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Decoding Gut Microbial Metabolites Through G-Protein Coupled Receptor (Gpcr) Activation, Phu Khat Nwe Apr 2021

Decoding Gut Microbial Metabolites Through G-Protein Coupled Receptor (Gpcr) Activation, Phu Khat Nwe

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The microbiome encodes for a complex web of metabolites of which scientists are just starting to deconvolute. While a lot of focus has been on investigating the implications of the microbial metabolome on health and disease physiologies, we have merely uncovered the tip of the interactome of microbes and host G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). Early literature has reported a plethora of short chain fatty acids fermented by dietary fibers acting as GPCR agonists. A few other studies have showcased that gut microbes produced N-acyl amides and secondary bile acids mimicking host ligands and therefore interacting with these GPCRs. Chapter 2 …

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Frictional, Large-Deformation Poroelastic Flow: Theory And Experiments, Tyler Harrison Lutz Apr 2021

Frictional, Large-Deformation Poroelastic Flow: Theory And Experiments, Tyler Harrison Lutz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Fluid flow through deformable, porous materials is seemingly ubiquitous in the natural world---spanning length scales from the cellular to the planetary---and offers a phenomenologically rich setting in which to study the generally nonlinear coupling between solid- and fluid-mechanics in multiphase materials. As much as we might like to study such flows in strict isolation from their environment, this thesis argues that properly accounting for forces that arise on the boundaries of such flows is essential to understanding the behavior of realistic soft porous media flows. Building on an experimental program initiated more than half a century ago, we demonstrate a …

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Discovering Novel Regulators Of Nucleolar Form And Function, Lisa O. Mclean Apr 2021

Discovering Novel Regulators Of Nucleolar Form And Function, Lisa O. Mclean

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Nucleoli are dynamic nuclear condensates in eukaryotic cells that originate through ribosome biogenesis at loci that harbor the ribosomal DNA. These loci are known as nucleolar organizer regions and there are 10 in a human diploid genome. While there are 10 nucleolar organizer regions however, the number of nucleoli observed in cells is variable. Furthermore, changes in number are associated with disease, with increased numbers and size common in aggressive cancers. In the near-diploid human breast epithelial cell line, MCF10A, the most frequently observed number of nucleoli is 2-3 per cell. While ribosome biogenesis is an essential biological process that …

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Mechanisms Of Resistance Against B Cell Targeting Treatments For Myasthenia Gravis, Ruoyi Jiang Apr 2021

Mechanisms Of Resistance Against B Cell Targeting Treatments For Myasthenia Gravis, Ruoyi Jiang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder caused by autoantibodies that disrupt neuromuscular transmission by targeting components of neuromuscular junctions, such as the acetylcholine receptor (AChR, 90% of patients) and muscle specific kinase (MuSK, 10% of patients). Treatments that address the underlying causes of MG target the cells responsible for producing these autoantibodies. Two such treatment strategies are predominantly used: (1) surgical resection of the thymus (a reservoir for auto-antigen specific B cells in patients with AChR MG) and (2) systemic therapy targeting subsets of autoantibody-producing B cells. The thymus is a known anatomic reservoir for B cells that …

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Unraveling Heterogeneity In X Chromosome Regulation And Transcriptional Heterogeneity In Naïve Human Pluripotent Stem Cells, Benjamin Daniel Patterson Apr 2021

Unraveling Heterogeneity In X Chromosome Regulation And Transcriptional Heterogeneity In Naïve Human Pluripotent Stem Cells, Benjamin Daniel Patterson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the works described below, I investigate and describe heterogeneity in naïve human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)—both the heterogeneity exhibited in XCI status and the nearly unexplored transcriptional heterogeneity in these cells. Stem cells are a highly desirable model for studying XCI, as both pluripotency and XCI play out during peri-implantation. By comparing female naïve and primed stem cells, I elucidate the functional differences in their XCI state. Recent studies incorporating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have demonstrated that transcript-based technologies are insufficiently developed to unequivocally resolve these questions in a human system (Kaur et al., 2020; Mandal et al., 2020; …

