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Robot Tool Use: Learning, Transferring, Reasoning, And Applying Knowledge About Robots Using Human Tools, Meiying Qin Oct 2022

Robot Tool Use: Learning, Transferring, Reasoning, And Applying Knowledge About Robots Using Human Tools, Meiying Qin

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Using human tools can significantly benefit robots in many application domains. It will endow a home robot with the ability to carry out everyday household activities such as cleaning. It will enable an industrial robot to work in manufacturing or maintenance using human tools such as screwdrivers. It will allow a robot to perform experiments using existing human lab tools in a chemistry lab. Such ability would allow robots to solve problems that they were unable to without tools. However, robot tool use is a challenging task. Tool use was initially considered to be the ability that distinguishes human beings …

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Neoantigen-Driven B Cell And Cd4 T Cell Collaboration Promotes Anti-Tumor Cd8 T Cell Responses In Lung Adenocarcinoma, Can Cui Oct 2022

Neoantigen-Driven B Cell And Cd4 T Cell Collaboration Promotes Anti-Tumor Cd8 T Cell Responses In Lung Adenocarcinoma, Can Cui

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for ~1.8 million deaths annually. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common form of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; 40% of cases) and is most frequently associated with mutations in KRAS proto-oncogene (30% of cases). Traditionally, therapeutic options for KRAS-mutant LUAD have been limited, but the successful application of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting the PD-1 pathway has changed the therapeutic landscape. The success of PD-1-blockade therapy has also changed the perception that LUAD is a non-immunogenic cancer type because anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment potentiates the function of previously activated T …

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Understanding Distinct Roles Of Egfr Family Mutations In Different Cancers, Chun Hu Oct 2022

Understanding Distinct Roles Of Egfr Family Mutations In Different Cancers, Chun Hu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently mutated in human cancer and is an important therapeutic target. EGFR inhibitors have been successful in lung cancer, where mutations in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain activate the receptor, but not in glioblastoma multiform (GBM), where mutations occur exclusively in the extracellular region. In this dissertation, I show that common extracellular GBM mutations prevent EGFR from discriminating between its activating ligands. Different growth factor ligands stabilize distinct EGFR dimer structures that signal with different kinetics to specify or bias outcome. EGF itself induces strong symmetric dimers that signal transiently to promote proliferation. …

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Contributions Of Metacognition To Memory Impairment In Psychotic Illness, Rashina Seabury Oct 2022

Contributions Of Metacognition To Memory Impairment In Psychotic Illness, Rashina Seabury

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are characterized by disruptions of reality testing, most often manifest in the form of hallucinations and delusional ideation. Given that differentiating between the real from the unreal or imagined is critically dependent on episodic and associative memory, deficits in mnemonic processes have been hypothesized to be involved in the genesis of psychotic symptoms. While cognitive impairments in psychotic illness have traditionally been conceptualized as stable disease correlates that have a stronger associations with negative symptoms and functional disability, deficits in metacognition in memory, or metamemory deficits, have been hypothesized to play a crucial role in …

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Biobehavioral Markers Of Social-Emotional Functioning, Erica Ho Oct 2022

Biobehavioral Markers Of Social-Emotional Functioning, Erica Ho

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Difficulties with social and emotional functioning characterize most major psychiatric disorders and exert outsize influence on treatment prognosis and quality of life, evincing a pressing public health concern that necessitates closer investigation. In recognition of the diverse pathways through which social contexts interact with social-emotional functioning and psychopathology, the three studies that form this dissertation deliberately span a range of topics, methods, and populations, with the goal of characterizing individual differences in the perception of social-emotional signals across a range of increasingly complex social settings. Study 1 (presented in Chapter 2) uses functional magnetic resonance imaging in an adult community …

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Translational Systems Metabolism In Health And Disease, Brooks Phillip Leitner Oct 2022

Translational Systems Metabolism In Health And Disease, Brooks Phillip Leitner

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The breakdown, synthesis, and interconversion of macronutrients is essential to sustaining life and driving pathological mechanisms rooted in disease. With attempts to combat the metabolic underpinnings of disease, it has become clear that focus on individual metabolites, proteins, or genes cannot fully explain the complexity of dysregulated metabolism in systemic conditions such as obesity, cancer, and sepsis. With the advent of accessible Omics techniques and hordes of open access data it has become possible to study metabolism as a whole—at the level of gene transcription, translation, and metabolism. A major goal of this PhD thesis was to integrate isotope tracing …

