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From The Heaviest, Dirtiest Depths To The Washy Ambient Clouds: Guitar Timbre In/As Schismogenesis In North American Christianity, Joshua K. Busman, Nathan Myrick

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

This essay argues that within the socio-cultural context of North American Christianity, the timbral qualities of electric guitar, with its long lineage as a site of cultural values conflict and identity negotiation, serves a theological function in the emerging and cohering sonority of digital worship. Using as comparative case studies the timbral qualities of delay and ambience as promoted and sold by Worship Tutorials as representing normative sonic values for these Christians, on the one hand, and the dialectic and schismatic deployment of distortion by the band My Epic on the other, we suggest that these timbral qualities become important …

Sounds Like 'Saudade': Eschatological Echoes In Brazilian 'Gospel' Music, Fernando Berwig Silva

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

This paper analyzes the song “Saudade” by the Brazilian gospel singer Stella Laura. In the song, I argue that Stella Laura uses Brazilian timbral markers from the Sertanejo and Gospel Brazilian music genres to articulate a unique perspective on eschatology, one that is based on the affective structure of the Lusophone word ‘saudade.’ Furthermore, I contend that the song, rooted in the Brazilian nostalgic sertanejo music tradition, leans on stylistic and timbral tools to communicate the idea of saudade from heaven. Beyond lyrics that feature theological notions of origin, identity, and nostalgia, Stella Laura’s song employs timbral, poetic, …

Introduction: The Power Of Timbre In Religion, Bo Kyung Blenda Im, Nathan Myrick

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

How might attending to timbre shift the boundaries of the experiences and practices that come under the analytical purview of religion? What timbral qualities render prayer efficacious and invite divine encounter? What cosmological claims and social relations are forwarded through sounds invoked in religious rituals and gatherings? How do marginalized voices and instruments shape worshipping communities? On the other hand, how are dominant identities and attendant structures reified through religiously marked timbre? Such questions about the character of sounds and their implications for religion animate this issue of the Yale Journal of Music & Religion.

Safely Exploring Novel Actions In Recommender Systems Via Deployment-Efficient Policy Learning, Haruka Kiyohara, Yusuke Narita, Yuta Saito, Kei Tateno, Takuma Udagawa

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

In many real recommender systems, novel items are added frequently over time. The importance of sufficiently presenting novel actions has widely been acknowledged for improving long-term user engagement. A recent work builds on Off-Policy Learning (OPL), which trains a policy from only logged data, however, the existing methods can be unsafe in the presence of novel actions. Our goal is to develop a framework to enforce exploration of novel actions with a guarantee for safety. To this end, we first develop Safe Off-Policy Policy Gradient (Safe OPG), which is a model-free safe OPL method based on a high confidence off-policy …

Lessons Learned: Katalin Mérő, Salil Gupta

Journal of Financial Crises

Between 1990 and 2010, Katalin Mérő served in various roles for Hungary’s central bank, Magyar Nemzeti Bank, and the Hungarian Financial Supervisory Authority. She led the Economics, Risk Assessment, and Regulatory Directorate between 2005 and 2019 and was the deputy head of the Financial Stability Department. She was also a member of the Joint Board of Appeal of European Supervisory Authority from 2011 to 2021. Mérő graduated from the Corvinus University of Budapest and received a PhD in 2005 from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Since 2016, she has served as an associate professor at Budapest Business School, …

Lessons Learned: Grahame Johnson, Mercedes Cardona

Journal of Financial Crises

Grahame Johnson was named managing director of financial stability at the Bank of Canada in November 2019, just months before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and became adviser to the governor in 2021. The Bank of Canada responded to the economic effect of the pandemic by launching 10 liquidity facilities—nine of them never attempted before—to repurchase securities such as government and corporate bonds, bank acceptances, and commercial paper. The measures were largely successful, and nine of the 10 facilities were unwound by 2022. The tenth, the Government of Canada Bond Purchase Program (GBPP), transitioned into a quantitative easing program …

Lessons Learned: Anthony Dowd, Mercedes Cardona

Journal of Financial Crises

Anthony Dowd was an investment banker when former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker recruited him during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) to be his chief of staff for the President’s Economic Recovery Advisory Board (PERAB). As chairman of the PERAB, Volcker proposed what would become known as the Volcker Rule, a series of guardrails meant to curb banks’ involvement in proprietary trading and investing in private equity or hedge funds; they were adopted in the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. When Chairman Volcker founded the Volcker Alliance in 2013, Dowd became a director and its first treasurer. The alliance is a …

What Policy Combinations Worked?: The Effect Of Policy Packages On Bank Lending During Covid-19, Divya Kirti, Maria Soledad Martinez Peria, Prachi Mishra, Jan Strasky

