality, is a means of engaging more deeply with the world. As a union of experience and expertise, erudition is a means to understand and to grapple with the constraints upon us, and, as it manifests in fiction, it is also a means to …

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Bureaucratic Violence: Chinese Civil Rights, Racial Capitalism, And The Rise Of Corporations, Yuhe Faye Wang Oct 2022

Bureaucratic Violence: Chinese Civil Rights, Racial Capitalism, And The Rise Of Corporations, Yuhe Faye Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

My dissertation brings legal history, Asian-American history, and studies of racial capitalism into conversation to explore how corporations became the dominant actors in the U.S. economy between 1870 and 1943. It begins with two cases, decided by the Supreme Court on the same day in 1886: Yick Wo v. Hopkins, a San Francisco Chinese civil rights case, and Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, a California county tax case against the state’s largest railroad company. These rulings expanded the constitutional definition of personhood to offer both Chinese noncitizens and corporations the same Fourteenth Amendment protections. Bureaucratic Violence investigates the …

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Algorithm Designs For The Optimization Of Resource Allocation In Networked Systems, Yuang Jiang Oct 2022

Algorithm Designs For The Optimization Of Resource Allocation In Networked Systems, Yuang Jiang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in both the number of connected devices and the volume of data transmitted among them. The unprecedented demands in networked systems bring imperative needs for resource allocation optimization approaches to avoid performance failures such as traffic congestion, overload of computational tasks, excessive energy consumption, etc. However, existing resource allocation approaches are significantly challenged by the increasing heterogeneity (e.g., device heterogeneity and data heterogeneity) in networks and the unpredictability of user demands. In this dissertation, we leverage state-of-the-art tools, such as machine learning, to overcome those challenges. We investigate three specific resource allocation scenarios …

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The Book Of Forgetting: Oblivion And Erasure In Late Medieval England, Clara Wild Oct 2022

The Book Of Forgetting: Oblivion And Erasure In Late Medieval England, Clara Wild

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Over the past few decades, the role of memory in medieval societies and texts has beendetailed by numerous scholars. Forgetting has received much less attention. This project investigates positive portrayals of forgetfulness in medieval texts from fourteenth and fifteenth century England. These texts range from devotional texts such as The Cloud of Unknowing to romances such as Ywain. Although very different in aims and audience, these texts all contain moments in which forgetting rather than remembering is desired. Through these diverse texts, I seek to demonstrate some of the different functions and forms of forgetting. Whether in the mechanics of …

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Bistable Neural Dynamics Underlying Cognition And Spontaneous Activity: Computational Modeling And Empirical Analysis, Daming Li Oct 2022

Bistable Neural Dynamics Underlying Cognition And Spontaneous Activity: Computational Modeling And Empirical Analysis, Daming Li

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Characterizing the spatiotemporal patterns of neural dynamics is crucial to understanding many brain functions and psychiatric disorders. A commonly observed dynamic pattern is bistability, where the neurons switch between a high and a low firing state over the course of time. However, the origin of bistable dynamics and its role in cognitive functions and spontaneous activity remain unclear. In this thesis, we combined empirical data analysis and dynamical systems modeling approaches to quantitatively study brain dynamics. Statistical analysis allowed discovering various patterns of interest hidden in the experimental data, while dynamical systems modeling allowed us to causally test different hypotheses …

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Essays On Obligation And The Moral Status Of Mental States, Mario Attie Picker Oct 2022

Essays On Obligation And The Moral Status Of Mental States, Mario Attie Picker

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation explores the possibility that moral obligation involves not only what we do to others but also how we think and feel about them. We are often angry with people close to us not because of what they did, but rather on account of their feelings. We blame their lack of gratitude, their unjustified jealousy, their indifference. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the philosophical significance of this kind of responses: responses that seem to hold others accountable for their emotions and other mental states. My view is that our practices of accountability show that we have …

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Co(Iii)-Catalyzed Synthesis Of Homoallylic Alcohols And Light-Mediated, Highly Diastereoselective Epimerization Of Saturated N-Heterocycles, Zican Shen Oct 2022

