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A Covered Eye Fails To Follow An Object Moving In Depth, Scott N. J. Watamaniuk, Arvind Chandna, Jeremy B. Badler, Devashish Singh, Stephen J. Heinen May 2021

A Covered Eye Fails To Follow An Object Moving In Depth, Scott N. J. Watamaniuk, Arvind Chandna, Jeremy B. Badler, Devashish Singh, Stephen J. Heinen

Psychology Faculty Publications

To clearly view approaching objects, the eyes rotate inward (vergence), and the intraocular lenses focus (accommodation). Current ocular control models assume both eyes are driven by unitary vergence and unitary accommodation commands that causally interact. The models typically describe discrete gaze shifts to non-accommodative targets performed under laboratory conditions. We probe these unitary signals using a physical stimulus moving in depth on the midline while recording vergence and accommodation simultaneously from both eyes in normal observers. Using monocular viewing, retinal disparity is removed, leaving only monocular cues for interpreting the object's motion in depth. The viewing eye always followed the …

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Heat Shock Proteins: Classification, Functions And Expressions In Plants During Environmental Stresses., Sara Khan, Raheela Jabeen, Farah Deeba, Ummara Waheed, Plosha Khanum, Nadia Iqbal May 2021

Heat Shock Proteins: Classification, Functions And Expressions In Plants During Environmental Stresses., Sara Khan, Raheela Jabeen, Farah Deeba, Ummara Waheed, Plosha Khanum, Nadia Iqbal

Journal of Bioresource Management

HSPs proteins are found mostly in every cell from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. HSPs have been comprehensively studied in animals and humans. Recently their role in plants was thoroughly studied. HSPs were described as a result of heat shock conditions, but now get activate by various stresses like Ultraviolet light, cold, wound healing, drought, salinity and pathogenic infections (Lindquist et al., 1988). The term “heat shock protein” is now incorrect because HSPs are not expressed only under high temperature, also expressed under other stresses. HSPs are essential in maintaining balanced cell internal conditions under optimum and damaged growth conditions about in …

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Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation Optimizations For Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) Cultivar Spf-234 With Direct Organogenesis, Muhammad Nawaz, Naeem Iqbal, Rabia Hameed, Mehwish Mehwish, Shakra Jamil May 2021

Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation Optimizations For Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) Cultivar Spf-234 With Direct Organogenesis, Muhammad Nawaz, Naeem Iqbal, Rabia Hameed, Mehwish Mehwish, Shakra Jamil

Journal of Bioresource Management

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is the most important food and energy crop worldwide. In the present study, an efficient Agrobacterium mediated transformation and regeneration system for sugarcane cultivar SPF-234 was established. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains EHA101and LBA4404 using vector pIG121 Hm, having GUS, HPTII and NPTII genes were used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histochemical assays confirmed the GUS gene expression. A 620 bp fragment from GUS positive plants was amplified. The GUS expressing putative transformants were 35% of the total plants formed under 30 minute immersion time and 72 hr of incubation period. The co-cultivation media having 60 …

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Profile Of Antimicrobial Susceptibility From Cattles’S Milk Isolates Suffering From Mastitis In District Lahore, Muhammad Imran, Iqra Rehman, Abdul Qayyum Khan Sulehria, Yasser Mustafa Butt, Abdul Majid Khan, Azizah Ziauddin May 2021

Profile Of Antimicrobial Susceptibility From Cattles’S Milk Isolates Suffering From Mastitis In District Lahore, Muhammad Imran, Iqra Rehman, Abdul Qayyum Khan Sulehria, Yasser Mustafa Butt, Abdul Majid Khan, Azizah Ziauddin

Journal of Bioresource Management

Mastitis is highly prevalent infection in cattle causing cost-effective loss in dairy milk production. Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated bacteria causing mastitis worldwide. The current study was performed to investigate the mastitis prevalence and effect of different antibiotics against pathogens causing it. In sum, 216 milk samples were collected randomly including 108 each from both cows and buffaloes. These samples were subjected to Surf Field Mastitis Test for prevalence of mastitis that found 18.50% and 23.14% in buffaloes and cows respectively. Mastitis was more prevalent both in buffaloes and cows at the age of 9-10 years that was …

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The Guardian, Weeks Of May 3 And May 10, 2021, Wright State Student Body May 2021

The Guardian, Weeks Of May 3 And May 10, 2021, Wright State Student Body

The Guardian Student Newspaper

News articles from The Guardian for the week of May 3, 2021. The Guardian is the official student-run newspaper for Wright State University. It has been published regularly since March of 1965.