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The Continuous Vs. The Discrete In Mental Life: Studies In Perception, Attention, And Decision-Making, Joan Danielle Khonghun Ongchoco Oct 2022

The Continuous Vs. The Discrete In Mental Life: Studies In Perception, Attention, And Decision-Making, Joan Danielle Khonghun Ongchoco

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The raw material of perception is a continuous wash of light and sound. But what we perceive are often discrete individuals — objects (due to segmentation in space) and events (due to segmentation in time). Here I present five case studies that collectively explore how discrete object and event representations have a powerful impact on many forms of perception and cognition — and in particular, how they interact with other processes including attention, imagery, enumeration, time perception, and decision-making. Throughout this work, I show how these interactions are relatively spontaneous and inescapable aspects of how the mind works. In the …

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Species History As Self-Knowledge: Rousseau, Modern Natural Law, And The Causes Of Society, Clara Picker Oct 2022

Species History As Self-Knowledge: Rousseau, Modern Natural Law, And The Causes Of Society, Clara Picker

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

My dissertation argues that Rousseau’s dispute with the modern Natural Law tradition over the character of the “state of Nature” ought to be understood as an argument about the causes responsible for the emergence of a specific form of social life–a form of social life Rousseau calls “Society” but that contemporary readers might more properly think of as “civilization”–in human history. Moreover, my dissertation submits that Rousseau considered this sort of knowledge as so very important since he regarded it as a type of self-knowledge of the human species, which he, in turn, understood as a condition for the possibility …

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Antinomies Of Organizing, Mie Inouye Oct 2022

Antinomies Of Organizing, Mie Inouye

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

AbstractAntinomies of Organizing This dissertation theorizes a problem that attends all attempts to form or deepen democracy, namely, the problem of democratic transitions. People are shaped as political subjects by their participation in the institutions that govern their lives; their analyses of society, their self-understandings, and their political capacities are determined in large part by their participation in the state, the family, the workplace, and the market. When these institutions are oppressive, they may undermine participants’ capacities to engage in political action, to recognize and identify the sources of their oppression, and to self-govern. They may also undermine their sense …

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Hybrid Integrated Quantum Photonics For Microwave-Optical Frequency Conversion, Wei Fu Oct 2022

Hybrid Integrated Quantum Photonics For Microwave-Optical Frequency Conversion, Wei Fu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The developments of on-chip quantum photonic circuits have enabled powerful resources to process quantum information. Compatible with large-scale modern nanofabrication processes, quantum photonic circuits show great scalability, stability, and integrability potential. However, a monolithic photonic platform alone cannot fulfill the stringent requirement for many quantum applications. It is incredibly challenging, for instance, to realize an on-demand single-photon source with monolithic photonic systems due to their weak nonlinearity. Hybrid integrated quantum photonics combines the strengths of multiple technologies, including superconducting circuits, mechanical systems, phononic circuits, and atom vapors, into a single functional device and holds great promise to expand the toolbox …

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Thin-Film 3d Resonators For Superconducting Quantum Circuits, Lev Krayzman Oct 2022

Thin-Film 3d Resonators For Superconducting Quantum Circuits, Lev Krayzman

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Quantum computing has garnered a lot of attention due to the belief that it would beable to solve certain kinds of problems which are intractable to classical computers. One of the leading candidate platforms for quantum computing is superconducting circuits. Within this platform, there are two main methods of storing quantum infor- mation: Josephson-junction based artificial atoms and harmonic oscillators. The large Hilbert space of the bosonic excitations of a harmonic oscillator allows for redundant storage of quantum information. Quantum error correction in a single mode using bosonic codes has been demonstrated beyond break-even. However, devices with more than a …

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Polymeric Nanoparticles For The Local Delivery Of Small Molecule Inhibitors: Applications Toward Glioblastoma And Airway Delivery, Alexander Danels Josowitz Oct 2022

Polymeric Nanoparticles For The Local Delivery Of Small Molecule Inhibitors: Applications Toward Glioblastoma And Airway Delivery, Alexander Danels Josowitz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Techniques such as polymeric nanoparticle formulation and nontraditional drug delivery modalities have been developed to address complex delivery challenges associated with aggressive diseases. In this dissertation, polymeric nanoparticle formulations are demonstrated to encapsulate small molecule drugs and coupled with direct local delivery methods to avoid the weaknesses associated with systemic delivery towards two different applications. Firstly, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most deadly and common brain cancer and little progress has been made in improving the standard of care for nearly 17 years. Current therapies suffer from dose limiting toxicities, low penetration into the brain, and tumors resistant to chemotherapies that …