Journal of Financial Crises

In response to COVID-19, countries frequently adopted multiple types of policies to address the economic and financial effects of the pandemic. This paper analyzes the impact on bank lending of combinations or packages of policies (fiscal, monetary, and prudential) adopted across a broad sample of countries. Using a comprehensive policy announcement–level dataset together with bank-level information, we find that lending grew faster at banks in countries that announced large packages combining fiscal, monetary, and prudential measures (“all-out” packages), especially when uncertainty was high. Both the scope and size of policy packages were important: packages combining all three types of policies, …

Lessons Learned: Stijn Claessens, Owen Heaphy

Journal of Financial Crises

After two decades at the World Bank, Stijn Claessens served as assistant director in the research department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2007 to 2014. From 2015 to early 2017, Claessens was senior adviser in the Division of International Finance at the Federal Reserve Board (Fed), before joining the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) as head of financial stability policy and deputy head of the monetary and economic department in 2017. Claessens left the BIS in September 2023 and is now an executive fellow with the Yale Program for Financial Stability. This Lessons Learned is based on an …

Stressing The Stress Tests, Natasha Sarin, Til Schuermann

Journal of Financial Crises

In the spring of 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank, and First Republic Bank failed, owing to predictable rate hikes by the Federal Reserve. It’s clear from these recent events that the current US stress-testing system is ill-suited to mitigate risk associated with the banking system, especially when looking at smaller regional banks that aren’t subjugated to annual stress testing. Stress testing as a regulatory tool is also exposed to significant legal risks following recent Supreme Court jurisprudence that draws into question the viability of the status quo. Today, regulators and other interested parties must change tacks to craft a …

Cbdc Settlement: Implications For Money Creation And Maturity Transformation, Francesca Carapella

Journal of Financial Crises

This paper analyzes the implications of different models of intermediation, clearing, and settlement of central bank digital currency (CBDC) for the ability of the financial system to create money and, through it, to possibly affect financial stability. Only two models have the potential to limit the private sectors’ ability to create money: a model where the central bank directly opens accounts with the public and a model where the central bank allows intermediaries to perform only custodial activities in CBDC. Under any other intermediation model, money can be created inside the financial system by the intermediaries providing payment services associated …

Disclosure And The Pace Of Drug Development, Colleen Cunnningham, Florian Ederer, Charles Hodgson, Zhichun Wang

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Policies that mandate disclosure of innovative project outcomes aim to increase innovation by limiting wasteful duplicative innovation. Yet, such policies change not only the ex-post information environment but also firms' ex-ante innovation incentives. Firms may slow down their own innovation efforts in anticipation of increased disclosure by others. We examine the innovation-related impacts of the 2017 FDA Final Rule amendment, which mandates disclosure of clinical trial results for pharmaceutical firms. We show that the policy hastened and increased disclosure of results for clinical trials post-completion, but also increased the time to completion of clinical trials, the time between early phases …

Chapter 1: A Brief History Of Archival Appraisal. In Selecting And Appraising Archives And Manuscripts, Michelle Light

Library Staff Publications

This chapter traces the evolution of archival appraisal theory and practice in the United States, situating it within shifting technological, social, and intellectual contexts from the late nineteenth century to the present. In this roughly chronological account, the chapter underscores continuity and disruption in selecting and appraising archival records. It highlights the influence and ongoing critiques of Theodore Schellenberg’s evidential and informational values, as well as subsequent expansions by Maynard Britchford and others. It explores transformative moments such as F. Gerald Ham’s call for coordinated documentation, the development of the Black Box model, the rise of documentation strategy, and the …

Edgeworth Expansions In Curved Cross Section Autoregression, Peter C.B. Phillips

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Edgeworth expansions are developed for the finite sample distribution of the least squares estimator in a time series parametric first order autoregression with Hilbert space curves of cross section data. The main result extends to this functional data environment the Edgeworth expansion in the corresponding scalar time series AR(1). In doing so, the results show how function-valued cross section data, and hence general forms of cross section dependence, affect the finite sample distribution of the serial correlation coefficient. Autoregressions with functional fixed effect intercepts are included and the results therefore relate to dynamic panel autoregression with individual effects. The primary …

What Can Trends In Emergency Department Visits Tell Us About Child Mental Health?, Han Choi, Adriana Corredor-Waldron, Janet Currie, Chris Felton

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Increases in mental health diagnoses and suicidal behaviors in Emergency Departments are often cited as evidence of an accelerating child mental health crisis. We ask whether trends in ED visits provide an accurate picture of changes in U.S. child mental health. These measures have been profoundly affected by changing conventions about screening, defining, and coding of mental illness. We conclude that child mental health has been deteriorating, but not by the startling magnitudes suggested by jumps and trends in some measures such as suicidal ideation. Although reported suicidal behaviors rose 228% from 2006–2021, the true rise in mental health disorders …

Optimal Estimation In A Multicointegrated System, Igor Kheifets, Peter C.B. Phillips

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Optimal estimation is explored in long run relations that are modeled within a semiparametric triangular multicointegrated system. In nonsingular cointegrated systems, where there is no multicointegration, optimal estimation is well understood (Phillips, 1991a). This paper establishes corresponding optimal results for singular systems, thereby accommodating a wide class of multicointegrated nonstationary time series with nonparametric transient dynamics. The optimality and sub-optimality of existing estimators are considered and new optimal estimators of both the cointegrating and multicointegrating coefficients are introduced that are based on spectral regression.