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Human Factors Considerations For Urban Air Mobility, Bhoomin B. Chauhan, Meredith Carroll May 2021

Human Factors Considerations For Urban Air Mobility, Bhoomin B. Chauhan, Meredith Carroll

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Before urban air mobility (UAM) flights are safely integrated into the current airspace system, it is necessary to identify and address human factors issues associated with UAM. Various industry and academic institutions are currently exploring a range of different aspects of UAM, such as vehicle concepts, airspace integration, and ground infrastructure, all of which have human factors implications. These human factors issues, which will heavily influence how UAM operations will evolve with growth in demand and autonomous technology, are in need of research. Potential human factors issues include UAM pilot’s trust in automation, situational awareness, visual scanning, decision-making capabilities, as …

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Viewing Air Battle Management Through The Lens Of Interdependence, Jordan E. Peterson, John M. Mcguirl, Michael E. Miller, Danielle Bales, Brianna Sternitzky May 2021

Viewing Air Battle Management Through The Lens Of Interdependence, Jordan E. Peterson, John M. Mcguirl, Michael E. Miller, Danielle Bales, Brianna Sternitzky

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Recent work has shown the importance of understanding and supporting interdependence relationships among agents engaging in complex, joint activities. Building on the Coactive Design Method of Johnson, the goal of this research was to determine the impact of providing operators with real-time information of team interdependencies. It was hypothesized that allowing operators to focus on maximizing the opportunities for team synergy would result in better planning in a dynamic environment. Operators in the Air Battle Management field used a decision aid that provided information on team interdependence during three combat scenarios. Effectiveness of the decision aid was measured by expert …

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Toward Modeling Pilot Workload In A Cognitive Architecture, Christopher Stevens, Christopher R. Fisher, Megan B. Morris May 2021

Toward Modeling Pilot Workload In A Cognitive Architecture, Christopher Stevens, Christopher R. Fisher, Megan B. Morris

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Characterizing and predicting pilot cognitive workload remains a formidable challenge, especially in tasks with a high perceptual/motor demand like aerial refueling. Cognitive models are useful tools for this, as they offer the potential to derive both performance and workload simulations before a test is conducted. We conducted a task analysis of a C-17 aerial refueling mission and developed a low-fidelity Atomic Components of Thought – Rational (ACT-R) model and environment to simulate the task. ACT-R models have been successful in predicting workload in other domains, such as menu navigation and problem solving. Eight aerial maneuvers were examined, including takeoff, climb, …

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Reports Of Resilient Performance: Investigating Operators’ Descriptions Of Safety-Producing Behaviors In The Aviation Safety Reporting System, Jolene Feldman, Immanuel Barshi, Brian Smith, Bryan Matthews May 2021

Reports Of Resilient Performance: Investigating Operators’ Descriptions Of Safety-Producing Behaviors In The Aviation Safety Reporting System, Jolene Feldman, Immanuel Barshi, Brian Smith, Bryan Matthews

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

While many existing taxonomies and frameworks provide a common vocabulary for describing how human operators fail in the context of sociotechnical systems, at present, there is no common vocabulary to describe how humans succeed. Such a framework would facilitate systematically collecting and analyzing data on how human performance can produce safety, not just how it can reduce safety. One potentially rich source of currently available information for exploring desired performance is the reports submitted to NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). These de-identified, confidential, and voluntary narrative reports are submitted by pilots, controllers, ground operators, and others within aviation operations. …

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Modeling Contingency Management In Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management, Emily Barrett, Martijn Ijtsma May 2021

Modeling Contingency Management In Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management, Emily Barrett, Martijn Ijtsma

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Contingency management in future Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Traffic Management (UTM) requires a variety of distributed and interdependent functions and services—such as flight tracking and conformance monitoring, weather detection and prediction, and ground-based detection and avoidance— that need to be coordinated across multiple roles and organizations. This paper describes a combination of cognitive walkthroughs and computational modeling of work to analyze edge case scenarios and assess resiliency in future UTM operations. We discuss how the walkthrough and modeling inform each other and present early results. The ultimate goal of this work is to identify requirements for robust and resilient system …