Co(Iii)-Catalyzed Synthesis Of Homoallylic Alcohols And Light-Mediated, Highly Diastereoselective Epimerization Of Saturated N-Heterocycles, Zican Shen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Both transition-metal catalysis and photocatalysis are useful and versatile platforms for developing novel synthetic methodologies. The first two chapters of this dissertation will discuss the development of cobalt(III)-catalyzed C–H bond additions with dienes and carbonyls to access homoallylic alcohols. The third and fourth chapters describe the light-mediated, highly diastereoselective epimerization of saturated nitrogen heterocycles via reversible hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).Chapter 1 describes an efficient CoIII-catalyzed three-component strategy to prepare homoallylic alcohols containing acyclic quaternary centers is disclosed. This transformation enables the introduction of two C–C σ bonds through C–H bond activation and sequential addition to internally substituted dienes and a …

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Microglia Maintain Homeostatic Conditions In The Developing Rostral Migratory Stream, Sarah Jane Meller Oct 2022

Microglia Maintain Homeostatic Conditions In The Developing Rostral Migratory Stream, Sarah Jane Meller

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Microglia are brain-resident immune cells responsible for both maintaining homeostatic conditions necessary for normal neurodevelopment as well as orchestrating the brain’s response to environmental insults. Research into how the immune system and nervous system concomitantly develop and interact will not only improve our understanding of normal neurodevelopment but may provide insights into therapy after brain injury. The innate immune function of microglia phagocytosis is now understood to be involved in the developmental events of neurogenesis and synaptic pruning. However, microglia are also the first-line responders to environmental insults such as infection, trauma or toxins. Thus, if these environmental insults occur …

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Parenting Experiences And Outcomes Among Former Adolescent Mothers: A Mixed Methods Study, Serena Flaherty Oct 2022

Parenting Experiences And Outcomes Among Former Adolescent Mothers: A Mixed Methods Study, Serena Flaherty

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Adverse outcomes for adolescent mothers and their children are significant, often resulting in long-term health inequities. Women who have a first child in adolescence face concurrent demands of parenting and complex developmental demands. Supportive interventions, such as early home visiting programs (EHV), promote positive and nurturing parenting. Minding the Baby® (MTB) is an EHV program designed to improve parenting outcomes among young mothers living in medically underserved communities. The MTB intervention (from pregnancy through the child’s second birthday) was tested through two 2-group randomized controlled trials (RCT; 2002-2016). In the MTB early school-age (ESA) follow-up study (2016-2018), researchers described associations …

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Analyzing The Trophic Structure Of Ancient Communities, Jack Oliver Shaw Oct 2022

Analyzing The Trophic Structure Of Ancient Communities, Jack Oliver Shaw

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Since the proliferation of animal life during the Cambrian (ca. 541-485 million years ago), the biosphere has changed considerably, including long-term trends towards increasing taxonomic and functional diversity within and across ecosystems. Whether and how long-term trends in the evolution of life affected the Earth system is an active area of research, in part because the function and dynamics of ecosystems cannot be inferred by simply summing up the effect of all individuals present. Instead, the effect of diversity on ecosystem-level properties is modulated by the network of links between individuals, including trophic (e.g., predator-prey) and non-trophic (e.g., symbiosis and …

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The Role Of Gene Regulatory Mechanisms In Brain Evolution And Neuropsychiatric Disease, Sydney Keaton Muchnik Oct 2022

The Role Of Gene Regulatory Mechanisms In Brain Evolution And Neuropsychiatric Disease, Sydney Keaton Muchnik

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The human brain is widely acknowledged to be one of the most complex, mysterious, and intriguing structures on earth. Crucial to expanding our understanding of this fascinating organ is exploring the evolutionary processes that culminated in the development of the human brain, but also understanding what happens when the development or function of the brain are altered, as in the case of neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric diseases. While some interesting examples of human-specific protein coding genes with roles in brain development or disease have been identified,1–3 it has been hypothesized that changes in non-coding, regulatory regions have played a primary role …

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Interactions Between Statistical Prediction And Episodic Memory, Brynn Elizabeth Sherman Oct 2022

Interactions Between Statistical Prediction And Episodic Memory, Brynn Elizabeth Sherman

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Every day is a new day, but much of our experience is richly structured and predictable. From the scenery of our walks to the stereotyped nature of conversation, the vast majority of our experiences are ones that we've encountered before. Human memory is thus shaped by the predictable, structured nature of experiences. Our memories contain not only details about unique experiences (episodic memory), such as your tenth birthday, but also commonalities extracted across experience (statistical learning), such as what tends to happen at a birthday party. Notably, these two kinds of memory require opposing computations: episodic memories are formed rapidly …

