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Machine Learning-Based Predictive Modeling Of Resilience To Stressors In Pregnant Women During Covid-19: A Prospective Cohort Study, Emily S. Nichols, Harini S. Pathak, Roberta Bgeginski, Michelle F. Mottola, Isabelle Giroux, Ryan J. Van Lieshout, Yalda Mohsenzadeh, Emma G. Duerden Aug 2022

Machine Learning-Based Predictive Modeling Of Resilience To Stressors In Pregnant Women During Covid-19: A Prospective Cohort Study, Emily S. Nichols, Harini S. Pathak, Roberta Bgeginski, Michelle F. Mottola, Isabelle Giroux, Ryan J. Van Lieshout, Yalda Mohsenzadeh, Emma G. Duerden

Neuroscience Institute Publications

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women have been at high risk for psychological distress. Lifestyle factors may be modifiable elements to help reduce and promote resilience to prenatal stress. We used Machine-Learning (ML) algorithms applied to questionnaire data obtained from an international cohort of 804 pregnant women to determine whether physical activity and diet were resilience factors against prenatal stress, and whether stress levels were in turn predictive of sleep classes. A support vector machine accurately classified perceived stress levels in pregnant women based on physical activity behaviours and dietary behaviours. In turn, we classified hours of sleep based on …

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The Task Matters: A Scoping Review On Reading Comprehension Abilities In Adhd, Kaitlyn M.A. Parks, Christine N. Moreau, Kara E. Hannah, Leah Brainin, Marc F. Joanisse Aug 2022

The Task Matters: A Scoping Review On Reading Comprehension Abilities In Adhd, Kaitlyn M.A. Parks, Christine N. Moreau, Kara E. Hannah, Leah Brainin, Marc F. Joanisse

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Objective: A broad range of tasks have been used to classify individuals with ADHD with reading comprehension difficulties. However, the inconsistency in the literature warrants a scoping review of current knowledge about the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and reading comprehension ability. Method: A comprehensive search strategy was performed to identify relevant articles on the topic. Thirty-four articles met inclusion criteria for the current review. Results: The evidence as a whole suggests reading comprehension is impaired in ADHD. The most prominent effect was found in studies where participants retell or pick out central ideas in stories. On these tasks, participants with …

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The Status Of Status In International Relations, Ryan Mcnamara Jul 2022

The Status Of Status In International Relations, Ryan Mcnamara

MA Major Research Papers

This literature review provides a comparative analysis of the four main approaches within the status paradigm (social-psychological, rationalist, constructivist, and social immobility) to determine their respective strengths, limitations, explanatory power, and scope conditions. While there are various elements of ‘status’ that the approaches converge upon, they diverge significantly in their understanding of the motivations and strategies adopted by status-seeking states, how status is a form of power that translates into deference, and whether status-based analyses can be applied beyond rising and established great powers. The review provides five case studies (China, Norway, United States, the UNSC, and Russia) to demonstrate …

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Misinformation And Disinformation: Detecting Fakes With The Eye And Ai, Victoria Rubin Jun 2022

Misinformation And Disinformation: Detecting Fakes With The Eye And Ai, Victoria Rubin

Data and Test Instruments

How do we detect, deter, and prevent the spread of mis- and disinformationwith the human eye and AI? How does theory inform the practice, and how do theevidence-based research and best practices in lie-catching and truth-seekingprofessions—inform AI? The book looks into well-established human practicessuch as the routines and processes used in detective work, journalism, and scientificinquiry, and how they contribute toward innovative AI solutions. The book explainsthe principles, inner workings, and recent evolution of five types of state-of-the-artAI technologies suitable for curtailing the spread of mis- and disinformation:automated deception detectors, clickbait detectors, satirical fake detectors, rumordebunkers, and computational fact-checking tools.

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Responsibility, Recognition And Representation: The Ethical Bases Of Truth Evaluation In Political Narrative Analysis, Paul Nesbitt-Larking Jun 2022

Responsibility, Recognition And Representation: The Ethical Bases Of Truth Evaluation In Political Narrative Analysis, Paul Nesbitt-Larking

Faculty Publications

Just as even the most personal of our narratives can ultimately be traced back to our communal pasts, so they are worked up, told, and retold through complex chains of sharing: Situated utterances, partial hearings and fractured representations circulate meanings and interpretations through relays of retelling as social agents listen to and tell their own and each other’s stories. Narrative political psychologists explore how the storied lives of political actors are both shaped by their historical and structured circumstances and reproduce their ongoing political agency. In such contexts, how do narrative political psychologists assess truth claims? Guided by a Critical …