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Task Modeling In Air Traffic Control With Trajectorized En-Route Traffic Data Processing System, Sungju Maeng, Makoto Itoh, Hiroko Hirabayashi, Atsushi Senoguchi May 2021

Task Modeling In Air Traffic Control With Trajectorized En-Route Traffic Data Processing System, Sungju Maeng, Makoto Itoh, Hiroko Hirabayashi, Atsushi Senoguchi

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

As the volume of flight is extended, it is expected that the task complexity of air traffic controllers will increase. In Japan, air traffic control in en-route airspace is operating with TEPS (Trajectorized En-route Traffic Data Processing System), which has functions to display information necessary for air traffic controllers’ tasks. It has evolved to support the controllers with less workload, resulting in escalated interaction between controllers. However, paradoxically this means more information is provided and more workload would be required. In order to manage mental workload of air traffic controllers, detailed analyses of their tasks with TEPS are needed. In …

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A Salute To Robert Key Dismukes: A Mentor For Translational Research In Human Factors, Janeen Adrion Kochan May 2021

A Salute To Robert Key Dismukes: A Mentor For Translational Research In Human Factors, Janeen Adrion Kochan

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

As the fields of study associated with human factors (aviation psychology, cognitive systems engineering, engineering psychology, etc.) become broader in scope, the drive to bring the findings from academic research to those who can benefit from study findings must also expand. This paper honors Robert Key Dismukes, Ph.D., through a case study that illustrates how the bridge from research to practice (and back to research) can be built and how human factors professionals can translate and share what they know with new scientists, target populations, and the public at large. This review of Dr. Dismukes’ work demonstrates how the findings …

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The Effect To Human Performance And Wellbeing Of Air Traffic Management Operational Staff Through The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nathan Vink May 2021

The Effect To Human Performance And Wellbeing Of Air Traffic Management Operational Staff Through The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nathan Vink

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic reduced air traffic levels in Europe by up to 95% and the system had to respond quickly to preserve safety, maintain efficiency and performance. Operators were significantly affected both in terms of individual and team performance, as well as the longer-term impact to skills and attitudes. Human Performance data from Operators has been collected through this period. The impact to safety risk due to underloading of human performance, as well as the longer-term impact to wellbeing and competencies of operators was analysed. The largest impact to staff was reduced performance because of anxiety and uncertainty around the …

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Hazard Analysis For Human Supervisory Control Of Multiple Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Elias B. Johnson, Andrew N. Kopeikin, Nancy G. Leveson, Andrew W. Drysdale May 2021

Hazard Analysis For Human Supervisory Control Of Multiple Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Elias B. Johnson, Andrew N. Kopeikin, Nancy G. Leveson, Andrew W. Drysdale

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) operations are shifting from multiple operators controlling a single-UAS to a single operator supervising multiple-UAS engaged in complex mission sets. To enable this, there is wide consensus in literature that limitations in human cognitive capacity require shifting low-level control responsibilities to automation so that human operators can focus on supervisory control. However, hazard analyses to identify related safety concerns have largely been unexplored. To address this shortfall, this paper applies System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) on an abstracted model of a multi-UAS system. This hazard analysis approach handles complex systems and human-machine control interactions together. The paper …

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Examining The Changing Roles And Responsibilities Of Humans In Envisioned Future In-Time Aviation Safety Management Systems, Lawrence Prinzel Iii, Kyle Ellis, John Koelling, Paul Krois, Misty Davies, Robert Mah May 2021

Examining The Changing Roles And Responsibilities Of Humans In Envisioned Future In-Time Aviation Safety Management Systems, Lawrence Prinzel Iii, Kyle Ellis, John Koelling, Paul Krois, Misty Davies, Robert Mah

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Advances in technology are enabling new concepts of operations that will trans-form aviation including increasingly autonomous capabilities to handle evolving complex dynamic ecosystems like those associated with Advanced Aerial Mobility. A major challenge is how to ensure today’s safety levels are maintained as the system scales for rapid detection and timely mitigation of safety issues. NASA has developed a concept of operation for In-Time Aviation Safety Management Systems (IASMS) that represents a system-of-system perspective on interconnected capabilities needed to proactively reduce risk in complex operational environments where unknown hazards may exist. As a result, NASA research priorities include understanding how …