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Graphene Formation Via Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition: Environmental Implications Of Synthetic Design, Nina Zoran Janković Oct 2022

Graphene Formation Via Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition: Environmental Implications Of Synthetic Design, Nina Zoran Janković

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Nanotechnology’s perceived maturity motivated the assessment of the environmental impacts of the industry in anticipation of the large-scale production of engineered nanomaterial (ENM). However, the relatively early evaluation of ENM risks posed the challenge of discerning relevant use and release scenarios of emerging materials. Further, early evaluation of nanomaterial production efficiencies estimated that nanomaterial syntheses have exceptionally high waste-to-product ratios compared to other materials (e.g., bulk and fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals). Identifying industrially relevant ENMs and their specific synthetic constraints offers an opportunity to influence the manufacturing process to minimize environmental impacts. The first part of this dissertation (Chapter 2) …

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Identification Of Genetic Implications In Psychiatric Disorders, Jiawei Wang Oct 2022

Identification Of Genetic Implications In Psychiatric Disorders, Jiawei Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 8% of the general population, with higher rates in those exposed to extreme stress, including combat veterans or victims of sexual assault. Despite extensive study of the neurobiological correlates of PTSD, little is known about its molecular substrates. In Chapter 1, differential gene expression and network analyses of 4 prefrontal cortex (PFC) postmortem subregions of male and female PTSD subjects demonstrates extensive remodeling of the transcriptomic landscape. The data revealed a highly connected down-regulated set of interneuron transcripts in the most significant gene network associated with PTSD and integration of this data with genotype …

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Control Of Spatiotemporal Dynamics Of Complex Lasers And Applications, Kyungduk Kim Oct 2022

Control Of Spatiotemporal Dynamics Of Complex Lasers And Applications, Kyungduk Kim

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Complex lasers possess numerous spatial degrees of freedom and display diverse and rich behaviors. They open the possibility of laser-on-demand, i.e., providing the desired lasing performance. One example is the broad-area semiconductor laser with many transverse lasing modes, whose nonlinear interactions with gain material may induce lasing instabilities. In this dissertation, we control the spatiotemporal dynamics of multimode quantum-well semiconductor lasers by tailoring the geometry of the laser cavity. Furthermore, we demonstrate novel applications of the multimode lasers in speckle-free imaging and parallel random number generation.First, we investigate the impact of asymmetric cavity geometries---from integrable to chaotic---on the spatiotemporal instabilities …

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Multifunctional Coating & Stabilization Techniques For Solid/Liquid Interface, Xin Shen Oct 2022

Multifunctional Coating & Stabilization Techniques For Solid/Liquid Interface, Xin Shen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Photoelecrochemistry (PEC) and photocatalysis (PC), where solar energy is harvested to drive chemical reactions, are very promising pathways for renewable fuel production and achieving negative carbon emissions. However, many efficient light absorbing materials used as photo absorbers in PEC/PC suffer from corrosion induced by light, shortening the lifetime of PEC/PC devices developed with such materials and thus rendering those devices economically not viable. One example of such material is the narrow bandgap III-V semiconductor. For bare narrow bandgap III-V photoelectrodes, especially photoanodes, the lifetime is always less than hundreds of hours when operated in aqueous solution environment, a common environment …

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Computational Investigations Of Catalytic Surfaces: Methane Oxidation, Carbon Dioxide Reduction, And Chiral Chromatography, Facheng Guo Oct 2022

Computational Investigations Of Catalytic Surfaces: Methane Oxidation, Carbon Dioxide Reduction, And Chiral Chromatography, Facheng Guo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Catalytic surfaces are essential for our daily life, from cracking crude oil for automobiles to producing ammonia as a fertilizer. To have a better understanding of heterogenous catalytic reactions, three different types of catalytic surfaces are computationally investigated in this thesis: metal oxide catalytic surfaces for methane oxidation, a heterogenized catalyst on a metal surface for carbon dioxide reduction, and high-Miller index crystal surfaces for chiral chromatography. The computational investigations are supported by experimental evidence; in situ diffused reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) revealed the reaction mechanism underlying methane oxidation on hematite (110) surfaces, and sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy …

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Enhancing The Creative Process In Digital Prototyping, Zeyu Wang Oct 2022