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Simulated Nature Walks Improve Psychological Well-Being Along A Natural To Urban Continuum, Giuliana Brancato, Kathryne Van Hedger, Marc G. Berman, Stephen C. Van Hedger Jun 2022

Simulated Nature Walks Improve Psychological Well-Being Along A Natural To Urban Continuum, Giuliana Brancato, Kathryne Van Hedger, Marc G. Berman, Stephen C. Van Hedger

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Compared to urban environments, interactions with natural environments have been associated with several health benefits including psychological restoration and improved emotional well-being. However, dichotomizing environments as either natural or urban may emphasize between-category differences and minimize potentially important within-category variation (e.g., forests versus fields of crops; neighborhoods versus city centers). Therefore, the current experiment assessed how viewing brief videos of different environments, ranging along a continuum from stereotypically natural to stereotypically urban, influenced subjective ratings of mood, restoration, and well-being. Participants (n = 202) were randomly assigned to one of four video conditions, which depicted a simulated walk through a …

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The Mental Health Experience Of Treatment-Seeking Military Members And Public Safety Personnel: A Qualitative Investigation Of Trauma And Non-Trauma-Related Concerns, Bethany Easterbrook, Andrea Brown, Heather Millman, Sherry Van Blyderveen, Ruth Lanius, Alex Heber, Margaret Mckinnon, Charlene O’Connor Jun 2022

The Mental Health Experience Of Treatment-Seeking Military Members And Public Safety Personnel: A Qualitative Investigation Of Trauma And Non-Trauma-Related Concerns, Bethany Easterbrook, Andrea Brown, Heather Millman, Sherry Van Blyderveen, Ruth Lanius, Alex Heber, Margaret Mckinnon, Charlene O’Connor

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Introduction: Paramedics, firefighters, police officers and other public safety personnel (PSP) as well as Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) members are frequently exposed to stressors and demanding work environments. Although their specific work-related tasks may vary, a commonality between these occupations is the significant likelihood of repeated exposure to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTE) over the course of their careers. Due in part to these repeated exposures, CAF members and PSP are at an elevated risk of mental health concerns including posttraumatic stress disor-der. The purpose of this study was to obtain a more in-depth understanding of the trauma-and non-trauma-related experiences …

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Learning Unfamiliar Words And Perceiving Non-Native Vowels In A Second Language: Insights From Eye Tracking, Félix Desmeules-Trudel, Marc F. Joanisse Jun 2022

Learning Unfamiliar Words And Perceiving Non-Native Vowels In A Second Language: Insights From Eye Tracking, Félix Desmeules-Trudel, Marc F. Joanisse

Neuroscience Institute Publications

One of the challenges in second-language learning is learning unfamiliar word forms, especially when this involves novel phoneme contrasts. The present study examines how real-time processing of newly-learned words and phonemes in a second language is impacted by the structure of learning (discrimination training) and whether asking participants to complete the same task after a 16–21 h delay favours subsequent word recognition. Specifically, using a visual world eye tracking paradigm, we assessed how English listeners processed newly-learned words containing non-native French front-rounded [y] compared to native-sounding vowels, both immediately after training and the following day. Some learners were forced to …

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An Open Access Resource For Functional Brain Connectivity From Fully Awake Marmosets, David J. Schaeffer, L Martyn Klassen, Yuki Hori, Xiaoguang Tian, Diego Szczupak, Cecil Chern-Chyi Yen, Justine C. Cléry, Kyle M. Gilbert, Joseph S. Gati, Ravi S. Menon, Cirong Liu, Stefan Everling, Afonso C. Silva May 2022

An Open Access Resource For Functional Brain Connectivity From Fully Awake Marmosets, David J. Schaeffer, L Martyn Klassen, Yuki Hori, Xiaoguang Tian, Diego Szczupak, Cecil Chern-Chyi Yen, Justine C. Cléry, Kyle M. Gilbert, Joseph S. Gati, Ravi S. Menon, Cirong Liu, Stefan Everling, Afonso C. Silva

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is quickly gaining traction as a premier neuroscientific model. However, considerable progress is still needed in understanding the functional and structural organization of the marmoset brain to rival that documented in longstanding preclinical model species, like mice, rats, and Old World primates. To accelerate such progress, we present the Marmoset Functional Brain Connectivity Resource (marmosetbrainconnectome.org), currently consisting of over 70 h of resting-state fMRI (RS-fMRI) data acquired at 500 µm isotropic resolution from 31 fully awake marmosets in a common stereotactic space. Three-dimensional functional connectivity (FC) maps for every cortical and subcortical gray matter voxel …

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Familiarity Modulates Neural Tracking Of Sung And Spoken Utterances, Christina M. Vanden Bosch Der Nederlanden, Marc F. Joanisse, Jessica A. Grahn, Tineke M. Snijders, Jan Mathijs Schoffelen May 2022