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Resilience Engineering’S Potential For Advanced Air Mobility (Aam), Christopher Nemeth, Jon Holbrook May 2021

Resilience Engineering’S Potential For Advanced Air Mobility (Aam), Christopher Nemeth, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The national airspace (NAS) will rapidly evolve in the next ten to twenty years. Plans for Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) during that period envision highly automated airspace management systems and electrically powered vehicles. AAM concepts also anticipate limited human roles. The goal of limiting the human role is to minimize the potential for misadventures, yet how the human role is limited needs to be carefully considered in order to also preserve the potential for human successes. The field of resilience engineering (RE) focuses on how systems can change in order to seize an opportunity or withstand an unforeseen challenge. RE …

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Speed-Accuracy Trade-Offs And General Systems Performance Theory: Novel Application To Fitts’ Law And Beyond, Lawrence R. Disalvi, George V. Kondraske May 2021

Speed-Accuracy Trade-Offs And General Systems Performance Theory: Novel Application To Fitts’ Law And Beyond, Lawrence R. Disalvi, George V. Kondraske

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Speed-accuracy trade-offs have long been of interest in human performance. General Systems Performance Theory (GSPT) was motivated by human performance measurement and modeling needs. It has subsequently been applied in those and other areas. In GSPT, all system performance attributes are modeled using a resource construct. Systems are characterized by multi-dimensional performance capacity envelopes (PCEs). The systems of interest here are considered to possess limited speed and accuracy performance resources defining a two-dimensional PCE. When considering human movement, relevance to Fitts’ law was conjectured. In multiple Fitts’ paradigm tasks, we found a near-perfect correlation between Index of Performance (IP) and …

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Organizational Safety In Airline Operations, Esa Rantanen, Erik-Jan Hujibrechts May 2021

Organizational Safety In Airline Operations, Esa Rantanen, Erik-Jan Hujibrechts

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Organizational accidents is a category of accidents caused by organizational factors. They are rare but have widespread consequences, many defenses and multiple causes, they are associated with judging and deciding, and have a long “history”. Organizational accidents are also associated with highly regulated industries, such as aviation. There are several other constructs related to organizational factors undermining safety. Aviation is unfortunately closely associated with the traditional “Safety I” thinking, where adverse outcomes can be found at the end of causal chain and treating, and preferably eliminating, the causes will increase safety by preventing future accidents. An alternative view is “Safety …

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Utilizing Immersive Technologies In The Air Traffic Control Domain, Shivani Bajaj, Andrew Jorquera, Charlie Duff, Rafael N.C. Patrick May 2021

Utilizing Immersive Technologies In The Air Traffic Control Domain, Shivani Bajaj, Andrew Jorquera, Charlie Duff, Rafael N.C. Patrick

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) holds a vital role in the United States, employing over 14,000 Air Traffic Control/Management (ATC/ATM) specialists responsible for managing roughly 43,000 flights each day. ATC education “wash-out” rates have shown that there is a disconnect between the training process and the implementation of cognitively demanding, safety-critical ATC duties. The purpose of this research was to investigate if, how, and where immersive technologies (i.e., augmented, virtual, and mixed reality) could be helpful within the ATC/ATM educational domain. To accomplish the overall research goal, subject matter expert (SME) interviews were conducted and a potential educational tool was …

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Does Attention Training Enhance Stress Resilience And Performance In Unforeseen Safety-Critical Situations?, Christine M. Talker May 2021

Does Attention Training Enhance Stress Resilience And Performance In Unforeseen Safety-Critical Situations?, Christine M. Talker

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Dealing successfully with unforeseen safety-critical situations is a prerequisite for save pilot performance. Studies applying new attention-based training approaches have revealed positive effects on emotion regulation and on concentration abilities. Hence, the question arises to what extent attention training would facilitate cognitive adaptation processes, thereby attenuating emotional stress responses and reducing performance decrements in unforeseen flight situations. Twenty-four pilots will be randomly assigned to two groups and will either be trained in attention regulation or in relaxation techniques. “Home training” will be followed by training in the flight simulator. Performance ratings, video and audio recordings, subjective data, and EDA data …

