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Significance Of "Atypia" Found On Needle Biopsy Of The Breast: Correlation With Surgical Outcome, Anika Nina Watson Jan 2007

Significance Of "Atypia" Found On Needle Biopsy Of The Breast: Correlation With Surgical Outcome, Anika Nina Watson

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Although core needle biopsy has been shown to be effective in diagnosing both benign and malignant mammographically detected lesions in the breast, it has also been shown to underestimate cancer most likely due to sampling error. Since a diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia versus malignancy is based on quantitative factors (which could be affected by an error in sampling), the current recommendation is surgical excision for atypical hyperplasia diagnosed on core biopsy. The purpose of the study was to determine if a subset of patients with atypia diagnosed by core biopsy fit the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (BI-RADS) Category …

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Simulations Of Phytoplankton Species And Carbon Production In The Equatorial Pacific Ocean 2. Effects Of Physical And Biogeochemical Processes, Baris Salihoglu, Eileen E. Hofmann Jan 2007

Simulations Of Phytoplankton Species And Carbon Production In The Equatorial Pacific Ocean 2. Effects Of Physical And Biogeochemical Processes, Baris Salihoglu, Eileen E. Hofmann

Journal of Marine Research

A one-dimensional multi-component lower trophic level ecosystem model that includes detailed algal physiology is used to investigate the response of phytoplankton community and carbon production and export to variations in physical and biochemical processes in the Cold Tongue region of the equatorial Pacific Ocean at 0N, 140W. Results show that high-frequency variability in vertical advection and temperature is an important mechanism driving the carbon export. Filtering out low frequency physical forcing results in a 30% increase in primary production and dominance of high-light adapted Prochlorococcus and autotrophic eukaryotes. Sensitivity studies show that iron availability is the primary control on carbon …

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Rapid Consumption Of Phytoplankton And Ice Algae By Arctic Soft-Sediment Benthic Communities: Evidence Using Natural And 13c-Labeled Food Materials, Ming-Yi Sun, Michael L. Carroll, William G. Ambrose Jr., Lisa M. Clough, Li Zou, Glenn R. Lopez Jan 2007

Rapid Consumption Of Phytoplankton And Ice Algae By Arctic Soft-Sediment Benthic Communities: Evidence Using Natural And 13c-Labeled Food Materials, Ming-Yi Sun, Michael L. Carroll, William G. Ambrose Jr., Lisa M. Clough, Li Zou, Glenn R. Lopez

Journal of Marine Research

Reduction of sea ice in the Arctic may significantly alter the relative fluxes of phytoplankton and ice algae to the seafloor. To examine the response of Arctic benthic communities to changing food supplies, we incubated sediment cores collected from two sites (Smeerenburg Fjord, northwest Svalbard in May 2003 and Storfjord Trench, Barents Sea in May 2004) with controlled additions of natural phytoplankton and ice algal assemblages, and laboratory-cultured 13C-labeled ice algae (Nitzschia frigida, in 2004 only). We measured sediment respiration, pigments, lipid biomarkers, and compound-specific δ13C signals over the course of incubations. Both communities responded …

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Modeling Sensitivity Of Biodiffusion Coefficient To Seasonal Bioturbation, Pascal Lecroart, Sabine Schmidt, Pierre Anschutz, Jean-Marie Jouanneau Jan 2007

Modeling Sensitivity Of Biodiffusion Coefficient To Seasonal Bioturbation, Pascal Lecroart, Sabine Schmidt, Pierre Anschutz, Jean-Marie Jouanneau

Journal of Marine Research

Biodiffusion coefficient is the predominant parameter used to constrain biological activity in marine sediments. Bioturbation characterization is important because of the dominant role it plays on the flux determination through the sediment-water interface. Biological mixing is quantified through models of radionuclides diagenesis by both a biodiffusion coefficient (Db) and a mixed depth (L) under the basic steady-state assumption. Based on a new global compilation of radionuclide data in marine sediments and on previously published modeling results, we show that short-live radionuclides are perfectly devoted to quantify biological mixing for sediments associated with λL2/Db lower than 125, λ representing …

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Notes On The Modeling Of Methane In Aging Hydrothermal Plumes, G. C. Nihous, S. M. Masutani Jan 2007

Notes On The Modeling Of Methane In Aging Hydrothermal Plumes, G. C. Nihous, S. M. Masutani