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Quantum Microwave Engineering For The Protection And Readout Of Superconducting Qubits, Zhixin Wang Oct 2022

Quantum Microwave Engineering For The Protection And Readout Of Superconducting Qubits, Zhixin Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The engineering of quantum information machines—at the fundamental level—relies on advancement in the control and measurement techniques of individual quantum coherent systems. In this scientific roadmap, a central challenge has been the reconciliation—in the same physical platform—of two exceptional goals: the protection from decoherence channels of pure quantum states, and their accurate and efficient readout using macroscopic measurement apparatuses, which appear to be demanding opposite experimental conditions with respect to the accessibility of quantum information from the external environment. Can near-ideal measurement be achieved in artificial quantum systems without the sacrifice of their coherence properties? This dissertation addresses this question …

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Imagining A Crisis: Human-Environmental Relations In North And South American Law And Literature, Joseph Hamilton Oct 2022

Imagining A Crisis: Human-Environmental Relations In North And South American Law And Literature, Joseph Hamilton

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is about the creation of a new environmental imagination. Under the pressure of ecological crisis, dominant ways of distinguishing nature and society have faltered, and struggles for environmental justice have articulated demands for a biocentric, anti-colonial approach to environmental governance. I show how such an ideological transition might be accomplished in the areas of law and literature, two crucial sources of new environmental worldviews and norms. My focus is on novels and jurisprudence that deal with ongoing environmental struggles: in the United States West, I look to William Vollmann’s The Dying Grass (2015), Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of …

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Identifying Riboregulatory Elements In Long, Single-Stranded, Positive-Sense Rna Viral Genomes, Nicholas Cornell Huston Oct 2022

Identifying Riboregulatory Elements In Long, Single-Stranded, Positive-Sense Rna Viral Genomes, Nicholas Cornell Huston

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses are a class of pathogens that pose a serious danger to human health. As a group, they have been the focus of research exploring how they infect, evade, and hijack host cellular machinery to propagate. Though these studies have primarily focused on viral proteins, the past two decades have seen a resurgence of interest in the RNA genomes themselves. This is because RNA viral genomes contain functional RNA structures that expand their functional repertoire. While studies of viral RNA structure were originally restricted to 5’ and 3’ viral termini, recent methodological advancements have facilitated the search …

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Elucidating Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (Erk) Dynamics With Fret-Based Biosensors, Archer Hamidzadeh Oct 2022

Elucidating Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (Erk) Dynamics With Fret-Based Biosensors, Archer Hamidzadeh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Proper cell functions are dependent on the precise regulation of signal transduction pathways to relay specific external environmental cues into the cell for processing and yielding a specific response. Dysregulation of signaling function or localization is a hallmark of numerous diseases including neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and immunological disorders and most human cancers. Given that signaling pathways are large networks of nodes capable of interacting in complex manners, a notable question that arises for many studying the intricacies of signaling regulation is: “How is signaling tightly controlled in different subcellular compartments?” Here we examine and elucidate mechanisms that begin to answer this …

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State Of Denial: Aids Denialism, Treatment Activism, And The Fight Over Antiretrovirals, Lindsay Zafir Oct 2022

State Of Denial: Aids Denialism, Treatment Activism, And The Fight Over Antiretrovirals, Lindsay Zafir

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation puts gender and sexuality at the center of transnational contests over the meaning of biomedical citizenship in the late 20th century. State of Denial tracks the loose coalition of gay activists, HIV-positive mothers, libertarians, scientists, and South African officials that formed around the idea that AIDS is caused by promiscuous sex, poverty, and drug use, including antiretrovirals, rather than HIV. AIDS denialism emerged amidst a radical transformation in the boundaries of expertise, spurred by the women’s health, gay liberation, and alternative medicine movements; New Left counter-culturalism and anti-capitalism; right-wing anti-statism; the rise of the internet; and the politics …

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The Atomic Distributed Object Model For Distributed System Verification, Wolf Honore Oct 2022

The Atomic Distributed Object Model For Distributed System Verification, Wolf Honore

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Distributed systems are at the heart of most web-based applications and are responsible for replicating and maintaining critical data. Unfortunately, their inherent concurrency combined with an asynchronous and unreliable network makes them prone to implementation bugs that can have serious real-world consequences. Formal verification can offer strong assurances of correctness; however, despite recent advances, reasoning directly about a system's implementation remains prohibitively complex. The key is to find the right abstraction that faithfully models a system's behaviors, while avoiding irrelevant implementation details. This dissertation presents such an abstraction called the atomic distributed object (ADO) model, which hides the existence of …

