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Computational Studies Of The Mechanical Properties Of Granular Packings And Granular Metamaterials, Liheng Zhang Apr 2023

Computational Studies Of The Mechanical Properties Of Granular Packings And Granular Metamaterials, Liheng Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Granular materials have fascinating mechanical properties near the onset of jamming. Predicting the bulk mechanical properties of granular materials has been done by applying discrete-element method (DEM) simulations to subsystems with finite system sizes and calculating the ensemble-averaged properties of the subsystems. Many studies using DEM simulations have been done for jammed packings of spherical particles under periodic boundary conditions. However, the most common form of granular materials in the nature and used by industries is non-spherical and in the real world, periodic boundary conditions are not the most representative boundary condition. There have been far less study on jammed …


Essays On The Industrial Organization Of The Digital Economy, Michael Rolland Sullivan Apr 2023

Essays On The Industrial Organization Of The Digital Economy, Michael Rolland Sullivan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Recent years have witnessed a surge in the significance of digital platforms and online retailers. The analysis of digital firms and the industries in which they compete is useful for both furthering general economic knowledge and for informing policy. First, digital firms’ activities incidentally generate digitized data that facilitate the empirical analysis of economic concepts applying to settings traditional and digital alike. Examples of such concepts include network externalities, pass-through of tariffs in vertical relationships, and consumer search. In addition, digital firms differ from traditional firms in ways that matter for the effects of regulation; this makes an understanding of …


Philological Botany: The Poetics Of Plant Classification In Early China And Japan, Loren Waller Apr 2023

Philological Botany: The Poetics Of Plant Classification In Early China And Japan, Loren Waller

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Flowering plants are a primary topic in Chinese and Japanese poetry, often used figuratively to express human emotions. Over time, as poets alluded to earlier works, these plants developed conventional metaphorical meanings. It is natural that such meanings would shift over time, but what is also striking is that historical understandings of the plants themselves, as well as the names used for the plants, also changed over time. An examination of three case studies will show how the identities of these plants changed over time as they were collected within literary texts and commentaries. Chapter 1 on the hibiscus (Ch. …


Joint Equidistribution Of Maximal Flat Cylinders And Holonomies For Anosov Homogeneous Spaces, Elijah Fromm Apr 2023

Joint Equidistribution Of Maximal Flat Cylinders And Holonomies For Anosov Homogeneous Spaces, Elijah Fromm

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Let G be a connected semisimple real algebraic group and P < G be a minimal parabolic subgroup with Langlands decomposition P = MAN. Let Γ < G be a Zariski dense Anosov subgroup with respect to P. Since Γ is Anosov, the set of conjugacy classes of primitive elements of Γ is in one-to-one correspondence with the set of (positively oriented) maximal flat cylinders in Γ\G/M. We describe the joint equidistribution of maximal flat cylinders and their holonomies as their circumferences tend to infinity. This result can be viewed as the Anosov analogue of the joint equidistribution result in rank one by Margulis-Mohammadi-Oh.


Developing E-Covery, An App-Based Intervention To Support Individuals With Co-Occurring Problem Alcohol And Opioid Use, Adam Viera Apr 2023

Developing E-Covery, An App-Based Intervention To Support Individuals With Co-Occurring Problem Alcohol And Opioid Use, Adam Viera

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Background: Co-occurring alcohol and opioid use are an under-addressed factor associated with increased drug overdose mortality. There are many challenges in the treatment of co-occurring alcohol and opioid use with most individuals in need of substance use treatment not receiving treatment services. Those that do have a high likelihood of returning to use, with resumption of use following treatment episodes increasing risk for overdose. Contextual factors have been recognized as triggers of cravings to return to use. Few interventions work to address the effect these factors have on individuals in early recovery, with locations serving as a particularly challenging trigger. …


Peptidic Environments For Site- And Enantioselective Nitrene Transfer, Naudin Van Den Heuvel Apr 2023

Peptidic Environments For Site- And Enantioselective Nitrene Transfer, Naudin Van Den Heuvel

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer remains one of the most powerful methods to introduce nitrogen into minimally functionalized organic frameworks. In recent years, there have been significant advances in the development of catalytic systems to achieve these transformations selectively in increasingly complex environments. Despite this, full site- and stereocontrol remains challenging in many cases. This work describes our contributions to the field of selective metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer, which involve the use of peptide- based environments surrounding the catalytic metal. Chapter 1 places this work in a larger context, introduces the topics of homogeneous catalysis and nitrene transfer, and discusses methods to enable …