Journal of Marine Research

Marine hydrothermal vent fields represent a unique environment for the study of aerobic microbial methane oxidation because of high methane concentrations and limited spatial and temporal scales. Earlier data collected in lateral plumes at the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, including methane concentration, methane oxidation rate and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), are carefully interpreted with a suite of simple analytical models. Methane oxidation is defined with a rate constant k as a first order process with respect to both substrate and methanotroph concentration. This elementary formalism coupled with simplified representations of advection and …

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Greenland’S Island Rule And The Arctic Ocean Circulation, Terrence M. Joyce, Andrey Proshutinsky Jan 2007

Greenland’S Island Rule And The Arctic Ocean Circulation, Terrence M. Joyce, Andrey Proshutinsky

Journal of Marine Research

In order to explain observed southward water transport of 2-3 Sv through Davis Strait, a simple extension of Godfrey's (1989) Island Rule and a 2-D idealized numerical model simulations were made for the flow around Greenland. Godfrey's theory has been extended to permit inclusion of Bering Strait inflow and bottom friction to represent the dissipation supplied by the porous Canadian Archipelago in the modeled flow west of Greenland. In both models, the forcing has been applied in a quasi-steady manner to the circulation via climatologic wind stresses and using wind forcing for the high and low Arctic Oscillation (AO) index …

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Social Support And Reproductive Health In 15 To 24 Year Old Immigrant Latinas In The San Francisco Bay Area, Ahou Meydani Jan 2007

Social Support And Reproductive Health In 15 To 24 Year Old Immigrant Latinas In The San Francisco Bay Area, Ahou Meydani

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

This study examines how social support is related to reproductive health risk among 15-24 year old immigrant Latinas residing in the San Francisco Bay Area. This is a cross-sectional, clinic-based study, composed of a sample of 68 immigrant Latina women, aged 15-24 (mean 18.7, S.D. 2.2), recruited from waiting rooms at two clinics in Oakland. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and provided blood and self-obtained vaginal swab specimens to test for sexually transmitted infections. Three dimensions of social support were assessed: 1) functional support, using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey; 2) structural support (quantity of support sources); …

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Medicine@Yale July/August 2007 Volume 3, Issue 4, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications Jan 2007

Medicine@Yale July/August 2007 Volume 3, Issue 4, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications

Medicine@Yale - development newsletter

Medicine@Yale : advancing biomedical science, education and health care was a print and online newsletter which published news about academics, research and philanthropy for alumni, donors, faculty, students and the general public. It was initially published 6 times a year and then changed to a quarterly schedule. The first issue came out June/Jul. 2005. The final issue was published in May/June 2022, vol. 17, issue 1. Published by Yale School of Medicine, Office of Communications.

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Medicine@Yale May/June 2007 Volume 3, Issue 3, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications Jan 2007

Medicine@Yale May/June 2007 Volume 3, Issue 3, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications

Medicine@Yale - development newsletter

Medicine@Yale : advancing biomedical science, education and health care was a print and online newsletter which published news about academics, research and philanthropy for alumni, donors, faculty, students and the general public. It was initially published 6 times a year and then changed to a quarterly schedule. The first issue came out June/Jul. 2005. The final issue was published in May/June 2022, vol. 17, issue 1. Published by Yale School of Medicine, Office of Communications.

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Medicine@Yale March/April 2007 Volume 3, Issue 2, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications Jan 2007

Medicine@Yale March/April 2007 Volume 3, Issue 2, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications

Medicine@Yale - development newsletter

Medicine@Yale : advancing biomedical science, education and health care was a print and online newsletter which published news about academics, research and philanthropy for alumni, donors, faculty, students and the general public. It was initially published 6 times a year and then changed to a quarterly schedule. The first issue came out June/Jul. 2005. The final issue was published in May/June 2022, vol. 17, issue 1. Published by Yale School of Medicine, Office of Communications.

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Medicine@Yale January/February 2007 Volume 3, Issue 1, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications Jan 2007

Medicine@Yale January/February 2007 Volume 3, Issue 1, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications

Medicine@Yale - development newsletter

Medicine@Yale : advancing biomedical science, education and health care was a print and online newsletter which published news about academics, research and philanthropy for alumni, donors, faculty, students and the general public. It was initially published 6 times a year and then changed to a quarterly schedule. The first issue came out June/Jul. 2005. The final issue was published in May/June 2022, vol. 17, issue 1. Published by Yale School of Medicine, Office of Communications.

