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Excess Labor And The Business Cycle, Ray C. Fair

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

No abstract provided.

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Effects Of Expected Future Government Deficits On Current Economic Activity, Ray C. Fair

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

No abstract provided.

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Insurance, Flexibility And Non-Contingent Trades, Russell Cooper

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This paper considers non-contingent trades through either forward markets or simple contracts. The point of the inquiry is to understand the costs and beneﬁts of trades of this nature. We focus on the tradeoﬀ between insurance (a beneﬁt) and the loss of flexibility in decisions (a cost) as determining properties of trading in forward markets. This tradeoﬀ is also used to explore contract length.

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The Central Banking Role Of Clearinghouse Associations, Richard H. Timberlake Jr.

Documents

No abstract provided.

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Engagement Calendar 1984, Yale School Of Nursing

Yale School of Nursing Alumni Newsletters and Magazines

No abstract provided.

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Flux Measurements Across A Finger Interface At Low Values Of The Stability Ratio, Trevor J. Mcdougall, John R. Taylor

Journal of Marine Research

We present the results of laboratory experiments across a sharp finger interface using heat and salt as the properties which contribute to density. Values of the stability ratio R_p as low as 1.2 were achieved so the results approach the range of R_p which is of interest in the ocean. The buoyancy flux ratio, corrected for vertical heat conduction, R_f^* was found to depend on R_p, but at R_p = 1.2, R_f^* is still only 0.65 ± 0.1. Values of Stern's number A = βF_s(l – R_f)/ …

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Effects Of Remote Annual Forcing In The Eastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Joel Picaut, Dennis W. Moore

Journal of Marine Research

An ocean model is used to study the effects of remote annual forcing in the eastern tropical Atlantic. The model is linear, viscid and continuously stratified. The ocean basin is an idealized version of that of the tropical Atlantic, and the wind stress forcing the model is an idealized representation of the annual variation of the equatorial trades in the western Atlantic. Solutions are represented as expansions of the baroclinic modes of the system. The response of each mode is found numerically, not by integrating the equations of motion forward in time, but at a fixed frequency (2π year^{–1 …}

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Wind And Thermal Conditions Along The Equatorial Pacific, Jene-René Donguy, Alain Dessier, Gérard Eldin, Alain Morliere, Gary Meyers

Journal of Marine Research

Variability in heat storage of the equatorial Pacific Ocean during El Nino Southern Oscillation episodes is analyzed from subsurface temperature observations in order to show how the patterns of heat content are related to changes in the Walker Circulation. Large-scale zonal gradients in depth of the thermocline (and dynamic height) are largely in equilibrium with local zonal wind stress. Depth of the thermocline is positively correlated with mixed layer heat content and sea-surface temperature in the central Pacific during a minor El Nino/Southern Oscillation episode in 1969, indicating that the oceanic dynamic response to wind forcing as well as thermodynamic …

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The Influence Of Seagrass Cover On Population Structure And Individual Growth Rate Of A Suspension-Feeding Bivalve, Mercenaria Mercenaria, C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, P. B. Duncan

Journal of Marine Research

The average density of Mercenaria mercenaria in 216 ¼-m² samples taken in spring 1980 from an eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed in Back Sound, North Carolina, was 9.0 m^–2, more than five times the average density (1.6 m^–2) in 216 ¼-m² samples from a nearby sand flat. Size-frequency distributions differed between environments, with the sand flat containing a larger fraction of its Mercenaria in the smallest size class (0–1 cm). Use of internal growth lines to age all Mercenaria collected revealed that age-frequency distributions also differed between environments but that average Mercenaria age …

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Habitat Dimensions Of Calanoid Copepods In The Western Gulf Of Mexico, James A. Cummings

Journal of Marine Research

The vertical distributions of 49 species (53 taxa) of calanoid copepods were determined in cyclonic and anticyclonic hydrographic features in the western Gulf of Mexico for three seasons of the year. The relative intensities of the features varied among seasons, while within seasons the physical structure between features was different. Since the same copepod species were present in both features for all seasons sampled, the contrasting hydrography provided a natural experiment in which to study the mechanisms, biological or physical, acting to influence species vertical distribution patterns. Hierarchial classification analysis revealed that groups of samples characterized by relatively homogeneous biotic …

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Nephelometer And Current Observations At The Stie Site, Panama Basin, W. D. Gardner, J. K. B. Bishop, P. E. Biscaye