Policy Approaches To Address Supply Of Mental Health Treatment In The Us, Siqing Xu Apr 2023

Policy Approaches To Address Supply Of Mental Health Treatment In The Us, Siqing Xu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Millions of Americans experienced some form of mental illness in 2020. To make matters worse, many of these individuals also experience barriers to care. Many of these challenges arise from supply side barriers, that is, a constraint in the mental health workforce. This dissertation evaluates two policies relevant to mental health in the US: (1) Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act and (2) granting nurse practitioners (NPs) full practice authority (FPA). Chapter 1 offers an overview of the current mental health landscape in the US. It provides a discussion of what the US mental health workforce looks like, barriers …


Spin Manipulation With Optical And Microwave Photons In Integrated Platform, Sihao Wang Apr 2023

Spin Manipulation With Optical And Microwave Photons In Integrated Platform, Sihao Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The rapid development of quantum information technology has fueled a vast interest in sourcing the optimal platform according to the application needs. Solid state spin system emerges from many popular choices for its favorable optical and microwave properties to achieve complex functionalities in quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing. Interfacing spins with thin film nanophotonic circuits opens up the opportunities to harvest not only the advantages from spins, including long coherence and high quantum-efficiency fluorescence, but also the advantages of the mature fabrication technologies for low loss, high throughput nanophotonic structures. Such an integrated system with spins plays an …


Pushing The Frontiers Of Non-Equilibrium Dynamics Of Collisionless And Weakly Collisional Self-Gravitating Systems, Uddipan Banik Apr 2023

Pushing The Frontiers Of Non-Equilibrium Dynamics Of Collisionless And Weakly Collisional Self-Gravitating Systems, Uddipan Banik

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm of cosmology, structure formation occurs via gravitational encounters and mergers between self-gravitating structures like galaxies and dark matter halos. This perturbs galaxies and halos out of equilibrium. These systems are collisionless, i.e., cannot relax within the Hubble time via two-body encounters, thereby prevailing in a state of non-equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium at best. However, such perturbed collisionless systems can relax via other mechanisms such as phase-mixing, Landau damping and violent relaxation. Phase-mixing and Landau damping take several dynamical times to achieve completion. Both these processes can be described using a linear order perturbation of the collisionless Boltzmann …


Necroptotic Cell Death Sensing Directly Promotes Fibroblast And Macrophage Inflammatory Effector Responses, Lindsey Demaree Hughes Apr 2023

Necroptotic Cell Death Sensing Directly Promotes Fibroblast And Macrophage Inflammatory Effector Responses, Lindsey Demaree Hughes

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Programmed cell death is carried out by a wide array of molecularly executed pathways. We postulated that the ensuing tissue effector response to cellular corpses reflects this diversity in cell death modalities. Importantly, the demise of a cell does not immediately coincide with the termination of its capacity to relay information to the surrounding tissue. We have previously described that apoptotic cell death in the lung, in the context of helminth infection and an IL-4-rich environment, is sensed by macrophages to direct the resolution of inflammation and induction of a tissue repair gene expression program. In organs like the gut, …


Essays On Growth And Inequality, Trevor Colton Williams Apr 2023

Essays On Growth And Inequality, Trevor Colton Williams

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

I present three essays in growth and inequality. The first chapter considers the geographic distribution of research and development (R&D). A few cities perform a large share of R&D in the United States. The social return to R&D depends not only on the size of knowledge spillovers but also on the size of profits. To the extent that knowledge transmission is imperfect across space, these two objects vary across space.While prior literature has documented local knowledge spillovers, there is little systematic evidence on geographic variation in private profits from R&D. In this direction, I document a new fact from the …


Scattering For Schrödinger Operators In The Presence Of Anisotropic Potentials, Tal Malinovitch Apr 2023

Scattering For Schrödinger Operators In The Presence Of Anisotropic Potentials, Tal Malinovitch

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

One of the classical questions in the scattering theory of quantum particles is asymptotic completeness for short-range potentials. Short-range potentials are potentials that decay fast enough in all directions, and asymptotic completeness means, in this context, that we can decompose any state into two functions: an asymptotically free one (that behaves as though there was no potential present) and one that lays in the closure of the $L^2$-eigenfunctions of our Hamiltonian.In this thesis, based on two papers, we study the scattering properties of Schrödinger operators with potentials that have short-range decay in some, but not all, directions. For these operators, …


Essays On Leadership, Domestic Politics, And Diplomacy, Michael Goldfien Apr 2023

