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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Spain: Bfa-Bankia Group Restructuring, 2012, Lakshimi Swaminathan
Spain: Bfa-Bankia Group Restructuring, 2012, Lakshimi Swaminathan
Journal of Financial Crises
In 2010 and 2011, seven troubled savings banks (cajas) merged to form Banco Financiero y de Ahorros, S.A. (BFA), which the government capitalized with EUR 4.5 billion (USD 5.9 billion) in convertible securities, and BFA’s commercial banking subsidiary, Bankia (BFA, together with Bankia, was referred to as the BFA-Bankia Group). As a double-dip recession extended BFA-Bankia Group’s expected credit losses in Spain’s real estate market in 2012, third-party stress tests determined that the Group was deeply insolvent. On November 27, 2012, Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria (FROB), Spain’s newly established national resolution authority, and the Bank of Spain (BoS) approved …
Portugal: Banco Espírito Santo Restructuring, 2014, Salil Gupta
Portugal: Banco Espírito Santo Restructuring, 2014, Salil Gupta
Journal of Financial Crises
Banco Espírito Santo (BES) was the second-largest private bank in Portugal in 2014, with assets of EUR 80 billion (USD 81 billion). A capital increase of EUR 1.1 billion to the BES was concluded on market terms in June 2014. In July 2014, BES breached minimum capital requirements and reported a EUR 3.6 billion loss owing to improper loans made to the nonfinancial arm of the Espírito Santo (ES) group. The Bank of Portugal (BOP) adopted a resolution measure for BES on August 3, 2014, to safeguard financial stability by protecting all depositors and ensuring continuation of operating activities of …
Luxembourg: Kaupthing Bank Luxembourg Restructuring, 2008, Ayodeji George
Luxembourg: Kaupthing Bank Luxembourg Restructuring, 2008, Ayodeji George
Journal of Financial Crises
The nationalization of Iceland’s Kaupthing Bank hf on October 9, 2008, caused a situation of cross-default and a depositor run at its subsidiary, Kaupthing Bank Luxembourg S.A. (KBL). A cross-default entitles creditors to request immediate execution of their claims. KBL responded on the same day by requesting and receiving a suspension of payments regime (including depositors) from a Luxembourg court, which also appointed administrators. The administrators placed KBL’s operations for sale later that month, receiving a bid from a private fund, Blackfish Capital, which crafted a restructuring plan that creditors approved on June 5, 2009. The restructuring plan, carried out …
Netherlands: Sns Reaal Restructuring, 2013, Ayodeji George
Netherlands: Sns Reaal Restructuring, 2013, Ayodeji George
Journal of Financial Crises
In February 2013, the Dutch minister of finance nationalized SNS Reaal, a financial conglomerate that was primarily composed of SNS Bank and Reaal Insurance, after the firm proved unable to remedy a large capital deficit caused by losses in the real estate portfolio of SNS Bank. Alongside the nationalization, the minister of finance announced a EUR 3.7 billion (USD 5 billion) rescue package that included a capital injection and significant restructuring. The goals of the restructuring plan were to isolate the real estate portfolio in a “bad bank” and to sell the insurance subsidiary. The state transferred shareholding responsibilities to …
Latvia: Parex Bank Restructuring, 2008, Bailey Decker
Latvia: Parex Bank Restructuring, 2008, Bailey Decker
Journal of Financial Crises
Heading into the Global Financial Crisis, JSC Parex banka was Latvia’s second-largest bank in terms of assets, comprising 13.8% of total assets in the Latvian banking sector. In autumn 2008, Parex faced a capital shortfall due to massive credit and market losses in addition to increasing liquidity problems and deposit runs of 240 million Latvian lats (USD 428.6 million). Parex had two senior syndicated loans maturing in February and June 2009, totaling EUR 775 million (USD 992 million), or nearly one-sixth of the bank’s total liabilities. Latvian authorities doubted that Parex would be able to pay back, extend, or replace …
Italy: Restructuring Of Four Banks, 2015, Salil Gupta
Italy: Restructuring Of Four Banks, 2015, Salil Gupta
Journal of Financial Crises
The Italian government and Bank of Italy (BoI) presented a collective plan to resolve the crisis at four regional banks in Italy in November 2015, to safeguard the local economies in which these small and medium-size banks were located. The four banks had suffered from low or negative equity capital due to losses in loans to small and medium enterprises and retail clients and were placed under special administration between 2013 and 2015, with unsuccessful attempts to raise private capital. Italian regulators split each bank into a bridge or new bank, comprising all the good assets and liabilities of the …
Iceland: Landsbanki Restructuring, 2008, Ayodeji George
Iceland: Landsbanki Restructuring, 2008, Ayodeji George
Journal of Financial Crises