Journal of Marine Research

The LDGO-Thorndike film recording nephelometer was used in three modes (profiling, short-term tethered and long-term moored) to measure changes in particle concentrations on time scales of minutes to weeks and space scales of meters to 25 km while measurements were being made on production and settling rates of particles. Although the nepheloid layer had no large near-bottom increase suggestive of local resuspension, there was an unusually thick nepheloid layer due to resuspension and advection of sediment from the basin walls. The concentration of particles increased by a factor of 3 between 900 m and the seafloor at 3840 m, while …

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Comments On "On The Determination Of Absolute Velocities In The Ocean" By M. E. Fiadeiro And G. Veronis, Lee-Lueng Fu

Journal of Marine Research

Fiadeiro and Yeronis (1982, FY hereafter) proposed a procedure that they claimed would lead to the best reference level for computing the absolute velocities in the ocean by the inverse method as described in Wunsch (1978). According to FY, the reference level obtained by the procedure is best because the correction required of the absolute velocities at this level to satisfy a set of imposed constraints is minimum among all the possible levels. However, one likes to ask whether the velocity field resulting from this choice of reference level is necessarily the best in the sense of being closest to …

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Spatial And Temporal Effects Of Salinity, Temperature And Chlorophyll On The Communities Of Zooplankton In The Southeastern Bering Sea, Sharon L. Smith, Julio Vidal

Journal of Marine Research

Analyses of 402 samples collected from late March through early June in 1980 have shown that the two communities of zooplankton over the southeastern shelf of the Bering Sea are kept separate spatially by the lack of advection and frontal characteristics of the salinity distributions. The abundance of copepods over the middle shelf, between 50 and 100 m isobaths approximately, was highly correlated with seasonal warming of the surface layer, while abundances of copepods over the outer shelf and slope were not. The spring bloom of phytoplankton influenced abundances over the middle shelf more profoundly than the outer shelf; of …

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Erratum In "The Importance Of The Diffusive Permeability Of Animal Burrow Linings In Determining Marine Sediment Chemistry," By R. C. Aller; Journal Of Marine Research 41(2): 299-322., Robert C. Aller

Journal of Marine Research

On page 304 The roots, am of equation (3) are correctly defined as… The an preceding the cos function was left out by mistake in the original printed version.

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Ferromanganese Micronodules From The Surficial Sediments Of Georges Bank, L. J. Poppe, R. F. Commeau, J. A. Commeau, F. T. Manheim, P. J. Aruscavage

Journal of Marine Research

Ferromanganese micronodules have been found on Georges Bank, off the U.S. northeast coast, distributed throughout the surficial sediments within an area about 125 km long and at least 12 km wide. These coarse, sand-sized concretions have precipitated from metal-rich interstitial waters and contain many of the textural and structural features common to other neritic nodules. Most of the nodules have accreted around detrital grains, and X-ray powder diffraction analyses indicate the presence of geothite and vernadite (δ-MnO₂) in the ferromanganese layers. Chemical analyses of the micronodules, when compared with similar data on deep-sea manganese nodules, reveal …

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The Importance Of Microalgae, Bacteria And Particulate Organic Matter In The Somatic Growth Of Hydrobia Totteni, Thomas S. Bianchi, Jeffrey S. Levinton

Journal of Marine Research

Laboratory microcosm experiments reveal that benthic microalgae (filamentous blue-green and diatoms) probably constitute the bulk of nutrition in the somatic growth of the deposit feeding mud snail Hydrobia totteni. Despite an apparent excess of nitrogen in the particulate fraction of the sediment, H. totteni grows only about 42% as much in the dark as in the light. Growth in the dark is probably explained by the utilization of filamentous blue greens and, to a lesser extent, bacteria. The additional growth in the light is probably explained by benthic diatoms, as shown in previous studies. Standing-stocks of micro-organisms (bacteria and …

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Reflection Of Low-Frequency Equatorial Waves At Arbitrary Western Boundaries, Mark A. Cane, Peter R. Gent

Journal of Marine Research

Procedures are developed for calculating effects of western boundaries of arbitrary geometry on low-frequency equatorial waves. We show that the mass flux incident at the coast is all returned eastward by equatorial Kelvin waves. Short Rossby waves generated as part of the reflection serve only to redistribute mass along the coast. For the case of a uniformly sloping coast we present formulae and graphical results for the amplitude of the equatorial Kelvin wave reflected at the coast due to incident free Rossby waves. Results are shown to depend on the single parameter γω where γ is the slope of the …