Essays On Leadership, Domestic Politics, And Diplomacy, Michael Goldfien

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation explores leadership and the politics of diplomacy at the international and domestic levels. How do leaders shape and intervene in their domestic environments to gain diplomatic advantages on the international stage? And how does political accountability constrain leaders on matters of cooperation? The dissertation includes three chapters that address these questions. The first chapter argues that regime type determines whether hawkish or dovish leaders are more likely to achieve a rapprochement with international rivals. Using game theory and quantitative and qualitative empirics, it shows that doves are more likely to achieve a rapprochement when they lead autocracies rather …


Socially Responsible Operations: Essays On Public Sector Management, Yu Shi Apr 2023

Socially Responsible Operations: Essays On Public Sector Management, Yu Shi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation studies a range of topics in social responsibility and the operations of public sector. The three essays presented in this dissertation are intended to provide normative recommendations to better inform public-policy decisions, through the examination of private-public sector interactions. Chapter 1 focuses on the enforcement of environmental/labor regulations and highlights the role of self-inspection by the regulated entity. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the management of the Australian blood bank. The chapters identify a causal relationship between blood age and hospital demand, and propose novel remedies to improve the blood bank's supply chain. Chapter 1, "Competing to …


Pediatric Cerebral Arachnoid Cysts Are Genetically-Encoded Harbingers Of Neurodevelopmental Pathology, Garrett Allington Apr 2023

Pediatric Cerebral Arachnoid Cysts Are Genetically-Encoded Harbingers Of Neurodevelopmental Pathology, Garrett Allington

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cerebral arachnoid cysts (ACs) are among the most common human developmental brain lesions, yet, because ACs are not possible to reliably model in lower mammals, the pathogenic mechanisms driving AC formation remain poorly understood. To begin to elucidate AC pathogenesis, we performed an integrated analysis of 617 proband-parent exome trios, 152,898 brain and meningeal single-cell transcriptomes, and artificially-intelligent natural language processor data of proband medical records. We found damaging de novo variants (DNVs) were highly enriched in AC probands versus controls (P = 1 .57 × 10-33). Seven genes harbored an exome-wide significant DNV burden. AC-associated genes are enriched for …


High-Resolution Planetary Forensics, Samuel Cabot Apr 2023

High-Resolution Planetary Forensics, Samuel Cabot

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Planetary bodies maintain records of their past and present states. These records are stored within atmospheric chemistry, interior petrology, and orbital dynamics. Often, they are corrupted by physical processes: irradiation, erosion, dynamical chaos, or collisions; or, their signatures are too weak for robust interpretation. These planetary bodies are “uncommunicative worlds.” Examples of these worlds span our Solar System’s planets, interstellar objects, and distant exoplanets. Only limited information can be gleaned by current-generation instruments. These objects require an innovative class of “planetary forensics” to elucidate their occurrence rates, formation pathways, and evolutionary histories. In this dissertation, I invent new techniques and …


Essays On Inequality, Zara Contractor Apr 2023

Essays On Inequality, Zara Contractor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation focuses on understanding inequality in US labor markets.The first two chapters focus on technological inequality, and the third on racial and gender disparities. The first chapter, joint with Bledi Taska, asks how software adoption impacts the skill-sets firms require for jobs. We estimate the causal effect of firms adopting a software type—such as sales or accounting software—on their skill requirements and labor demand. Our data are US job postings 2010 –2019 assembled by Lightcast. We use keywords in job posting text to measure jobs’ analytic and social skill requirements, and also to identify software adoptions at the firm-occupation …


Novel Uses Of Machine Learning For Differential Jet Quenching Measurements At The Lhc, Hannah Jean Bossi Apr 2023

Novel Uses Of Machine Learning For Differential Jet Quenching Measurements At The Lhc, Hannah Jean Bossi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

At sufficiently high temperatures and pressures, QCD matter becomes a hot and dense deconfined medium known as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Collisions of relativistic heavy ions are used to recreate the QGP, providing a rich laboratory for exploring the mysteries of the strong interaction. The intrinsic and dynamic properties of the QGP are probed with jets, narrow cones of particles resulting from the scattering of quarks and gluons with a high momentum transfer. In heavy-ion collisions, jets interact with the QGP as they traverse it, leading to jet energy loss and modification of the jet's internal structure. The ALICE detector …


Limits Of Asymptotically Fuchsian Surfaces In A Closed Hyperbolic 3-Manifold, Fernando Al Assal Apr 2023

Limits Of Asymptotically Fuchsian Surfaces In A Closed Hyperbolic 3-Manifold, Fernando Al Assal