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Clinical Treatment Human Disease Networks And Comparative Effectiveness Research: Analyses Of The Medicare Administrative Data, Hao Mei Apr 2021

Clinical Treatment Human Disease Networks And Comparative Effectiveness Research: Analyses Of The Medicare Administrative Data, Hao Mei

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

As the nation’s largest healthcare payer, the Medicare program generates an unimaginable vast volume of medical data. With an increasing emphasis on evidence-based care, how to effectively handle and make inferences from the heterogeneous and noisy healthcare data remains an important question. High-quality analysis could improve the quality, planning, and administrations of health services, evaluate comparative therapies, and forward research on epidemiology and disease etiology. This is especially true for older adults since this population’s health condition is generally complicated with multimorbidity, and the healthcare system for older adults is riddled with administrative and regulatory complexities. Taking advantage of the …

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Reversible Peptide-Protein Interactions Inside Cells: Enabling A New Approach For Achieving Super-Resolution Imaging In Live Cells, Curran Oi Apr 2021

Reversible Peptide-Protein Interactions Inside Cells: Enabling A New Approach For Achieving Super-Resolution Imaging In Live Cells, Curran Oi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cells are the basic unit of life and, within cells, thousands of unique proteins work in concert to perform a vast array of tasks. Visualizing and tracking proteins inside live cells is therefore critical to understanding the behavior of these proteins in vivo. The invention of fluorescence microscopy has enabled proteins to be tagged and tracked using fluorescent molecules. More recently, the development of super-resolution microscopy has enabled very high resolution images of proteins in cells to be collected, both in vitro and in vivo.Currently, one major challenge in super-resolution microscopy is the fact that many proteins are not amenable …

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Developing Tradition: A History Of Intercultural Health Governance In Mexico, 1940-2000, Joshua Mentanko Apr 2021

Developing Tradition: A History Of Intercultural Health Governance In Mexico, 1940-2000, Joshua Mentanko

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This is an intellectual and social history of efforts by the Mexican state to order and transform medical pluralism for developmentalist ends in the highlands of Chiapas state between 1940 and 2000. Focusing on state employees, bilingual and indigenous doctors and midwives, and Mexican and foreign anthropologists, it grounds the emergence of “interculturalidad” – or the project of integrating indigenous traditional medicine into state and non-state health institutions – in a broader history of economic development and modernization and indigenous resistance to and negotiation of capitalist and national integration projects. It shows how efforts to integrate traditional medicine have not …

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Macrophage Mechanosensing Of The Tissue Environment And Signal Integration Through The Cytoskeleton, Matthew Lowell Meizlish Apr 2021

Macrophage Mechanosensing Of The Tissue Environment And Signal Integration Through The Cytoskeleton, Matthew Lowell Meizlish

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an organized assembly of proteins and polysaccharides that is produced by cells and forms the physical environment in which cells reside. Together, diverse cell types and their surrounding extracellular matrix form units of organization known as tissues, which make up organs. The ECM gives rise to the particular architecture and mechanical properties of each organ. During tissue repair, cells known as myofibroblasts deposit large quantities of ECM, in order to reconstruct the injured tissue. In normal tissue repair, that reparative phase is followed by a resolution phase, in which cells such as macrophages degrade and …

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Serine Phosphorylation Of The Small Phosphoprotein Icap1 Inhibits Its Nuclear Accumulation, Valerie L. Su Apr 2021

Serine Phosphorylation Of The Small Phosphoprotein Icap1 Inhibits Its Nuclear Accumulation, Valerie L. Su