Iceland’s three largest banks—Landsbanki, Kaupthing, and Glitnir—grew rapidly in the 2000s and failed amid depositor runs when they lost access to foreign funding markets at the onset of the Global Financial Crisis. On October 6, 2008, the Icelandic Parliament passed the Emergency Act, and authorities quickly used their new powers to nationalize the three banks. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (Ministry of Finance) created new versions of the three banks to hold the old banks’ performing domestic assets and all insured domestic deposits, and the prime minister assured all domestic depositors that they would be protected. Nonperforming domestic …
Hungary: Magyar Külkereskedelmi Bank Restructuring, 2014, Lakshimi Swaminathan
Hungary: Magyar Külkereskedelmi Bank Restructuring, 2014, Lakshimi Swaminathan
Journal of Financial Crises
In September 2014, the Hungarian state acquired Magyar Külkereskedelmi Bank (MKB), the country’s fifth-largest foreign-owned commercial bank, from Bayerische Landesbank (BayernLB) of Germany, at a depressed price. Before the sale, BayernLB recapitalized MKB by waiving its outstanding claims on the bank. The European Union had required BayernLB to sell MKB by the end of 2016 as a condition for its approval of the official support BayernLB received during the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–09. But the Hungarian central bank, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (MNB), remained concerned about the risk of further losses in MKB’s commercial and residential real estate loan portfolio. …
Greece: Ate Bank Restructuring, 2012, Stella Schaefer-Brown
Greece: Ate Bank Restructuring, 2012, Stella Schaefer-Brown
Journal of Financial Crises
The Agricultural Bank of Greece (ATE Bank) faced serious difficulties throughout 2008, 2009, and 2010. In 2011 and 2012, ATE Bank’s capital situation deteriorated further because of its exposure to the Greek sovereign debt crisis and the 50% haircut of privately held Greek bonds. In March 2012, the Bank of Greece conducted a viability assessment of ATE Bank and submitted a report to the Greek authorities recommending the resolution of ATE Bank through the purchase and assumption of specific assets and liabilities by another bank and the resolution of remaining nonperforming assets and liabilities through a bad bank. This assessment …
Greece: Piraeus Bank Restructuring, 2015, Stella Schaefer-Brown
Greece: Piraeus Bank Restructuring, 2015, Stella Schaefer-Brown
Journal of Financial Crises
In 2015, Greece began the open-bank recapitalization of Piraeus Bank (the Bank), which continued over an extended period. Concurrently, Greek authorities and Piraeus Bank formulated a restructuring plan. The restructuring and recapitalization of Piraeus Bank used funds that the European Stability Mechanism provided as part of the country’s third economic adjustment program since its sovereign debt crisis began in 2010. In October 2015, a supervisory asset quality review and stress test identified a capital shortfall of EUR 4.66 billion at Piraeus Bank due to Greek sovereign debt and other troubled credit exposures. The following month, the Bank raised EUR 1.94 …
Denmark: Roskilde Bank Restructuring, 2008, Bailey Decker
Denmark: Roskilde Bank Restructuring, 2008, Bailey Decker
Journal of Financial Crises
Roskilde Bank A/S was the eighth-largest bank in Denmark at the time of the Global Financial Crisis, with 43 billion Danish kroner (DKK; USD 9.1 billion) in consolidated assets as of March 2008. Roskilde had considerable exposure to real estate and construction markets, prompting ratings downgrades and larger write-downs than expected. On July 10, 2008, Roskilde asked for liquidity assistance from the Danish central bank, Danmarks Nationalbank (DNB). DNB and the banking sector group, Private Contingency Association (PCA), announced emergency liquidity assistance in the form of an unlimited credit facility to Roskilde on July 10, 2008, conditioned on Roskilde’s full …
Denmark: Andelskassen J.A.K. Slagelse Restructuring, 2015, Lakshimi Swaminathan
Denmark: Andelskassen J.A.K. Slagelse Restructuring, 2015, Lakshimi Swaminathan
Journal of Financial Crises
Andelskassen J.A.K. Slagelse was a small Danish cooperative bank with fewer than 4,000 depositors in 2015. Late that year, owing to years of corporate misgovernance and concentrated exposures to large borrowers, Andelskassen found itself on the brink of insolvency. On October 5, 2015, the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority (DFSA) notified the country’s resolution authority, the Financial Stability Company (FSC), that Andelskassen could not meet its solvency requirement and that its resolution was in the public interest. Consequently, the FSC took over the bank, wrote down all relevant capital instruments to zero, imposed losses on uninsured depositors and other creditors, and …
Cyprus: Laiki Bank And Bank Of Cyprus Restructuring, 2013, Stella Schaefer-Brown
Cyprus: Laiki Bank And Bank Of Cyprus Restructuring, 2013, Stella Schaefer-Brown
Journal of Financial Crises