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Facts & Figures 2007 Yale School Of Medicine, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications Jan 2007

Facts & Figures 2007 Yale School Of Medicine, Yale School Of Medicine Office Of Communications

Facts & Figures – annual Yale School of Medicine numbers

Provided by the Office of Communications, the Facts and Figures brochure is produced annually as a way to provide a snapshot of key facts and data related to the School of Medicine as well as the Medical Campus. This includes enrollment data, research activity, financial summaries, and more.

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The Impact Of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol On Five-Year Mortality In Older Adults, Lisa Millman Nov 2006

The Impact Of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol On Five-Year Mortality In Older Adults, Lisa Millman

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III) guidelines have defined a high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) of <50 mg/dL in women and <40 mg/dL in men as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our research aim was to examine the relationship between untreated HDL-C levels below this recommended level on five year cardiovascular, stroke, and all-cause mortality in adults over 71 years of age. The Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) is a prospective cohort study of community dwelling adults over 65 years of age in East Boston, MA; Iowa and Washington Counties, IA; New Haven, CT; and Durham, NC. The National Institutes of Aging (NIA) started EPESE to study health, social, psychological, and economic aspects of older adults lives through extensive annual interviews. The EPESE dataset is further enriched by serum measures including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, BUN and creatinine, which were obtained at the sixth annual follow-up interview. Our primary outcome was all-cause mortality with secondary mortality outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary artery disease (CAD) not AMI, and congestive heart failure (CHF). The mean age of our cohort was 78.7 years with the majority being female (63.86%), white (88.15%), and married (52.80%). Just over half (52.07%) of our cohort met the criteria for low HDL-C as defined by ATP III. Chi square and Fisher exact test were used to compare demographics (age, gender, race, marital status, education), clinical variables (history of MI, cancer, diabetes, angina, smoking, alcohol use), and functional variables (activities of daily living, gross mobility, cognitive status) at baseline and five year follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were created using a step-wise approach to assess the impact of low HDL-C on mortality. Low HDL-C was not significantly associated with crude all-cause (P= .413), AMI (P= .473), CHF (P= .259), and stroke (P= .345) mortality. HDL-C was significantly associated with unadjusted CAD (P= .033) mortality. However, after adjustment for demographics, clinical, and functional variables as well as the other blood values all outlined above, HDL-C was not associated with five year all-cause, AMI, CAD, CHF or stroke mortality with adjusted hazard ratios of (HR=1.03, 95% CI 0.90-1.18), (HR=1.09, 95% CI 0.70-1.71), (HR=1.33, 95% CI 0.91-1.92), (HR=1.07, 95% CI 0.63-1.81) and (HR=0.80, 95% CI 0.51-1.27) respectively. In older community dwelling adults enrolled in EPESE, low HDL-C levels as stratified by current recommended guidelines (<50 mg/dL in women and <40 mg/dL in men) were not associated with increased risk of five-year cardiovascular, stroke or all-cause mortality. HDL-C alone may have minimal effect on future longevity in older adults due to competing risk and co-morbid conditions. Further studies are required to determine whether the movement toward more aggressive lipid profile interventions specifically to raise HDL-C in older adults would prove beneficial in this growing segment of our population.

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Effect Of Soy Isoflavone Protein And Soy Lecithin On Endothelial Function In Healthy Postmenopausal Women, Mary Pearson Nov 2006

Effect Of Soy Isoflavone Protein And Soy Lecithin On Endothelial Function In Healthy Postmenopausal Women, Mary Pearson

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of soy isoflavone protein concentrate and soy lecithin on endothelial function measured as flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery in healthy postmenopausal women. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover trial, twenty-five subjects (mean age 61 years; BMI 25.46 kg/m2) were recruited from the general population of southwestern Connecticut. Subjects underwent endothelial function testing using high frequency ultrasound at baseline and following 4 weeks of each randomly assigned treatment with intervening 4-week washout periods. Treatment assignment included: soy isoflavone protein (SP, 25gm/day) or soy lecithin (SL, 20gm/day) alone …