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Abyssal Eddy Kinetic Energy In The North Atlantic, William J. Schmitz Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Both eddy and mean fields have similar zonal and meridional scales of geographical variation in the mid-latitude North Atlantic. The first map of the North Atlantic that contained estimates of the intensity of the abyssal eddy field is now several years old, and in the interim the relevant data base has increased roughly six-fold. Contemporary charts are presented, containing these more recent observations, along with some new styles of data presentation. The basic picture of maximum abyssal eddy kinetic energy near the fully developed Gulf Stream is consistently substantiated, along with a two order or magnitude latitudinal decay (from about …

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Effects Of Velocity Fluctuations On Vertical Distributions Of Phytoplankton, Greg Holloway

Journal of Marine Research

Effects of vertical velocity oscillations (associated with high frequency internal gravity waves) upon the vertical distribution of horizontally averaged phytoplankton concentration are considered. It is suggested that such effects have been systematically misrepresented in previous modeling efforts. Correction terms are derived both for averaged quasi-Lagrangian (isopycnal) models and for averaged Eulerian models. In quasi-Lagrangian models, an apparent modification to growth rate coefficient is obtained. In Eulerian models, velocity fluctuations are shown to induce a net vertical transport which can be described by a “virtual velocity” and which is seen as a correction to eddy diffusivity parameterizations. Difficulties such as negative …

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Influence Of Residents On The Development Of A Marine Soft-Bottom Community, William G. Ambrose Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Field experiments in a Maine estuary were designed to follow community development in newly exposed sediment to determine if resident infauna affect the settlement and survivorship of colonizing infauna and thereby effect changes in community structure. Sets of buckets consisting of control buckets (buckets with previously dried sediment) and two experimental treatments (Nereis virens or Glycera dibranchiata added to dried sediment) were exposed on three dates between June and October 1979 and sampled after 8, 16 and/or 24 weeks. At each sampling, new buckets were established. The index of proportionate similarity comparing the infaunal community of exposure periods with …

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Community Unity: Experimental Evidence For Meiofauna And Macrofauna, Susan S. Bell, Sarah A. Woodin

Journal of Marine Research

The response of two different size classes of marine benthos, macrofauna and meiofauna, to manipulation of disturbance/predation and size specific utilization of biogenic structural refuges by each benthic size category were studied in an intertidal sandflat in Virginia. A field investigation was conducted during August and September 1980 in the same Diopatra tube system which Woodin (1978; 1981) previously utilized for macrofauna I experiments. Predator/disturber exclusion cages were employed to experimentally evaluate changes in patterns of abundance of both meiofauna and macrofauna in areas of varying Diopatra tube densities (0, 1, 3 or 6 Diopatra 0.01 m^–2). Samples …

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Cycling Of Nitrogen By Plankton: A Hypothetical Description Based Upon Efficiency Of Energy Conversion, Dale A. Kiefer, C. Allen Atkinson

Journal of Marine Research

Numerous studies of the nitrogen cycle in the upper ocean have shown that the growth of oceanic phytoplankton is often largely supported by the supply of ammonium excreted by herbivorous zooplankton and members of other tropic levels. Despite considerable knowledge of the growth and metabolic responses of phytoplankton and herbivorous zooplankton to supplies of energy and nutrients, no general quantitative description of nitrogen cycling in the planktonic community has been proposed. Here we present a hypothetical description of a closed, steady state, and well mixed water column in which nitrogen is cycled between a nutrient pool, the crop of phytoplankton, …

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Sediment-Water Exchange In Shallow Water Estuarine Sediments, Steven Emerson, Richard Jahnke, David Heggie

Journal of Marine Research

Pore water profiles in shallow estuarine sediments of Puget Sound show the characteristics of enhanced interstitial-water transport by animal activity. Using an in situ ³H experiment and dissolved silicate profiles we evaluate the transport parameter due to animal activity in the surface 20 cm of sediments to be 1–5 × 10^–7 s^–1 which is in the range of similar parameters determined in other nearshore environments in the U.S. The fluxes of alkalinity, ammonia and silicate across the sediment-water interface due to biological processes are greater than that by one-dimensional molecular diffusion. For the metals Fe, Mn, Cu, …

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Oxalic, Glyoxalic And Pyruvic Acids In Eastern Pacific Ocean Waters, Spencer M. Steinberg, Jeffrey L. Bada

Journal of Marine Research

A sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique has been used to determine the concentration and distribution of several α-keto acids and oxalic acid in seawater samples from a station (28°29′N, 128°38′W) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Glyoxalic, pyruvic and oxalic acids were found to be present. Although the pyruvic acid profile at this station was in general featureless, the profiles for glyoxalic and oxalic acids showed variations which could be attributed to both primary production and heterotropic activity. Surface waters were found to have a combined concentration of glyoxalic and oxalic acids of ∼300 to 400 nm/liter which makes …