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The Skill Assumption -Over-Reliance On Perception Skills In Hazard Assessment, M M Rene Van Paassen, Jelmer R. Reitsma, Erik_Jan A M Hujibrechts, Clark Borst, Annemarie Landman, Max Mulder May 2021

The Skill Assumption -Over-Reliance On Perception Skills In Hazard Assessment, M M Rene Van Paassen, Jelmer R. Reitsma, Erik_Jan A M Hujibrechts, Clark Borst, Annemarie Landman, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

In the analysis of human performance and human error, considerable attention is given to the cognitive processes of actors involved in error or success scenarios. Even with awareness of hindsight bias, it takes effort to understand the actions of agents in later inspection of error scenarios. One such topic of heated discussion was the perceived poor performance of pilots in the two 737 MAX MCAS-related crashes in applying the “memory item” checklist pertaining to a runaway trim. In this paper, we argue that it is not so much the reproduction of the checklist that was lacking in these scenarios, but …

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Situational Awareness Training For Operators Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Tarryn Kille, Paul R. Bates, Seung Young Lee, David Murray Kille May 2021

Situational Awareness Training For Operators Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Tarryn Kille, Paul R. Bates, Seung Young Lee, David Murray Kille

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

In civilian operations, the utilisation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is diverse and the application needs and performance characteristics also vary widely. To this end, the growing opportunities for UAV operations have generated an urgent need for trained operators to ensure these systems are used effectively and safely. This paper discusses the importance and integration of appropriate non-technical skills (NTS) training with a focus on situation awareness (SA) to further improve UAV mission effectiveness. The paper explores technical design and human factors challenges impacting on UAV operations. While technical design solutions to UAV systems and interfaces are examined, the authors …

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Recommended Training Practices To Prepare Pilots To Cope With Information Conflicts, Meredith Carroll, Paige Sanchez, Donna Wilt May 2021

Recommended Training Practices To Prepare Pilots To Cope With Information Conflicts, Meredith Carroll, Paige Sanchez, Donna Wilt

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

As the next generation of flight deck information systems are being utilized on the flight deck, pilots now have greater amounts of information at their fingertips. Although redundant sources of information allow pilots to crosscheck, they also introduce the potential for information conflicts. There is a need to ensure pilots are trained to effectively evaluate, integrate and make decisions based on information from redundant, and potentially conflicting information. Based on findings from a literature, we present several best practice guidelines for preparing pilots to effectively respond to conflicting information. Based on data collected during a questionnaire study administered to a …

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Detecting A Loss Of Situational Awareness, Stephen R. Pickard, Ami Eidels, Eric J. Beh, Leslie M. Blaha May 2021

Detecting A Loss Of Situational Awareness, Stephen R. Pickard, Ami Eidels, Eric J. Beh, Leslie M. Blaha

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Based within the aviation context, this research is attempting to detect a loss of situational awareness (SA) using Detection Response Tasks (DRT). The research is in two phases: an initial survey and then an experimentation phase. A survey has been distributed attempting to gain an understanding of what current aviation personnel understand of the construct of SA and how it is currently taught and assessed, and what are the observed indicators of a loss of SA. The survey results will be used to validate some previously identified elements of SA around the link between SA and cognitive capacity and workload, …

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Dimensions Of Pilot Experience And Their Contributing Variables, Nsikak E. Udo-Imeh, Steven J. Landry May 2021

Dimensions Of Pilot Experience And Their Contributing Variables, Nsikak E. Udo-Imeh, Steven J. Landry

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Pilot experience is generally recognized as an insulating factor against erroneous weather-related decision making in General Aviation (GA). A pilot’s level of experience is traditionally taken to correspond to the total flight hours accrued. However, there is some evidence from aviation accident databases and research that total flight hours on its own, may be an inadequate measure of pilot experience. Indeed, pilot experience may be viewed as a multidimensional attribute, with each dimension made up of several elements or variables. How individual elements align with different dimensions, or the extent to which each dimension or the elements thereof contribute to …

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Surveying Collegiate Student Pilots For Their Perspectives On Their Collegiate Flight Training Experience, Nicoletta Fala, Denise K. Whitford May 2021

Surveying Collegiate Student Pilots For Their Perspectives On Their Collegiate Flight Training Experience, Nicoletta Fala, Denise K. Whitford