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Effect Of Counterface Roughness On The Cross-Path Wear Of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene, Mary Turell Nov 2006

Effect Of Counterface Roughness On The Cross-Path Wear Of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene, Mary Turell

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is used worldwide as a bearing material in total joint replacement prostheses. Despite its excellent biocompatibility and high wear resistance, wear of UHMWPE components continues to be a major problem limiting the clinical lifespan of UHMWPE-containing orthopaedic implant devices. Multi-directional motion or cross-path motion is known to affect wear rates of UHMWPE in total knee and hip replacement prostheses. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of counterface roughness on the cross-path wear of UHMWPE and to determine if the previously established unified theory of wear model could accurately predict wear rates …

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Multiple Laser Photocoagulation Treatments For The Management Of Diabetic Macular Edema, Sadhna Vora Nov 2006

Multiple Laser Photocoagulation Treatments For The Management Of Diabetic Macular Edema, Sadhna Vora

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The purpose of this study was to evaluate functional and funduscopic outcomes amongst patients receiving multiple treatments with macular laser photocoagulation for clinically significant diabetic macular edema. A record review was conducted of patients who had multiple macular laser treatments for diabetic macular edema. As part of routine follow-up for diabetic macular edema, visual acuity and funduscopic findings were assessed before a given laser treatment and at 6 months afterwards. The study included 64 eyes from 41 patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the proportion of eyes that showed funduscopic improvement after treatment 1 versus the proportion of …

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Identification And Role Of The Mta1 Complex In Small Intestinal Carcinoids Malignancy, Michelle Zikusoka Nov 2006

Identification And Role Of The Mta1 Complex In Small Intestinal Carcinoids Malignancy, Michelle Zikusoka

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Background: Carcinoid tumors are rare tumors that, despite advances in medical research, have remained enigmatic. Carcinoid tumors can be categorized using gross pathological, histological, and biochemical profiles. While of some utility, this classification method fails to enable accurate determination of malignant potential. Incorporation of molecular analysis of carcinoids will create a paradigm shift in classification. To this end, high throughput technologies such as Quantitative RT PCR, Tissue Microarray, and cDNA Microarray will facilitate such changes. In our investigations, cDNA microarray analysis identified Metastasis-associated protein-1 (MTA1), Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), and aberrant transcriptional regulation as factors involved in the molecular pathogenesis …

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The Effects Of Menstrual Phase On The Response Of Cutaneous Microvasculature, Margaret Rose Nov 2006

The Effects Of Menstrual Phase On The Response Of Cutaneous Microvasculature, Margaret Rose

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Estrogen is well-known to be protective against cardiovascular disease in women. In addition to improving lipid metabolism, it also decreases vascular resistance and enhances vascular reflexes, thereby improving vasomotor stability and increasing the arterial capacity for dilatation. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) has demonstrated these changes in research trials, and is emerging as having potential application in many clinical and surgical situations. In this study, our aim was to examine the impact of estrogen upon baseline blood flow as well as the response to vasodilatory interventions and to further evaluate the utility of laser Doppler as a clinical non-invasive measurement of …

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Upregulation Of Hypoxia-Inducible Genes In Endothelial Cells To Create Artificial Vasculature, Robert Schonberger Nov 2006

Upregulation Of Hypoxia-Inducible Genes In Endothelial Cells To Create Artificial Vasculature, Robert Schonberger

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

This study explored the possibility that upregulation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (Hif-1)-responsive genes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) would promote and stabilize HUVEC formation into inchoate vascular beds within artificial collagen gels. This experiment was designed to explore the above possibility by sub-cloning Hif-1α, the related chimeric construct Hif-1α/VP16, and the marker gene dsRed into retroviral expression vectors, producing retroviral vectors containing these genes, and stably transducing HUVEC using these retroviruses. Transduced HUVEC were to be observed in cell culture as well as after implantation into artificial collagen gels that have previously supported vascular bed formation by HUVEC. …

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Large, Single Institution Review Of Prognostic Factors In Oligodendroglioma, Heather Mckee Nov 2006

Large, Single Institution Review Of Prognostic Factors In Oligodendroglioma, Heather Mckee