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Let $M$ be a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold. Let $\nu_{\Gr M}$ denote the probability volume (Haar) measure of the 2-plane Grassmann bundle $\Gr M$ of $M$ and let $\nu_T$ denote the area measure on $\Gr M$ of an immersed closed totally geodesic surface $T\se M$. We say a sequence of $\pi_1$-injective maps $f_i:S_i\to M$ of surfaces $S_i$ is \emph{asymptotically Fuchsian} if $f_i$ is $K_i$-quasifuchsian with $K_i\to 1$ as $i\to \infty$. We show that the set of weak-* limits of the probability area measures induced on $\Gr M$ by asymptotically Fuchsian minimal or pleated maps $f_i:S_i\to M$ of closed connected surfaces $S_i$ …


Human Cerebral Organoids For Modeling Neurodevelopmental And Infectious Disease, Ce Zhang Apr 2023

Human Cerebral Organoids For Modeling Neurodevelopmental And Infectious Disease, Ce Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Human cerebral organoids are three-dimensional cultures of brain-like tissue that model early human fetal cortical development. They recapitulate important neurodevelopmental events, including neural progenitor cell expansion, formation of a well-defined outer radial glia layer resembling the human outer subventricular zone, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. In this study, I utilize cerebral organoids generated from induced pluripotent stem cells as a human-specific platform to investigate the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental and infectious central nervous system disease. The immediate application for cerebral organoids is to address the global healthpandemic of COVID-19 and its associated neurological manifestations. I demonstrate that exposure of cerebral organoids to …


Neutral-Current Neutral Pion Production Measurement In Microboone Using Wirecell, Giacomo Scanavini Apr 2023

Neutral-Current Neutral Pion Production Measurement In Microboone Using Wirecell, Giacomo Scanavini

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation presents the first-ever measurements of the inclusive flux-averaged differential cross sections for neutral-current neutral pion production in $\pi^0$ momentum and cos$\theta$ on argon, as well as exclusive cross section measurements based on proton multiplicity. The NC$\pi^0$ channel is a significant source of photon background in long-baseline neutrino oscillation appearance searches and in NC$\Delta$ single-gamma production rate in MicroBooNE. The lack of previous measurements in the sub-GeV to few GeV neutrino energy region, specifically on argon, makes this investigation a priority.The measurements were conducted using the MicroBooNE detector, which is a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber exposed to the …


First Measurement Of Inclusive Muon Neutrino Charged Current Triple-Differential Cross Section On Argon, London Cooper-Troendle Apr 2023

First Measurement Of Inclusive Muon Neutrino Charged Current Triple-Differential Cross Section On Argon, London Cooper-Troendle

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The field of accelerator neutrino experiments is entering an era of precision oscillation measurements in which many of the remaining unknown neutrino measurements will be determined. The upcoming DUNE and Hyper-K experiments aim to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and degree of Charge-Parity (CP) violation in the neutrino sector, providing potential insight on the matter-antimatter imbalance observed in the universe. However, these experiments require highly accurate measurements, and neutrino cross section modeling uncertainties may limit their capabilities. Cross section measurements at current-generation experiments can aid the development of neutrino interaction models to reduce these uncertainties. This is especially true for …


Evaluating Novel Diagnostics In Covid-19 And Malaria, Jillian Armstrong Apr 2023

Evaluating Novel Diagnostics In Covid-19 And Malaria, Jillian Armstrong

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Although there have been significant improvements in recent decades, emerging and established infections continue to represent a significant contribution to the global burden of disease. Diagnostics play a critical role at the population level for infectious disease surveillance and at the individual level for patient care decisions. However, adequate diagnosis can be challenging in high-risk populations and resource-limited settings. In my dissertation, I present work on repeat positive SARS-CoV-2 testing in nursing home residents and the detection and differentiation of hemozoin, a parasite-derived biomarker, produced by human malaria species. In the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, little was known …


Questioning The Intuitive Preference For Intentionality, Alexander Goldklank Fulmer Apr 2023

Questioning The Intuitive Preference For Intentionality, Alexander Goldklank Fulmer

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Primarily, my dissertation challenges the longstanding and intuitive preference for intentionality and effort. I explore ways in which consumers, employees, and organizations can actually derive benefit from chance and unintentional outcomes over and above otherwise identical intentional outcomes. Past research has illuminated that perceiving an actor’s intentionality leads to heightened perceptions of effort, and work in both marketing and social psychology has documented that perceptions of effort frequently heighten quality perceptions of and preference for outcomes. Complementing this work, my dissertation highlights contexts which illuminate benefits that can arise from chance and unintentional outcomes.The three essays that make up my …