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Constraining Dark Matter With Gravitational Heating And Cooling Processes, Dhruba Dutta Chowdhury Oct 2022

Constraining Dark Matter With Gravitational Heating And Cooling Processes, Dhruba Dutta Chowdhury

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

About $84 \%$ of the total mass budget of the Universe consists of dark matter. While it does not interact electromagnetically and, therefore, cannot be “seen”, one can hope to infer its properties from its gravitational imprints on the structure and dynamics of various astrophysical objects (e.g., star clusters, black holes, galaxies). While cold dark matter, where dark matter is collisionless and most likely consists of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), is the most widely studied dark matter model, WIMPs remain undetected. An intriguing alternative is Fuzzy Dark Matter, where dark matter is made up of ultralight bosons with masses …

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How The Tropical Pacific Responds To Global Warming, Ulla K. Heede Oct 2022

How The Tropical Pacific Responds To Global Warming, Ulla K. Heede

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The emerging warming patterns in the tropical Pacific are key to understanding earth’s climate response to increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs). This is true on interannual timescales dominated by El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and on decadal and longer timescales, as Pacific trade wind variations and ENSO decadal modulation can influence temporary global warming trend slowdowns with links to climate sensitivity. While it is imperative to understand and predict changes in the tropical Pacific, progress is hindered by discrepancies between models and observations, diverging theories and uncertainty in projections. My thesis tackles these outstanding problems through five chapters. The first chapter provides …

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How Do Cognitive Demands During Encoding Influence Subsequent Memory Across Development, Lena Jane Skalaban Oct 2022

How Do Cognitive Demands During Encoding Influence Subsequent Memory Across Development, Lena Jane Skalaban

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Context greatly impacts what information is encoded and retrieved by different memorysystems. Development is one such context that shifts what information is prioritized and subsequently remembered. Despite an abundance of studies on the development of different forms of memory across the life course, much of this research assesses specific types of memory compared to an adult baseline, rather than examining the interaction of these memory systems at different points in development. In this dissertation, I investigate how development influences what information is encoded and retained in three core memory systems: working memory, recognition memory, and episodic memory. I demonstrate that …

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Thz Spectroscopy Of Photoconductive Metal-Organic Frameworks, Sarah Ostresh Oct 2022

Thz Spectroscopy Of Photoconductive Metal-Organic Frameworks, Sarah Ostresh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The development of devices for renewable energy generation and storage is becoming increasingly important as climate challenges persist. This dissertation focuses on the investigation of materials that are used for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) are composed of semiconducting materials that can absorb solar radiation and store it in the form of chemical bonds or for solar fuel generation. Wide bandgap semiconductors are often incorporated in these devices to be photoexcited by solar radiation and remain in a charge separated state long enough to generate a current. In an effort to increase efficiency, metal oxides have been functionalized with …

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Robots That Tutor In Complex And Dynamic Environments, Nicole Salomons Oct 2022

Robots That Tutor In Complex And Dynamic Environments, Nicole Salomons

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Robots have shown great promise in being effective tutors for both children andadults. For instance, they have been shown to be successful in math tutoring for children [203], interruptions training for adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder [204], and assisting the elderly while exercising [87]. Yet, despite the great potential of tutoring robots, most studies have focused on providing short-term tutoring either in a laboratory or a school while the researcher is present. For robots to be more broadly successful, users need to be able to practice skills on a more prolonged basis and in the wild. This requires robotic systems …

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The Ambassadors: Indigenous Democracy And American Monarchy After The War Of 1812, Zachary Conn Oct 2022

The Ambassadors: Indigenous Democracy And American Monarchy After The War Of 1812, Zachary Conn

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation investigates sites of state activity in the early United States which have received far less attention from historians than executive mansions, legislative halls, courtrooms, military outposts, or overseas embassies: the numerous embassies the federal government maintained on, or adjacent to, lands belonging to North America’s sovereign Indigenous polities. At the helm of each of these embassies, known as Indian agencies, sat a presidentially appointed ambassador known as the Indian agent. I argue that Indian agents were monarchical officers within a republican system, compelled to follow diplomatic scripts originating in the centuries of contact between European monarchies and Indigenous …

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The Role Of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes In Liver And Colon Carcinogenesis, Yewei Wang Oct 2022