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are neurovascular abnormalities characterized by thin, leaky blood vessels resulting in lesions that predispose to hemorrhages, stroke, epilepsy, and focal neurological deficits. Familial CCMs arise due to loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding one of three CCM complex proteins, KRIT1, CCM2, or CCM3. These widely-expressed, multi-functional adaptor proteins can assemble into a CCM protein complex and either alone, or in complex, modulate signaling pathways that influence cell adhesion, cell contractility, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. While recent advances, including analysis of the structures and interactions of CCM proteins, have allowed substantial progress towards understanding the molecular bases …

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Identification And Characterization Of The P53-Induced Long Noncoding Rna Isoform Pvt1b And Its Role In Stress-Specific Growth Inhibition Via Myc Repression, Christiane Olivero Apr 2021

Identification And Characterization Of The P53-Induced Long Noncoding Rna Isoform Pvt1b And Its Role In Stress-Specific Growth Inhibition Via Myc Repression, Christiane Olivero

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The tumor suppressor p53 and proto-oncogenic Myc transcription factors are frequently deregulated in cancer, with common loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations observed in the p53 and Myc networks, respectively. Referred to as the ‘guardian of the genome,’ p53 regulates genes important for curtailing cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis under conditions of stress, while the proto-oncogene Myc induces genes that, in contrast, promote cellular growth and can, in overcoming growth inhibitory signals, support cancer development. While previous literature has documented decreased Myc expression in response to cellular stress, researchers have long puzzled over identifying the specific regulatory lever responsible. The work presented here …

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Discovery Of Host-Microbiota Interactions, Connor Rosen Apr 2021

Discovery Of Host-Microbiota Interactions, Connor Rosen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The microbiota, comprising the trillions of microorganisms that colonize barrier tissues, exert profound effects on host health and disease. Microbial effects on host physiology have been illuminated by a wealth of sequencing-based approaches that enumerate bacterial species, strains, genes, and products (collectively, “multi-omics” approaches) at different tissue sites and in different human populations. Microbes may influence local physiology at their site of residence, as well as having systemic effects including perturbation of organism-wide metabolism, with wide-ranging consequences. The molecular mechanisms by which microbes mediate both local and systemic effects, however, remain mostly unclear. This is in part due to technological …

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Energetics Of Biological Mechanics And Dynamics, Daniel Seara Apr 2021

Energetics Of Biological Mechanics And Dynamics, Daniel Seara

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Living matter is a class of soft matter systems that maintains itself away from thermodynamic equilibrium by the continual consumption of chemical energy. Indi- vidual proteins consume energy and break detailed balance to drive active force generation by molecular motors, force-dependent binding kinetics, and chemically driven (dis)assembly. These non-equilibrium dynamics propagate across heterogeneous structures to drive essential life processes such as replication, migration, and shape change at the scale of both single cells and multicellular tissues. While much work has been done to understand the molecular processes underlying each individual non-equilibrium behaviors, we lack a general understanding of how the …

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Investigation Of Long Noncoding Rnas In The P53 Response To Oncogenic Stress, Ephrath Fisseha Tesfaye Apr 2021

Investigation Of Long Noncoding Rnas In The P53 Response To Oncogenic Stress, Ephrath Fisseha Tesfaye

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a central role in sensing and responding to cellular stress, and loss of normal p53 activity is a feature of most human cancers. P53, functioning as a transcription factor, regulates a wide network of genes that coalesce to drive many diverse tumor suppressive cellular processes. Despite three decades of extensive study, it is unclear which p53 targets are most critical for these tumor suppressive functions and under which biological contexts. More recent studies have revealed that the p53 network is not solely comprised of protein coding genes but also includes many long noncoding RNAs …

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Live Cell Dynamics Of Homology-Directed Dna Double-Strand Break Repair, Amanda Jane Vines Apr 2021

Live Cell Dynamics Of Homology-Directed Dna Double-Strand Break Repair, Amanda Jane Vines