In 2011, Cyprus’s second-largest bank, Marfin Popular Bank—later renamed Cyprus Popular Bank but commonly known as Laiki Bank—lost billions of euros on Greek government securities when the European Union decided to haircut Greek government bonds. This damaged Laiki Bank’s equity and shut its access to market liquidity. In late 2011, supervisors estimated the bank’s capital shortfall at EUR 3.1 billion. As Laiki Bank faced severe liquidity problems from depositor withdrawals, the Central Bank of Cyprus (CBC) began to extend emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) to the bank in October 2011. In January 2012, the bank submitted a recovery plan to the …
Belgium: Fortis Group Restructuring, 2008, Ayodeji George
Belgium: Fortis Group Restructuring, 2008, Ayodeji George
Journal of Financial Crises
Fortis Group, a financial conglomerate with subsidiaries in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, faced share price deterioration and a depositor run as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) intensified in September 2008. On September 29, the three governments announced a EUR 11.2 billion bailout package that would allow the Fortis Group to continue operating with recapitalized subsidiaries. As part of that deal, Belgium contributed a EUR 4.7 billion capital injection to the Belgian subsidiary, Fortis Bank Belgium (FBB), which held both the group’s Belgian bank and its main Dutch and Luxembourgish banking activities. However, the cross-border cooperation fractured after the failure …
Belgium, France, Luxembourg: Dexia Group Restructuring, 2011, Ayodeji George
Belgium, France, Luxembourg: Dexia Group Restructuring, 2011, Ayodeji George
Journal of Financial Crises
Dexia Group (Dexia, or the Group), a banking and insurance conglomerate, was the world’s largest municipal lender in 2008, with major operations in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg. Heavy exposure to the US housing market at the onset of the Global Financial Crisis caused EUR 3.3 billion in losses, and Dexia faced runs from Belgian and Luxembourgish depositors in late September 2008. On September 30, 2008, authorities announced a EUR 6.4 billion (eventually EUR 6 billion) public and quasi-private capital injection for Dexia to remain adequately capitalized amid market distress. The European Commission (EC) approved the Group’s transformation plan on February …
Austria: Heta Asset Resolution Restructuring, 2015, Bailey Decker, Eming Shyu
Austria: Heta Asset Resolution Restructuring, 2015, Bailey Decker, Eming Shyu
Journal of Financial Crises
Hypo Alpe Adria (HAA) was Austria’s sixth-largest bank by assets at the time of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009. HAA pursued a growth strategy in southeastern Europe in the years preceding the GFC—emboldened by a liability guarantee from the Austrian state of Carinthia—which proved troublesome for HAA’s loan portfolio and led to large write-downs in autumn 2008. From December 2008 to April 2014, Austria provided EUR 5.8 billion in total capital injections—during which time the government nationalized HAA. Per European Commission (EC) authorization of State Aid, Austria had to submit a restructuring plan, which the EC approved in …
Survey Of Resolution And Restructuring In Europe: Pre- And Post-Brrd, Christian M. Mcnamara, Carey K. Mott, Salil Gupta, Greg Feldberg, Andrew Metrick
Survey Of Resolution And Restructuring In Europe: Pre- And Post-Brrd, Christian M. Mcnamara, Carey K. Mott, Salil Gupta, Greg Feldberg, Andrew Metrick
Journal of Financial Crises
This paper surveys 19 case studies of bank resolutions and restructurings across 15 Key Design Decisions. It focuses on interventions that occurred in Europe both in the years leading up to the adoption of the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) in 2014 (when many jurisdictions were constrained by a lack of legal authority) and in the years after the BRRD was in place. The main themes that emerge are: (a) the need for resolution and restructuring to eliminate uncertainty about an institution’s solvency by closing it, recapitalizing it, or merging it with a healthier institution; (b) the importance of …
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Péter Ákos Bod, Péter Ákos Bod, Matthew A. Lieber
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Péter Ákos Bod, Péter Ákos Bod, Matthew A. Lieber
Documents
The Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS) interviewed Péter Ákos Bod regarding his experience and expertise on economic policymaking in Hungary
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Ádám Banai, Ádám Banai, Matthew A. Lieber, Salil Gupta
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Ádám Banai, Ádám Banai, Matthew A. Lieber, Salil Gupta
Documents
The Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS) interviewed Ádám Banai regarding his time as an analyst and director of the National Bank of Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Bank, or MNB) during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and in the subsequent era to date.