The Role Of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes In Liver And Colon Carcinogenesis, Yewei Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Both liver and colon cancers comprise the heterogeneous complex array of disorders, ranking the most common malignancies worldwide [1-3]. In 2022, the estimated 41,260 new cases of liver cancers and 106,180 new cases of colon cancers diagnosed in the United States, with 30,520 and 52,580 estimated deaths of corresponding cancers [4, 5]. A combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy is currently used to treat these cancers, and the five-year survival rate remains low for most of them [1-5]. This high lethality makes liver and colon cancers a major public health issue [6-11]. Despite extensive efforts over decades to characterize the …

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Influence Of Odor Plume Properties On Behavioral Decisions And Odor Representations In The Mouse Olfactory Bulb, Ankita Gumaste Oct 2022

Influence Of Odor Plume Properties On Behavioral Decisions And Odor Representations In The Mouse Olfactory Bulb, Ankita Gumaste

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Animal survival in the wild is largely dependent on their ability to locate food sources, find mates, and avoid predators — tasks which are all heavily reliant on their sense of smell. However, to be adept at these behaviors, animals must navigate a complex odor landscape where odors cues can be released in many forms, including odor trails and airborne odor plumes. Odor plumes result when an odor is carried by ambient wind, where it’s structure changes with distance from the odor source, providing potential navigational cues to searching animals. Odor plumes can adopt a variety of structures depending on …

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Sooting Tendencies And Soot Formation Pathways Of Alternative Fuels And Compounds, Junqing Zhu Oct 2022

Sooting Tendencies And Soot Formation Pathways Of Alternative Fuels And Compounds, Junqing Zhu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the modern age, human activities depend more and more on energy. Fossil fuels and the related combustion process play important roles in supplying global energy. However, fossil fuels emit CO2 and pollutants into the atmosphere when they combust. CO2 leads to global warming with a single half-life of more than hundreds of years in the atmosphere. In order to contain the rise of the average global temperature, net emissions of CO2 must approach zero. However, given the high energy density of liquid fuels relative to other energy carriers, such as batteries, liquid fuels are likely to remain the dominant …

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Stellar Surfaces In The Frequency Domain, Joel Ong Oct 2022

Stellar Surfaces In The Frequency Domain, Joel Ong

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The analysis and interpretation of stellar oscillations — asteroseismology — illuminates a vast and diverse range of physical and astronomical phenomena. In particular, convectively excited pressure waves (p-modes), like those seen in the Sun, permit strong constraints on both the global properties and interior structures of cool stars. However, our efforts to reconcile asteroseismic observations with astrophysical theory are hindered by methodological systematic errors, associated with deficiencies in numerical treatments of stellar surfaces — the asteroseismic "surface term". These errors must be corrected for in the process of performing such analysis. Aside from the Sun, measurements of solar-like p-modes are …

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The Origin Of The Modern Bird Skull, With A Focus On The Evolution And Embryonic Development Of Musculoskeletal Structures In The Temporal And Otic Regions, Michael Hanson Oct 2022

The Origin Of The Modern Bird Skull, With A Focus On The Evolution And Embryonic Development Of Musculoskeletal Structures In The Temporal And Otic Regions, Michael Hanson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Compared with their Mesozoic theropod ancestors, extant birds (Aves) exhibit extensively modified skulls and associated soft tissue, with massively enlarged brains and reduced temporal musculature, an inner ear with dorsally elongated semicircular canals, and cranial kinesis allowing independent beak movements that permit it to be a dexterous manipulatory organ. This kinetic system in turn occurs in two distinct forms—palaeognathous and neognathous, the latter having a novel joint in the palate. Through µCT scanning and confocal microscopy, the evolution and development of these skull modifications can now be explored in three dimensions. I digitally reconstructed 3D skulls of two Cretaceous toothed …

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Quantitative Analysis Of Dynamic Functional Connectivity In The Brain, David O'Connor Oct 2022

Quantitative Analysis Of Dynamic Functional Connectivity In The Brain, David O'Connor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a key tool in translational neuroscience. It has been used to investigate the neurobiological phenomena which underpin traits, behaviors and disorders. However, it’s utilization far from perfect. The field struggles with statistical false positives, model overfitting, and poor generalizability. These issues have greatly impeded translation. The causes are multi-factorial, including, but not limited to; the use of small, homogeneous sample sizes, uncertainty about which brain states contribute to successful brain behavior models, and an unclear relationship between the fMRI blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal and underlying neural activity. Solutions to these issues are …

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