Ethnic Disparities In Thoracic Aortic Dissection And Rupture: A Retrospective Analysis Of Hispanic And Non-Hispanic White Populations, Manuel Gutierrez

Yale School of Medicine Physician Associate Program Theses

Background: Aortic dissections and ruptures are even more strongly life-threatening events for patients who are unable to access care promptly. A dissection can reach 50% mortality rate within 24 hours, and a rupture may exceed 90%. Risk factors such as hypertension, genetics, and age play a role in the development of these events; however, few studies have explored whether marginalized groups, such as Hispanics, experience aortic events more frequently. The primary objective of this investigation is to determine whether there is a difference in the frequency of thoracic aortic dissections or ruptures driven by ethnicity in patients from the Yale …

Identifying Factors Linked To A Higher Prevalence Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Younger Us Military Veterans, Jordan Hathorn

Yale School of Medicine Physician Associate Program Theses

Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder is a significant public health concern in the U.S., with military veterans disproportionately affected. Although younger veterans exhibit a higher prevalence of PTSD compared to their older counterparts, the mechanisms driving this age-related difference remain unclear. This study examined sociodemographic, trauma-specific, and psychosocial factors that may contribute to the elevated prevalence of PTSD in younger (age < 50) vs. older (age 50 and older) veterans.

Methods: Data were analyzed from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS), which surveyed a nationally representative sample of US military veterans (n=4,069).

Results: Younger veterans were three times more likely to screen positive for PTSD compared to …

Beyond Description: Interrogating Narrative Elements In Archival Finding Aids, David J. Williams, Richard Kearney

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

As the archival profession evolves, attention is increasingly paid to the usability of its resources and services. User Experience, or UX, is a contemporary design practice gaining prominence among archivists interested in addressing usability. Information design, the process of organizing and presenting information for efficient and effective use, is a component of UX incorporating both the presentation and content of communication instruments, with plain language writing guidelines applied toward achieving this goal. A prominent information artifact produced by archivists is the finding aid, describing and inventorying archival collections. Those components of finding aids providing “access points” into collections—communicating the …

Associations Among Trauma Exposures, Workplace Factors, And Distress Responses In Archivists, Cheryl Regehr, Wendy Duff, Rachael Lefebvre

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

A growing body of research addresses the emotional impact on archivists from working directly with materials that contain depictions of human suffering and from working with researchers and donors whose own lives are depicted in the records. This study sought to determine the impact of exposures to potentially traumatizing events and ongoing work stressors on symptoms of post-traumatic stress and burnout in archivists, as well as whether organizational factors, including trauma-informed practices, are associated with levels of post-traumatic stress and burnout. Seventy-seven archivists participated in a web-based survey. Findings reveal moderate to strong associations between a variety of potentially distressing …

Community Defining Archives: A Comparative View Of Community Archives Definitions, Britney Bibeault

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

Defining community archives has been described as difficult in academic literature because of the wide range of activities the organizations do and who they represent, leading to a lack of an agreed-upon definition in the field. Until now, a comparison between how community archivists describe themselves and academic definitions of community archiving has not been undertaken. This paper explores the definitions of community archives given by practitioners in their digital community archives and compares them with academic literature. Using both qualitative thematic coding and quantitative word frequency counts, this study found Flinn (2007) and Flinn et al. (2009) definitions are …

Review Of Archiving Cultures: Heritage, Community And The Making Of Records And Memory, Emily Homolka

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

This short, but densely packed, book aims to extend the disciplinary boundaries of archival studies and the ‘archive’ from its focus on tangible history, most commonly the written word, towards a more holistic understanding which allows for the inclusion of intangible, living culture in the ‘cultural archive.’ Archiving Cultures: Heritage, Community, and the Making of Records and Memory by Jeannette A. Bastian takes an interdisciplinary, transhistorical approach to reframe archivists’ understanding of a ‘record’ with the goal of creating archival equity between tangible and intangible cultural heritage.

Review Of Dissonant Records: Close Listening To Literary Archives, Rachel C. Poppen

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

In Dissonant Records: Close Listening to Literary Archives, Tanya E. Clement addresses the 150-year legacy of these audio records and provides a call to action for digital humanists and literary scholars to recognize the research value of archival audio records and to integrate close listening into their research practices. Consisting of case studies on five aspects of close listening (amplification, distortion, interference, compression, and reception), Clement uses these topics to discuss the method of close listening, the use of audio records in research, and access issues to audio recordings in archives.