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On The Equatorial Pacific Response To The 1982/1983 Ei Nino—Southern Oscillation Event, T. Y. Tang, R. H. Weisberg

Journal of Marine Research

The ocean's response to the 1982/83 EI Nino—Southern Oscillation event was the largest ever documented. In this paper we explore the effects of certain details of the observed zonal wind stress anomaly field upon the ocean's response using a linear, adiabatic, reduced gravity, analytical model. The increase in magnitude of the downwelling response over the composite of previous EI Nino events is attributed to the eastward translation of the observed westerly wind anomaly and the double peaked downwelling at the South American coast is attributed to the amplitude modulation of this anomaly. Effects of an easterly anomaly which appeared to …

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Observations Of An Internal Resonance In A Fjord, J. R. Keeley

Journal of Marine Research

Current meter, CTD and tide gauge data collected in a sill fjord in northern British Columbia are considered. Annual changes in stratification are such that the natural internal period of oscillation of the fjord matches that of the semidiurnal tide in both the spring and fall of the year. Evidence of a semidiurnal internal resonance is sought by calculating the ratio of energy and the relative phase of vertical current shear and the barotropic tide. It is possible to show a strong response in the fall coincides with a phase shift of 180° which is the signature of a resonance. …

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The Effect Of Summertime Shelf Break Upwelling On Nutrient Flux In Southeastern United States Continental Shelf Waters, Larry P. Atkinson, Patrick G. O'Malley, James A. Yoder, Gustav A. Paffenhöfer

Journal of Marine Research

Gulf Stream-induced upwelling at the shelf break of the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) presents water which, in summer, can intrude onto the continental shelf. In July 1979, an XBT survey of the continental shelf revealed such an intrusion of cold water off St. Augustine, Florida. From weekly mappings, it was determined that Gulf Stream water <22.5°C covered 3280 km² and occupied 38 km³ shoreward of the 42 m isobath. Using temperature and nitrate distributions and the T°C:NO³ relationship, we determined that 3200 metric tons of nitrate-nitrogen were advected into the study area. Net nitrate-nitrogen fluxes were 32 μmoles · m …

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Disturbance, Sediment Stability, And Trophic Structure Of Soft-Bottom Communities, P. K. Probert

Journal of Marine Research

Previous studies of marine soft-bottom communities have shown (1) that natural disturbances (especially biologically-mediated disturbances, which are usually localized and recur reasonably frequently) help maintain spatio-temporal heterogeneity of communities, and (2) that biogenic modification of sediment can affect sediment stability with respect to fluid forces and geotechnical properties and that this is an important factor in community organization, particularly in the trophic structure of the macrofauna. It is argued in this paper that natural disturbances, and the ensuing biogenic alterations to sediment stability, may be important in maintaining trophically-mixed communities where deposit feeders do not have an overriding influence on …

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Seasonal And Geographic Variation In The Shell Microstructure Of A Salt-Marsh Bivalve (Geukensia Demissa (Dillwyn)), Richard A. Lutz, George R. Clark Ii

Journal of Marine Research

The microstructure of the inner shell layer of Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn) varies with both the season of calcium carbonate deposition (or dissolution) and the latitude of sampled populations. Living specimens (n = 510) were sampled at monthly and, occasionally, biweekly intervals over a 3-year period from a natural intertidal population in Gulf of Maine estuarine waters. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the inner shell layer growth surface and fractured shell sections of the sampled specimens suggests that the observed structural changes reflect seasonal cycles of aragonite deposition and dissolution. Discrete nacreous tablets generally are deposited during the warmer months …

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Summer Phytoplankton Assemblages And Their Environmental Correlates In The Southern California Bight, D. Goodman, R. W. Eppley, F. M. H. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

Weekly observations of chemical and physical variables, and of phytoplankton abundances, were made over a 21-week period at three stations in the Southern California Bight. Principal component analysis was employed to resolve four phytoplankton assemblages among the 25 taxa with the highest variances for their log transformed abundances. Two of these components were described by the abundance of taxa characteristic of upwelling assemblages—both dominated by diatoms. A third assemblage was dominated by the "red tide" dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra, along with some small diatoms and a coccolithophorid.Canonical correlation analysis of the four phytoplankton components against 13 environmental variables revealed distinct sets …

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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Excess Labor And The Business Cycle, Ray C. Fair

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Effects Of Expected Future Government Deficits On Current Economic Activity, Ray C. Fair

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

Insurance, Flexibility And Non-Contingent Trades, Russell Cooper

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

The Central Banking Role Of Clearinghouse Associations, Richard H. Timberlake Jr.