Enhancing The Creative Process In Digital Prototyping, Zeyu Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Despite advances in computer-aided design (CAD) systems and video editing software, digital content creation for design, storytelling, and interactive experiences remains a challenging problem. This dissertation introduces a series of studies, techniques, and systems along three thrusts that engage creators more directly and enhance the user experience in authoring digital content. First, we present a drawing dataset and spatiotemporal analysis that provide insight into how people draw by comparing tracing, freehand drawing, and computer-generated approximations. We found a high degree of similarity in stroke placement and types of strokes used over time, which informs methods for customized stroke treatment and …

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Economic Measurement For Ecosystem Assets And Services, Ethan Teichman Addicott Oct 2022

Economic Measurement For Ecosystem Assets And Services, Ethan Teichman Addicott

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Impacts from global change are demonstrably affecting ecosystems and natural assets that are central to supporting and sustaining human well-being. To mitigate these impacts effectively, comparable measures to evaluate policy outcomes are needed. The three chapters of this dissertation contribute to scholarship at the intersection of economics and ecosystem measurement using examples from coastal and marine economics. The first chapter addresses the use of information criteria, in particular, Akaike's Information Criterion, for model selection in ecology. In collaboration with other economists and ecologists, I argue that researchers can reach incorrect conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships by relying on information criteria. We …

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Investigating A Locomotor Neuron That Makes A Potential Sensory Cilium Lying Over The C. Elegans Egg-Laying Apparatus, Designing An Accessible System For Neuron Identifications, And Advancing Imaging And Modeling In The Egg-Laying System, Nakeirah Tm Christie Oct 2022

Investigating A Locomotor Neuron That Makes A Potential Sensory Cilium Lying Over The C. Elegans Egg-Laying Apparatus, Designing An Accessible System For Neuron Identifications, And Advancing Imaging And Modeling In The Egg-Laying System, Nakeirah Tm Christie

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The neural circuit for Caenorhabditis elegans egg laying has been studied intensively for decades, yet its known components cannot account for how egg laying and locomotion behaviors are coordinated. In my graduate work within the Koelle lab, I worked to further complete that model circuit. The first half of this dissertation covers my work on the PVP neurons. I discovered that the PVP neuron pair, which has previously been implicated in locomotion, makes previously-undescribed branches that terminate in large wing-shaped endings directly over the egg-laying apparatus. The PVP wing structures occur only in hermaphrodites and develop during the L4 larval …

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Three Essays On Quantifying Emotion, Hortense Fong Oct 2022

Three Essays On Quantifying Emotion, Hortense Fong

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Emotion impacts consumer behavior all throughout the customer journey. While there exists a large body of research on emotion in the behavioral marketing and psychology literatures, quantifying the impact of emotion in the field enriches our understanding of the generalizability of behavioral theories and informs managerial decision-making. In my dissertation, I quantify emotion in two ways: 1) by converting unstructured audio data into structured data using deep learning methods that incorporate domain knowledge from psychology and music theory and 2) by measuring the impact of emotion-related marketing actions on consumer behavior in field settings. In the first essay, which is …

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Short Linear Motif Specificity In Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling, Jaylissa M. Torres Robles Oct 2022

Short Linear Motif Specificity In Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling, Jaylissa M. Torres Robles

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are critical components of complex signal transduction networks that control cell physiology in response to a broad range of stimuli. Alterations to MAPK signaling networks drive many diseases, including cancer, immunological, developmental, neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Despite their high sequence similarity, the three major mammalian MAPK subfamilies (ERK, JNK, and p38) are activated in response to different stimuli and mediate distinct cellular responses. Each MAPK must engage in highly specific interactions with unique substrates, regulators, and activators to achieve appropriate cellular responses. Short linear motifs (known as “D-sites”) found in MAPK interacting partners are thought …

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"Unable To Find Any Trace Of Her": Black Women, Genealogies Of Escape, And Alabama Prisons, 1920 - 1950, Micah Grace Khater Oct 2022

"Unable To Find Any Trace Of Her": Black Women, Genealogies Of Escape, And Alabama Prisons, 1920 - 1950, Micah Grace Khater

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This is a history of Black women’s experiences within, around, and outside of the perimeters of the southern carceral regime. Through an expansive case study of Alabama through the post-World War I moment, the interwar years, the Great Depression, Great Migration, the New Deal, and the infrastructural modernization in the post-World War II moment, this dissertation examines the relationship that carcerality forged between space and time. From penitentiaries, penal camps, and jails, incarcerated Black women challenged the boundaries of carcerality in the rural and urban South. In response, the state ritualized recapture as a mode of epistemological, ontological, and genealogical …

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