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Til Schuermann, Til Schuermann, Mercedes Cardona
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Til Schuermann, Til Schuermann, Mercedes Cardona
Documents
The Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS) interviewed Til Schuermann regarding his time as senior vice president at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, specifically his role helping design programs that assessed the health of banking sector, including the Supervisory Capital Assessment Program (SCAP), and he help investigate the origins of the crisis as it relates to the securitization of subprime mortgage credit.
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Andrew Williams, Andrew Williams, Mercedes Cardona
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Andrew Williams, Andrew Williams, Mercedes Cardona
Documents
The Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS) interviewed Andrew Williams about his time as deputy assistant secretary for public affairs, at the US Department of the Treasury, where he served as spokesman for Secretary Timothy Geithner in 2009–10. Williams was previously VP of media relations and public affairs at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) in 2007–2009 and served Geithner’s spokesman when he was president of the FRBNY.
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Júlia Király, Júlia Király, Matthew A. Lieber
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Júlia Király, Júlia Király, Matthew A. Lieber
Documents
The Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS) interviewed Julia Király about her time as deputy governor of the National Bank of Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Bank, or MNB) and, more specifically, her involvement in Hungary’s response to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC).
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Ádám Balog, Ádám Balog, Matthew A. Lieber
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Ádám Balog, Ádám Balog, Matthew A. Lieber
Documents
The Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS) interviewed Ádám Balog regarding his ex-perience as a top government official in Hungary’s Ministry of Economy and the central bank of Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Bank, or MNB) during the aftermath of the Global Fi-nancial Crisis (GFC). Balog gained his initial professional experience as a business and financial consultant for private multinational corporations in the second decade of Hunga-ry’s transition to market economics system.
Natural Language Processing Implementation: Electronic Medical Record Alerts For Child Abuse, James Robbins
Natural Language Processing Implementation: Electronic Medical Record Alerts For Child Abuse, James Robbins
Yale School of Medicine Physician Associate Program Theses
Suspected child abuse in emergency departments is best managed by a specialist team trained to distinguish abuse from non-abuse. Previous researchers have developed clinical decision support tools to aid frontline clinicians recognize often subtle signs of child abuse. However, little is published about the success of integration of these tools into clinical practice. Our objective is to explore the efficacy of a natural language processing tool developed and validated by researchers at Yale by measuring changes in referral rates to Yale’s child protection team before and after implementation of the tool in the form of electronic medical record alerts. This …
Capital Conservation Buffer, European Systemic Risk Board
Capital Conservation Buffer, European Systemic Risk Board
Documents
No abstract provided.
116th Annual Report Swiss National Bank 2023, Swiss National Bank
116th Annual Report Swiss National Bank 2023, Swiss National Bank
Documents
No abstract provided.
First Republic Bank Bid Evaluation Briefing, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Fdic)
First Republic Bank Bid Evaluation Briefing, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Fdic)
Documents
No abstract provided.
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Miguel Carcaño, Miguel Carcaño, Mercedes Cardona
Ypfs Lessons Learned Oral History Project: An Interview With Miguel Carcaño, Miguel Carcaño, Mercedes Cardona
Documents
No abstract provided.
Statement By The Governing Council: Changes To The Operational Framework For Implementing Monetary Policy, European Central Bank (Ecb)
Statement By The Governing Council: Changes To The Operational Framework For Implementing Monetary Policy, European Central Bank (Ecb)
Documents
No abstract provided.
Changes To The Operational Framework For Implementing Monetary Policy, European Central Bank (Ecb)
Changes To The Operational Framework For Implementing Monetary Policy, European Central Bank (Ecb)
Documents
No abstract provided.