Familiarity Modulates Neural Tracking Of Sung And Spoken Utterances, Christina M. Vanden Bosch Der Nederlanden, Marc F. Joanisse, Jessica A. Grahn, Tineke M. Snijders, Jan Mathijs Schoffelen

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Music is often described in the laboratory and in the classroom as a beneficial tool for memory encoding and retention, with a particularly strong effect when words are sung to familiar compared to unfamiliar melodies. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this memory benefit, especially for benefits related to familiar music are not well understood. The current study examined whether neural tracking of the slow syllable rhythms of speech and song is modulated by melody familiarity. Participants became familiar with twelve novel melodies over four days prior to MEG testing. Neural tracking of the same utterances spoken and sung revealed greater …

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Chunking In Backward Recall Of Digits: An Fmri Study, Khashayar Khasheeipour May 2022

Chunking In Backward Recall Of Digits: An Fmri Study, Khashayar Khasheeipour

2022 Undergraduate Awards

Working memory is the mind’s sketchpad for mental storage and manipulation of information (Miller et al., 2018). It is crucial to everyday tasks such as recalling PINs and passwords, mental mathematical manipulations, and learning new sequences of action. Dysfunction of this executive function is detrimental to these everyday tasks and significantly lowers the quality of life, as seen in patients living with schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury (Forbes et al., 2008; Litvan et al, 1988; McDowell et al., 1997). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying working memory is crucial to having a better understanding of these disorders. In most …

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Some Dilemmas For An Account Of Neural Representation: A Reply To Poldrack, Michael L. Anderson, Heather Champion Apr 2022

Some Dilemmas For An Account Of Neural Representation: A Reply To Poldrack, Michael L. Anderson, Heather Champion

Neuroscience Institute Publications

“The physics of representation” (Poldrack, 2020) aims to (1) define the word “representation” as used in the neurosciences, (2) argue that such representations as described in neuroscience are related to and usefully illuminated by the representations generated by modern neural networks, and (3) establish that these entities are “representations in good standing”. We suggest that Poldrack succeeds in (1), exposes some tensions between the broad use of the term in neuroscience and the narrower class of entities that he identifies in the end, and between the meaning of “representation” in neuroscience and in psychology in (2), and fails in (3). …

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Neural Activity During Story Listening Is Synchronized Across Individuals Despite Acoustic Masking., Vanessa C Irsik, Ingrid Johnsrude, Björn Herrmann Mar 2022

Neural Activity During Story Listening Is Synchronized Across Individuals Despite Acoustic Masking., Vanessa C Irsik, Ingrid Johnsrude, Björn Herrmann

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Older people with hearing problems often experience difficulties understanding speech in the presence of background sound. As a result, they may disengage in social situations, which has been associated with negative psychosocial health outcomes. Measuring listening (dis)engagement during challenging listening situations has received little attention thus far. We recruit young, normal-hearing human adults (both sexes) and investigate how speech intelligibility and engagement during naturalistic story listening is affected by the level of acoustic masking (12-talker babble) at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In Experiment 1, we observed that word-report scores were above 80% for all but the lowest SNR (-3 dB …

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How Different Are Threshold And Other Specified Feeding And Eating Disorders? Comparing Severity And Treatment Outcome, Samantha J. Withnell, Abbigail Kinnear, Philip Masson, Lindsay P. Bodell Feb 2022

How Different Are Threshold And Other Specified Feeding And Eating Disorders? Comparing Severity And Treatment Outcome, Samantha J. Withnell, Abbigail Kinnear, Philip Masson, Lindsay P. Bodell

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Background: Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED) are characterized by less frequent symptoms or symptoms that do not meet full criteria for another eating disorder. Despite its high prevalence, limited research has examined differences in severity and treatment outcome among patients with OSFED compared to threshold EDs [Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), and Binge Eating Disorder (BED)]. The purpose of the current study was to examine differences in clinical presentation and treatment outcome between a heterogenous group of patients with OSFED or threshold EDs. Method: Patients with threshold EDs (AN = 42, BN = 50, BED = 14) …

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Healthcare Workers And Covid-19-Related Moral Injury: An Interpersonally-Focused Approach Informed By Ptsd, Andrea M. D'Alessandro, Kimberly Ritchie, Randi E. Mccabe, Ruth A. Lanius, Alexandra Heber, Patrick Smith, Ann Malain, Hugo Schielke, Charlene O'Connor, Fardous Hosseiny, Sara Rodrigues, Margaret C. Mckinnon Feb 2022