Documents

Engagement Calendar 1984, Yale School Of Nursing

Yale School of Nursing Alumni Newsletters and Magazines

Flux Measurements Across A Finger Interface At Low Values Of The Stability Ratio, Trevor J. Mcdougall, John R. Taylor

Journal of Marine Research

Effects Of Remote Annual Forcing In The Eastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Joel Picaut, Dennis W. Moore

Journal of Marine Research

Wind And Thermal Conditions Along The Equatorial Pacific, Jene-René Donguy, Alain Dessier, Gérard Eldin, Alain Morliere, Gary Meyers

Journal of Marine Research

The Influence Of Seagrass Cover On Population Structure And Individual Growth Rate Of A Suspension-Feeding Bivalve, Mercenaria Mercenaria, C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, P. B. Duncan

Journal of Marine Research

Habitat Dimensions Of Calanoid Copepods In The Western Gulf Of Mexico, James A. Cummings

Journal of Marine Research

Nephelometer And Current Observations At The Stie Site, Panama Basin, W. D. Gardner, J. K. B. Bishop, P. E. Biscaye

Journal of Marine Research

Comments On "On The Determination Of Absolute Velocities In The Ocean" By M. E. Fiadeiro And G. Veronis, Lee-Lueng Fu

Journal of Marine Research

Spatial And Temporal Effects Of Salinity, Temperature And Chlorophyll On The Communities Of Zooplankton In The Southeastern Bering Sea, Sharon L. Smith, Julio Vidal

Journal of Marine Research

Erratum In "The Importance Of The Diffusive Permeability Of Animal Burrow Linings In Determining Marine Sediment Chemistry," By R. C. Aller; Journal Of Marine Research 41(2): 299-322., Robert C. Aller

Journal of Marine Research

Ferromanganese Micronodules From The Surficial Sediments Of Georges Bank, L. J. Poppe, R. F. Commeau, J. A. Commeau, F. T. Manheim, P. J. Aruscavage

Journal of Marine Research

The Importance Of Microalgae, Bacteria And Particulate Organic Matter In The Somatic Growth Of Hydrobia Totteni, Thomas S. Bianchi, Jeffrey S. Levinton

Journal of Marine Research

Reflection Of Low-Frequency Equatorial Waves At Arbitrary Western Boundaries, Mark A. Cane, Peter R. Gent

Journal of Marine Research

Abyssal Eddy Kinetic Energy In The North Atlantic, William J. Schmitz Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Effects Of Velocity Fluctuations On Vertical Distributions Of Phytoplankton, Greg Holloway

Journal of Marine Research

Influence Of Residents On The Development Of A Marine Soft-Bottom Community, William G. Ambrose Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Community Unity: Experimental Evidence For Meiofauna And Macrofauna, Susan S. Bell, Sarah A. Woodin

Journal of Marine Research

Cycling Of Nitrogen By Plankton: A Hypothetical Description Based Upon Efficiency Of Energy Conversion, Dale A. Kiefer, C. Allen Atkinson

Journal of Marine Research

Sediment-Water Exchange In Shallow Water Estuarine Sediments, Steven Emerson, Richard Jahnke, David Heggie

Journal of Marine Research

Oxalic, Glyoxalic And Pyruvic Acids In Eastern Pacific Ocean Waters, Spencer M. Steinberg, Jeffrey L. Bada

Journal of Marine Research

On The Equatorial Pacific Response To The 1982/1983 Ei Nino—Southern Oscillation Event, T. Y. Tang, R. H. Weisberg

Journal of Marine Research

Observations Of An Internal Resonance In A Fjord, J. R. Keeley

Journal of Marine Research

The Effect Of Summertime Shelf Break Upwelling On Nutrient Flux In Southeastern United States Continental Shelf Waters, Larry P. Atkinson, Patrick G. O'Malley, James A. Yoder, Gustav A. Paffenhöfer

Journal of Marine Research

Disturbance, Sediment Stability, And Trophic Structure Of Soft-Bottom Communities, P. K. Probert

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal And Geographic Variation In The Shell Microstructure Of A Salt-Marsh Bivalve (Geukensia Demissa (Dillwyn)), Richard A. Lutz, George R. Clark Ii

Journal of Marine Research

Summer Phytoplankton Assemblages And Their Environmental Correlates In The Southern California Bight, D. Goodman, R. W. Eppley, F. M. H. Reid

Journal of Marine Research