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

It is crucial that DNA damage is repaired efficiently in order to maintain genome integrity. Double-strand breaks, or DSBs, are the most harmful type of DNA damage, and thus their repair is tightly regulated. Fission yeast is a prime model system for studies of such repair processes as they favor homology-directed repair (HDR) over other more error-prone mechanisms. My work seeks to better interrogate homology-directed repair of DSBs in a temporally and spatially controlled manner, expanding on previous studies using primarily genetic outcome-based assays of repair. This is necessary in order to probe the complex dynamics of interhomologue repair in …

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How Eco-Evolutionary Interactions Mitigate Climate Risk: A Theoretical Perspective, Anna Vinton Apr 2021

How Eco-Evolutionary Interactions Mitigate Climate Risk: A Theoretical Perspective, Anna Vinton

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Accelerated rates of climate change are expected to either lead to adaptation and persistence, or extinction. Traditionally, ecological models predict extinction risk based on how environmental change alters a population’s intrinsic growth rate (r). However, these predictions often ignore the potential for evolutionary rescue, whereby populations avoid extinction via adaptive evolution. This dissertation sets out to address what allows rapid evolution to rescue natural populations in the face of environmental change. Our current lack of understanding of the role of ecological and evolutionary dynamics, and their combined effect on population responses to climate change, demands further theoretical and experimental work …

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Effects Of Dietary Fats On Mechanisms Of Adipose Expansion And Function, Allison Marie Wing Apr 2021

Effects Of Dietary Fats On Mechanisms Of Adipose Expansion And Function, Allison Marie Wing

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Obesity, defined as the excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT), is a global pandemic and increases risk of many other pathologies. However, in vivo molecular mechanisms of adipocyte formation, or adipogenesis, during obesity and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption are still being understood. WAT can expand either through the proliferation of adipocyte precursors (APs) and their differentiation to form new adipocytes (adipogenesis) or through the increased size of adipocytes (hypertrophy). To study how dietary fats impact adipose expansion, mice were fed custom HFDs, each containing a different fat source, and adipogenesis and hypertrophy were quantified. This screen illustrated how dietary …

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Femininity Under Threat: How Women Respond To Feedback About Their Physical Appearance, Natalie Wittlin Apr 2021

Femininity Under Threat: How Women Respond To Feedback About Their Physical Appearance, Natalie Wittlin

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In recent decades, it has become increasingly normative—at times, even desirable—for women to possess traditionally masculine personality traits. The pressure on women to maintain a feminine physical appearance, however, has not waned. Past research has demonstrated that unlike men, women do not experience distress when their psychological gender stereotypicality has been threatened. This does not mean, however, that they are immune from the harms of gender stereotypicality threats altogether. In this dissertation, I explore the possibility that women experience distress when their physical femininity has been threatened. In Chapter 1, I lay the foundation for my empirical work. I provide …

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Essays On The Us Higher Education, Zhengren Zhu Apr 2021

Essays On The Us Higher Education, Zhengren Zhu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Two-year colleges, or community colleges, are an integral part of the US higher education system. More than 40% of undergraduate enrollment occurs at the two-year level. Moreover, two-year colleges are closely related to four-year programs, as students frequently transfer between two-year programs and four-year programs. In fact, close to 50% of bachelor's degree recipients have enrolled in two-year colleges before transferring to four-year programs. The following essays discuss three topics related to the US higher education system while emphasizing two-year colleges' role in this system. The first chapter studies policies that can address the low completion rate of two-year college …

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Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta Activates Abl2 Through Direct Binding And Phosphorylation, Kuanlin Wu Apr 2021

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta Activates Abl2 Through Direct Binding And Phosphorylation, Kuanlin Wu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The catalytic activity of Abl family kinases is tightly regulated in cells by a complex set of intra- and intermolecular interactions and post-translational modifications. Abl family kinases are activated by diverse cellular stimuli, including receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. For example, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) is a potent activator of Abl family kinases. However, the molecular mechanism by which PDGFRβ engages and activates Abl family kinases is not known. We find that the Abl2 Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain directly binds to phospho–tyrosine Y771 in the PDGFRβ cytoplasmic domain. PDGFRβ directly phosphorylates Abl2 N-terminal half on multiple novel …