Cryogenic Studies Of Upper Atmosphere: Chemical Species And Reactions, Anton Luke Lachowicz Apr 2023

Cryogenic Studies Of Upper Atmosphere: Chemical Species And Reactions, Anton Luke Lachowicz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The atmosphere provides a different medium than Earth’s surface, with a different background of radiation as well as far from standard pressure and temperature. It can be home to unique chemical reactions. Measuring the fundamental properties of these systems is required to understand the macroscopic effects observed in the atmosphere. In order to obtain these measurements, gas-phase techniques such as cryogenic ion spectroscopy and selected ion flow tube experiments are employed. Solution-phase and bulk gas-phase measurements suffer from difficulty isolating unique species and keeping them in uniform environments. On the other hand, cryogenic ion spectroscopy benefits from a more uniform …


Increasing Gene Targeting Efficiency Through T-Dna Amplification In Plants, Lauren Dickinson Apr 2023

Increasing Gene Targeting Efficiency Through T-Dna Amplification In Plants, Lauren Dickinson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In gene targeting, a double strand DNA break is created in a gene ofinterest, and the break is repaired via homologous recombination using an exogenous DNA donor template (DT) harboring a desired modification flanked by sequences homologous to the target locus. If the cell undergoes homologous repair using the template, the desired modification can be copied onto the gene of interest. This is a highly worthwhile process, given that virtually any modification could potentially be made to an endogenous target. However, in plants, the process of gene targeting is extremely inefficient, often to the point that it is impossible, or …


Improved Computational Strategies To Investigate Mechanisms Of Immune Response In The Tumor And Wound Healing Microenvironments From Single-Cell Data, Kathryn Helen Bridges Apr 2023

Improved Computational Strategies To Investigate Mechanisms Of Immune Response In The Tumor And Wound Healing Microenvironments From Single-Cell Data, Kathryn Helen Bridges

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology enable unbiased, whole transcriptome profiling of tissues, which have revolutionized systems-level studies of these complex microenvironments. Computational analyses of scRNA-seq data have the potential to provide a tissue-level snapshot of cell types, their associated cell states, and a map of their interactions with other cells in the tissue. However, choosing the optimal approach to reconstruct biologically interpretable cell communities from the sparse single-cell transcriptomes collected in scRNA-seq data, especially in the context of dynamic biologically processes, remains a challenge. This is especially true when analyzing dynamic immune processes, which include many cell types, cell …


Efficient Material Authoring By Inverse Material Modeling, Yiwei Hu Apr 2023

Efficient Material Authoring By Inverse Material Modeling, Yiwei Hu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

A real-world material can have a complex and unique visual appearance, making material modeling a challenging problem in computer graphics. From accurate measurement to light-weight capture, from tabulated representation to parametric models, current research trends in material modeling aim at the faithful reproduction of material appearance and at flexible systems for material design. Among the various proposed modeling frameworks, by-example inverse modeling methods provide an efficient way to create and edit digital materials. Users only need to provide a material sample e.g., a photo, and an algorithm automatically creates a material with similar appearance, significantly reducing the effort required in …


Identification And Characterization Of Regulators In The Developmental Process Leading To Infectious Trypanosoma Brucei, Justin Toh Apr 2023

Identification And Characterization Of Regulators In The Developmental Process Leading To Infectious Trypanosoma Brucei, Justin Toh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite responsible for causing vector-borne diseases in vertebrate animals. The parasite is transmitted by the tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, T. brucei significantly impacts Africa’s agriculture-based economy, causing approximately 3 million deaths in cattle per year estimated to cost up to $1.2 billion USD. The effects of trypanosomiasis on the economy are far-reaching as this reduces the supply of milk, meat, and draught power, and decreases soil fertility and employment income (Abro et al., 2021). Thus, there is a pressing need for research …


Magical Realism In The Middle Ages: The Marvelous Merlin Of Arthurian Legend, Aaron Richard Kestle Apr 2023

Magical Realism In The Middle Ages: The Marvelous Merlin Of Arthurian Legend, Aaron Richard Kestle

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The figure of Merlin conjures the image of the enchanter par excellence. He is a magician and a prophet; he changes shape in the blink of an eye; and he reads and records the omens of the kings of Britain. Thus, Merlin is the locus around which the magical and the marvelous proliferate in Arthurian legend. These marvelous qualities are linked to many sources: a long-standing tradition of popular magic and divination, contemporary Christian beliefs, and even autochthonous Brythonic culture and literature. Yet, these magical events – which have inspired clear disbelief and rejection among skeptical readers both medieval and …