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Studies have demonstrated an association between loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 1p and chromosome 19q in oligodendrogliomas with both chemosensitivity and prolonged survival. This represents the first time genetic mutations have been utilized to guide clinical decision making. Studies have also found these genetic mutations to be associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features including indistinct tumor borders on T1-weighted imaging, susceptibility effect, and mixed signal intensity. However, no study has yet demonstrated an association between imaging features and survival. We seek to confirm the clinical utility of known prognostic factors such as age and tumor grade while investigating the …

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Mega-Doses Of L-Ascorbic Acid Alter The Antineoplastic Effects Of Ionizing Radiation In Emt6 Cells In Vitro, Karina Lund Nov 2006

Mega-Doses Of L-Ascorbic Acid Alter The Antineoplastic Effects Of Ionizing Radiation In Emt6 Cells In Vitro, Karina Lund

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Despite the common usage of high-dose vitamin C among breast cancer patients, the published medical literature is not in agreement as to how mega-dose vitamin C may interact with conventional therapy to affect clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of mega-dose vitamin C with radiation therapy and with doxorubicin in the treatment of breast cancer. Cultures of EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells were treated concurrently with varying dose of vitamin C and either radiation or doxorubicin. A clonogenic assay was then performed to determine the surviving fraction of the cells. The surviving fractions of …

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Prevalence And Predictors Of Chronic Liver Disease In An Urban Hiv Population, Sunanda Pejavar Nov 2006

Prevalence And Predictors Of Chronic Liver Disease In An Urban Hiv Population, Sunanda Pejavar

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence and etiologies of CLD in an urban HIV-infected population and to identify CLD risk factors. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 799 HIV-infected patients seen at four New Haven health centers from 2002 to 2003. We applied the New Haven County Liver Study definition to identify patients with CLD. 65% were male, 44% were African American, and 23% were of Hispanic ethnicity. The mean age was 45 years. 30% had a history of alcohol …

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Patterns Of Resistance To Antiretroviral Therapy Among Hiv+ Patients In Clinical Care, Akash Shah Nov 2006

Patterns Of Resistance To Antiretroviral Therapy Among Hiv+ Patients In Clinical Care, Akash Shah

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

HIV-1 antiretroviral resistance has posed major challenges to treatment advances of the last decade. However, few studies have analyzed the prevalence and time trends of drug resistance among HIV+ patients on antiretroviral therapy followed longitudinally in clinical care. The purpose of this study is to determine the cumulative prevalence of HIV genotypic drug resistance and the dynamics of resistance development in HIV+ patients in care. We hypothesized that a >5% increase in resistance would occur per 6-month period and a >15% increase in drug resistance would occur over 18 months. This retrospective longitudinal study consisted of patients from the two …

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Search For The Basolateral Potassium Channel In The Shark Rectal Gland: Functional And Molecular Identification Of A Task-1 Channel Coupled To Chloride Secretion, Conner Telles Nov 2006

Search For The Basolateral Potassium Channel In The Shark Rectal Gland: Functional And Molecular Identification Of A Task-1 Channel Coupled To Chloride Secretion, Conner Telles

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

In the shark rectal gland (SRG), apical Cl- secretion through CFTR channels is tightly coupled to a basolateral K+ conductance. The identity of this K+ conductive pathway is unknown. Studies were performed in the isolated perfused SRG with 16 K+ channel inhibitors at their IC50 and with acidic perfusate. During maximal chloride secretion stimulated by forskolin and IBMX, secretion was inhibited >90% by barium chloride, a non-selective inhibitor of K+ channels. Specific inhibitors of calcium sensitive, voltage sensitive, ATP sensitive, and inward rectifying K+ channels had no effect on chloride secretion. The inhibitors quinidine, quinine, bupivicaine, anandamide, and low perfusate …

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Small Interfering Rna Decreases Vegf Mrna Expression And Proliferation Of Colorectal Cancer Cells, Stephen Ward Nov 2006

Small Interfering Rna Decreases Vegf Mrna Expression And Proliferation Of Colorectal Cancer Cells, Stephen Ward

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) was first described in 1989 for its angiogenic and mitogenic properties. Early studies indicated that VEGF-A acts primarily in a paracrine pathway which is limited to vascular endothelium. Further investigation showed that VEGF-A and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) are expressed by many solid tumors and improve cell growth and survival. Therefore, VEGF-A may act via an autocrine pathway that effects tumor cellular proliferation by binding VEGFR-2 at the cell surface. This study utilizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology to investigate the presence of an autocrine loop in human RKO colorectal cancer cells. RT-PCR demonstrated the expression …