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Serotonin And Social Competency, Hannah Weinberg-Wolf Apr 2021

Serotonin And Social Competency, Hannah Weinberg-Wolf

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Despite the fact that serotonergic drugs are called upon to treat a myriad of psychopathologies, the effect of serotonin on core behaviors and cognitive abilities are poorly understood. This is especially true for cognitive functions which underlie socially competent behavior. This dissertation aims to increase understanding of the role of serotonin in other monitoring and social competency throughout development. Species of primates, including humans, that live in complex social environments must allocate extensive cognitive resources to monitor conspecifics. However, they must balance the benefits of gathering social information with the need to monitor their non-social environments. Social monitoring strategies vary …

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Spatial And Temporal Variability Of Trace Metal Concentrations And Speciation In Connecticut Surface Waters, Zhemin Xuan Apr 2021

Spatial And Temporal Variability Of Trace Metal Concentrations And Speciation In Connecticut Surface Waters, Zhemin Xuan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this research, two studies were conducted to investigate the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of trace metal concentrations and speciation in Connecticut surface waters. In the first part, along with the monthly vertical profile of background biogeochemistry parameters (pH, Temperature, Dissolved oxygen, Major ions, Total dissolved solids, Nutrients, Acid neutralizing capacity, dissolved organic carbon), competitive ligand exchange – adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry was used to determine cobalt speciation in Linsley Pond, North Branford. Vitamin B12 (VB12) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was measured in an American stratified lake for the very first time. During summer stratification, the patterns of …

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Dna-Origami-Based Fluorescence Brightness Standards For Convenient And Fast Protein Counting In Live Cells, Nathan David Williams Apr 2021

Dna-Origami-Based Fluorescence Brightness Standards For Convenient And Fast Protein Counting In Live Cells, Nathan David Williams

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Fluorescence microscopy has been one of the most discovery-rich methods in biology. In the digital age, the discipline is becoming increasingly quantitative. Virtually all biological laboratories have access to fluorescence microscopes, but abilities to quantify biomolecule copy numbers are limited by the complexity and sophistication associated with current quantification methods. Here, we present DNA-origami-based fluorescence brightness standards for counting 5–300 copies of proteins in bacterial and mammalian cells, tagged with fluorescent proteins or membrane-permeable organic dyes. Compared to conventional quantification techniques, our brightness standards are robust, straightforward to use, and compatible with nearly all fluorescence imaging applications, thereby providing a …

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Statistical Methods For Gene-Environment Interactions, Yaqing Xu Apr 2021

Statistical Methods For Gene-Environment Interactions, Yaqing Xu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Despite significant main effects of genetic and environmental risk factors have been found, the interactions between them can play critical roles and demonstrate important implications in medical genetics and epidemiology. Although many important gene-environment (G-E) interactions have been identified, the existing findings are still insufficient and there exists a strong need to develop statistical methods for analyzing G-E interactions. In this dissertation, we propose four statistical methodologies and computational algorithms for detecting G-E interactions and one application to imaging data. Extensive simulation studies are conducted in comparison with multiple advanced alternatives. In the analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets …

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Assisted Network Analysis In Cancer Genomics, Huangdi Yi Apr 2021

Assisted Network Analysis In Cancer Genomics, Huangdi Yi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cancer is a molecular disease. In the past two decades, we have witnessed a surge of high- throughput profiling in cancer research and corresponding development of high-dimensional statistical techniques. In this dissertation, the focus is on gene expression, which has played a uniquely important role in cancer research. Compared to some other types of molecular measurements, for example DNA changes, gene expressions are “closer” to cancer outcomes. In addition, processed gene expression data have good statistical properties, in particular, continuity. In the “early” cancer gene expression data analysis, attention has been on marginal properties such as mean and variance. Genes …