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Women make up roughly half of the population, but continue to be an underrepresented group in aviation. They constitute nearly 14% of student pilots, but only 8% of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) pilot certificates, leading to a lack of understanding why a substantial number of women do not complete their training. Past diversity initiatives have not resulted in a sufficient increase in the numbers. This paper discusses a study in progress that is intended to gain perceptions of women’s experiences and obstacles in collegiate flight programs using a longitudinal survey of collegiate pilots. The aim of the study is to …

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The Impact Of The Covid 19 Pandemic On Aviation Workers And The Aviation System, Joan Cahill, Paul Cullen, Sohaib Anwer, Keith Gaynor May 2021

The Impact Of The Covid 19 Pandemic On Aviation Workers And The Aviation System, Joan Cahill, Paul Cullen, Sohaib Anwer, Keith Gaynor

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

This paper presents the findings of an anonymous web-based survey addresing [sic] the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on aviation workers and the aviation system. The analysis indicates that aviation workers are experiencing high level of depression and anxiety.Coping [sic] mechanisms are being used by many aviation workers. Considerable barriers still remain in relation to reporting mental health (MH) issues at work. Overall, the response from organisations in terms of helping employees cope with the stress arising from the COVID 19 pandemic and changes to wellbeing is weak. The vast majority of aviation workers indicate that wellbeing is not …

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A Passive Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface Predicts Mental Workload During Flight Simulation, Adam Fraser, Kathleen Van Benthem, Chris M. Herdman May 2021

A Passive Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface Predicts Mental Workload During Flight Simulation, Adam Fraser, Kathleen Van Benthem, Chris M. Herdman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The objective of the present research was to investigate an electroencephalography (EEG) brain-computer interface (BCI) for monitoring realistic variations in mental workload during virtual reality (VR) flight simulation. Many aviation accidents are related to pilot cognition and a mismatch between task demands and cognitive resources. Real-time neurophysiological monitoring offers an approach to identifying high-workload mental states by obtaining continuous, objective measurements without adding to the workload of the pilot. Workload was manipulated by varying navigational difficulty and communication tasks during VR flight simulation. EEG data collected during simulated flight was analyzed to evaluate performance of passive BCI for classification of …

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System-Theoretic Requirements Definition For Human Interactions On Future Rotary-Wing Aircraft, Sam M. Yoo, Andrew N. Kopeikin, Dro J. Gregorian, Adam T. Munekata, John P. Thomas, Nancy G. Leveson May 2021

System-Theoretic Requirements Definition For Human Interactions On Future Rotary-Wing Aircraft, Sam M. Yoo, Andrew N. Kopeikin, Dro J. Gregorian, Adam T. Munekata, John P. Thomas, Nancy G. Leveson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Future rotary-wing aircraft designs are highly complex, optionally manned, and include advanced teaming concepts that create unknown human-automation interaction safety risks. System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) enables analysis of hazards on these complex systems. This paper demonstrates how to apply STPA in future helicopters' early concept development to prevent unacceptable losses. The system is modeled as a hierarchical control structure to capture interactions between components, including human and software controllers. Unsafe control actions are identified from these relationships and are used to systematically derive causal scenarios that arise from both hazardous interactions between system components and component failures. System requirements are …

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Training Airline Pilots For Improved Flight Path Monitoring: The Sensemaking Model Framework, Dorrit Billman, Peter Zaal, Randall Mumaw, Thomas Lombaerts, Isabel Torron, Saad Jamal, Michael Feary May 2021

Training Airline Pilots For Improved Flight Path Monitoring: The Sensemaking Model Framework, Dorrit Billman, Peter Zaal, Randall Mumaw, Thomas Lombaerts, Isabel Torron, Saad Jamal, Michael Feary

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The importance and benefit of improved monitoring is increasingly recognized. Improved training may be a valuable intervention. Our study (conducted 2019) assessed and trained airline First Officers on flight path monitoring skills. The exploratory study assessed monitoring pre-training in a simulator session that included monitoring challenges (8 or 7 events). A 1-hour interactive training followed, based on the Sensemaking Model of Monitoring; it presented concepts and examples using a slide deck, discussion, and simple activities. Post-training assessment used scenarios with analogous monitoring challenges (7 or 8 events) but a different setting. Performance showed significant and relatively consistent improvement. Training monitoring …

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