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Differential Endogenous Estrogen Exposure Influences Prefrontal Cortex Response To Acute Stress, Katya Rubinow Nov 2006

Differential Endogenous Estrogen Exposure Influences Prefrontal Cortex Response To Acute Stress, Katya Rubinow

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of differential endogenous estrogen exposure in rats on stress-induced changes in spatial working memory. Subjects comprised male (n=8) and female (n=10) Sprague-Dawley rats, which were trained to complete a T maze, delayed alternation task. Performance was scored as a percentage of trials during which the correct maze arm was selected. Subjects scores were recorded after 1 and 2 hours of restraint stress, as well as after 1 hour of unimpeded movement in a cage placed in the testing room. Restraint stress was effected through physical confinement within plastic, cylindrical tubing. Female …

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A Proposed Method For Noninvasive Assessment Of Endothelial Damange, Kirsten Menn Nov 2006

A Proposed Method For Noninvasive Assessment Of Endothelial Damange, Kirsten Menn

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Transdermal microvascular studies of endothelial cell function have typically used iontophoresis to facilitate acetylcholine absorption, but iontophoresis introduces an important confounding stimulus that can alter the behavior of the microvasculature. This study examines a non-iontophoretic technique for transdermal microvascular studies using acetylcholine and nitroglycerin and demonstrates a relatively impaired vasodilatory response to these substances in a population with known microvascular pathology. Ten subjects without known vascular disease or diabetes were recruited for laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) monitoring. Topical acetylcholine chloride, nitroglycerin, and placebo were applied to subjects foreheads directly below LDF probes. Readings increased by averages of 406% (245%-566%) and …

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Hypoxic Regulation Of Vegf And Pai-1 Expression By Hif-1Α And Hif-2Α In First Trimester Trophoblasts, Eliza Meade Nov 2006

Hypoxic Regulation Of Vegf And Pai-1 Expression By Hif-1Α And Hif-2Α In First Trimester Trophoblasts, Eliza Meade

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Preeclampsia results from incomplete trophoblast invasion of the spiral arteries during early pregnancy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are critical factors involved in angiogenesis, invasion and hemostasis at the maternal-fetal interface. Both factors are transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), a heterodimeric complex consisting of HIF-1β and either HIF-1α or -2α whose specificity or redundancy in gene regulation is cell-type specific. This study uses siRNA technology to dissect the mechanisms of hypoxia-mediated regulation of PAI-1 and VEGF expression in first trimester trophoblasts. Immortalized first trimester human extravillous trophoblasts (HTR8/SVneo cells) were maintained in serum-free …

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Intracranial Aneurysm As A Paradigm For The Genetic Analysis Of Complex Human Traits, Ali Ozturk Nov 2006

Intracranial Aneurysm As A Paradigm For The Genetic Analysis Of Complex Human Traits, Ali Ozturk

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The genetic analysis of complex human traits is hampered by its multifactorial nature, since potentially many genes are imparting a relatively small effect on the disease trait. This makes it considerably more difficult to identify these genes as compared to single-gene diseases, whereby the disease trait is attributable to only one locus, due mostly to the difficulties of carrying out robust linkage analyses. Several strategies have been employed in order to overcome the obstacles of complex human traits, including the candidate gene, non-parametric, and parametric linkage approaches. Of these, the latter two enjoy the benefit of being genome-wide, while carrying …

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Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression In Post-Mastectomy Chest Wall Relapse, Janet Kim Nov 2006

Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression In Post-Mastectomy Chest Wall Relapse, Janet Kim

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic significance and clinical correlations of cyclooxgenase-2 expression (COX) in a cohort of patients treated with radiation (RT) for post-mastectomy chest wall relapse (PMCWR). Between 1975 and 1999, 113 patients were treated for isolated PMCWR. All patients were treated with biopsy and/or excision of the CWR followed by RT. Median follow-up was 10 years. All clinical data including demographics, pathology, staging, receptor status, HER-2/neu status, and adjuvant therapy were entered into a computerized database. Paraffin-embedded CWR specimens were retrieved from 42 patients, of which 38 were evaluated, created into a tissue …

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