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Morphogenesis Of Class Iv Neurons In Drosophila Melanogaster, Olivier Trottier Apr 2021

Morphogenesis Of Class Iv Neurons In Drosophila Melanogaster, Olivier Trottier

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The establishment of the neuron's morphology is essential to its function. The class IV neurons of the Drosophila melanogaster larva are two-dimensional sensory neurons that develop a complex dendritic arbor sensitive to mechanical stimuli. The fully-developed dendritic tree results from a multitude of stochastic processes including dendritic tip growth, branching and self-avoidance. However, it is yet unknown how the microscopic dendritic growth processes produce the macroscopic morphology of the class IV neurons. In this study, we aim to bridge this gap by formulating multi-scale models of neuronal dendritic morphogenesis. We begin by analyzing the tip dynamics and branching process of …

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Hearing The Tonality In Microtonality, Michael Bruschi Apr 2021

Hearing The Tonality In Microtonality, Michael Bruschi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the late 1970s and 1980s, composer-pianist Easley Blackwood wrote a series of microtonal compositions exploring the tonal and modal behavior of a dozen non–twelve-tone equal temperaments, ranging from 13 to 24 tones per octave. This dissertation investigates a central paradox of Blackwood’s microtonal music: that despite being full of intervals most Western listeners have never heard before, it still seems to “make sense” in nontrivial ways. Much of this has to do with the music’s idiosyncratic approach to tonality, which I define as a regime of culturally conditioned expectations that guides one’s attentional processing of music’s gravitational qualities over …

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Motive-Directed Meter, Daniel Nathan Cox Apr 2021

Motive-Directed Meter, Daniel Nathan Cox

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation isolates, defines, and explores the phenomenon of Motive-Directed Meter (MDM), which has hitherto received little scholarly attention. MDM is a listening experience evoked by music that is temporally regular enough to encourage metric listening and prediction, but irregular enough to frustrate these behaviors. MDM arises when recurring musical motives suggest parallel metric hearings, but shifting durational spans make metrical parallelism difficult to achieve. Listeners are therefore caught in a state of expectational limbo, urged to continually revise predictions that are recurrently thwarted. To approach this phenomenon, Chapter 1 describes the model of musical meter that undergirds this project, …

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Analyzing The Role Of Er Membrane Biogenesis In Mitotic Fidelity, Holly Elizabeth Merta Apr 2021

Analyzing The Role Of Er Membrane Biogenesis In Mitotic Fidelity, Holly Elizabeth Merta

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In cell division, chromosomes align and attach to the mitotic spindle with high fidelity in order to limit missegregation of chromosomes that form individual nuclei, termed micronuclei. During cell division, membrane-bound organelles are cleared to the periphery of the cell; lack of clearance of membranes from chromosomes leads to chromosome missegregation. Cells regulate the biogenesis of their membranes throughout the cell cycle. Cancer cells frequently have upregulation of membrane lipid synthesis and micronuclei, but a connection between membrane biogenesis and chromosome missegregation leading to formation of micronuclei has not been established. In my thesis work, I show that the protein …

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Co-Transcriptional Splicing In Murine Erythroblasts, Kirsten Reimer Apr 2021

Co-Transcriptional Splicing In Murine Erythroblasts, Kirsten Reimer

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Eukaryotic genes contain non-coding sequences called introns. The removal ofintrons from pre-mRNAs, termed splicing, is carried out by the spliceosome, a multi-megadalton molecular complex of proteins and RNAs. Splicing occurs cotranscriptionally across multiple cell types and species. The Neugebauer lab has developed single molecule nascent RNA sequencing methods—including single molecule intron tracking (SMIT) and long-read sequencing (LRS) of nascentRNA— to visualize the precursors, intermediates, and products of transcription and splicing in budding and fission yeasts. Using these methods, the lab was able to estimate the kinetics of single intron removal in both yeasts by relating the 30 end of nascent …

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