The Changing Nature Of International Trade And Its Implications For Development, Pinelopi Goldberg, Michele Ruta

Discussion Papers

This paper revisits the relationship between international trade, trade policy, and development in light of the structural, policy, and geopolitical shifts that have transformed globalization over the past decade. While trade has historically supported development through both static and dynamic channels, we argue that the latter—those inducing structural transformation and institutional change—have been far more consequential for long-run development. Through access to global markets, participation in global value chains, and knowledge and technology transfers, and by providing an anchor for reform, trade and trade agreements have contributed to productivity gains, technological progress, quality and skill upgrading, and institutional change in …

The Changing Nature Of International Trade And Its Implications For Development, Pinelopi Goldberg, Michele Ruta

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This chapter revisits the relationship between international trade, trade policy, and development in light of the structural, policy, and geopolitical shifts that have transformed globalization over the past decade. While trade has historically supported development through both static and dynamic channels, we argue that the latter—those inducing structural transformation and institutional change—have been far more consequential for long-run development. Through access to global markets, participation in global value chains, and knowledge and technology transfers, and by providing an anchor for reform, trade and trade agreements have contributed to productivity gains, technological progress, quality and skill upgrading, and institutional change in …

Large-Scale Curve Time Series With Common Stochastic Trends, Degui Li, Yuning Li, Peter C. B. Phillips

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper studies high-dimensional curve time series with common stochastic trends. A dual functional factor model structure is adopted with a high-dimensional factor model for the observed curve time series and a low-dimensional factor model for the latent curves with common trends. A functional PCA technique is applied to estimate the common stochastic trends and functional factor loadings. Under some regularity conditions we derive the mean square convergence and limit distribution theory for the developed estimates, allowing the dimension and sample size to jointly diverge to infinity. We propose an easy-to-implement criterion to consistently select the number of common stochastic …

Growth With Firm-To-Firm Trade, Samuel Kortum, Bernardo Ribeiro

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

We explore how connections between buyers and suppliers of intermediate inputs evolve over time to promote firm growth. To formalize this process we develop a dynamic model of a granular endogenous production network, making stark assumptions that yield a tractable parsimonious framework. In the model, producers gradually build up a network of contacts by meeting other producers and source an intermediate input from their cheapest contact at any moment. They retain full recall, so can always switch to a producer contacted previously, even if they never bought from it before. Through this process the production network itself becomes an endogenous …

Pipeline Vs. Choice: The Global Gender Gap In Stem Applications, Isaac Ahimbisibwe, Adam Altjmed, Georgy Artemov, Andres Barrios-Fernandez, Aspasia Bizopoulou, Martti Kaila, Jin-Tan Liu, Rigissa Megalokonomou, José Montalban, Christopher Neilson, Jintao Sun, Sebastian Otero, Xiaoyang Ye

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Women account for only 35% of global STEM graduates, a share unchanged for a decade. We use administrative microdata from centralized university admissions in ten systems to deliver the first crossnational decomposition of the STEM gender gap into a pipeline gap (academic preparedness) and a choice gap (first-choice field conditional on eligibility). In deferred-acceptance platforms where eligibility is score-based, we isolate preferences from access. The pipeline gap varies widely, from -19 to +31 percentage points across education systems. By contrast, the choice gap is remarkably stable: high-scoring women are 25 percentage points less likely than men to rank STEM first.

Multidimensional Monotonicity And Economic Applications, Frank Yang, Kai Hao Yang

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

We characterize the extreme points of multidimensional monotone functions from [0,1]ⁿ to [0,1], as well as the extreme points of the set of one-dimensional marginals of these functions. These characterizations lead to new results in various mechanism design and information design problems, including public good provision with interdependent values; interim efficient bilateral trade mechanisms; asymmetric reduced form auctions; and optimal private private information structure. As another application, we also present a mechanism anti-equivalence theorem for two-agent, two-alternative social choice problems: A mechanism is payoff-equivalent to a deterministic DIC mechanism if and only if they are ex-post equivalent.

Tariffs And Trade Deficits, Lorenzo Caliendo, Samuel Kortum, Fernando Parro

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

We develop a dynamic multi-country Ricardian trade model with aggregate uncertainty, where trade imbalances emerge as countries exchange goods and assets. We introduce a method for computing counterfactuals in this setting, which doesn't require specifying the stochastic process of shocks or solving for asset prices. Applying the model to tariff shocks, we quantify their effects on prices, income, spending, and trade imbalances. We find that higher U.S. tariffs reduce the U.S. trade deficit through general equilibrium adjustments, but raise domestic prices and lower real consumption. Our findings highlight that movements in trade imbalances are shaped by the structure of global …