Healthcare Workers And Covid-19-Related Moral Injury: An Interpersonally-Focused Approach Informed By Ptsd, Andrea M. D'Alessandro, Kimberly Ritchie, Randi E. Mccabe, Ruth A. Lanius, Alexandra Heber, Patrick Smith, Ann Malain, Hugo Schielke, Charlene O'Connor, Fardous Hosseiny, Sara Rodrigues, Margaret C. Mckinnon

Neuroscience Institute Publications

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a still-unfolding series of novel, potentially traumatic moral and ethical challenges that place many healthcare workers at risk of developing moral injury. Moral injury is a type of psychological response that may arise when one transgresses or witnesses another transgress deeply held moral values, or when one feels that an individual or institution that has a duty to provide care has failed to do so. Despite knowledge of this widespread exposure, to date, empirical data are scarce as to how to prevent and, where necessary, treat COVID-19-related moral injury in healthcare workers. Given the …

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The Stimulus-Response Crisis, Robyn Wilford, Juan Ardila-Cifuentes, Edward Baggs, Michael L. Anderson Feb 2022

The Stimulus-Response Crisis, Robyn Wilford, Juan Ardila-Cifuentes, Edward Baggs, Michael L. Anderson

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Yarkoni correctly recognizes that one reason for psychology's generalizability crisis is the failure to account for variance within experiments. We argue that this problem, and the generalizability crisis broadly, is a necessary consequence of the stimulus-response paradigm widely used in psychology research. We point to another methodology, perturbation experiments, as a remedy that is not vulnerable to the same problems.

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Mother-Child Similarity In Brain Morphology: A Comparison Of Structural Characteristics Of The Brain's Reading Network, Lynn V. Fehlbaum, Lien Peters, Plamina Dimanova, Margot Roell, Réka Borbás, Daniel Ansari, Nora M. Raschle Feb 2022

Mother-Child Similarity In Brain Morphology: A Comparison Of Structural Characteristics Of The Brain's Reading Network, Lynn V. Fehlbaum, Lien Peters, Plamina Dimanova, Margot Roell, Réka Borbás, Daniel Ansari, Nora M. Raschle

Paediatrics Publications

Background: Substantial evidence acknowledges the complex gene-environment interplay impacting brain development and learning. Intergenerational neuroimaging allows the assessment of familial transfer effects on brain structure, function and behavior by investigating neural similarity in caregiver-child dyads. Methods: Neural similarity in the human reading network was assessed through well-used measures of brain structure (i.e., surface area (SA), gyrification (lG), sulcal morphology, gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT)) in 69 mother-child dyads (children's age~11 y). Regions of interest for the reading network included left-hemispheric inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobe and fusiform gyrus. Mother-child similarity was quantified by correlation coefficients and …

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The Contribution Of Attachment Styles And Reassurance Seeking To Trust In Romantic Couples., Lyndsay Elizabeth Evraire, David J. A. Dozois, Jesse Lee Wilde Feb 2022

The Contribution Of Attachment Styles And Reassurance Seeking To Trust In Romantic Couples., Lyndsay Elizabeth Evraire, David J. A. Dozois, Jesse Lee Wilde

Psychology Publications

The current daily diary study examined the moderating impact of attachment style on the association between excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) behavior and trust in romantic dyads. A sample of 110 heterosexual couples completed measures of attachment, ERS, and relationship trust. In line with prior research, an anxious attachment style was associated with higher daily ERS, and an avoidant attachment style with lower daily ERS. Lower levels of trust were also associated with greater daily ERS. Moreover, analyses remained significant while controlling for symptoms of depression. This study extended the literature by demonstrating that for women with an anxious attachment style, …

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The Association Between Intimate Partner Violence And Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders And Symptoms Among Adult Women: Systematic Review, Ohud Banjar, Marilyn Ford-Gilboe, Carol Wong, Deanna Befus, Bayan Alilyyani Feb 2022

The Association Between Intimate Partner Violence And Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders And Symptoms Among Adult Women: Systematic Review, Ohud Banjar, Marilyn Ford-Gilboe, Carol Wong, Deanna Befus, Bayan Alilyyani

Paediatrics Publications

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and symptoms have been identified as possible health consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, whether specific types of abuse (i.e., psychological, physical and sexual) are associated with FGIDs and the implications of FGIDs for women’s quality of life (QOL) in the context of IPV are not well understood. This systematic review examined the association between the different types of IPV and the risk of FGIDs and symptoms among adult women and assessed the impact of FGIDs and symptoms on women’s QOL. Seven electronic databases were searched using the following criteria: English language studies of adult …

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Situational Factors Shape Moral Judgements In The Trolley Dilemma In Eastern, Southern And Western Countries In A Culturally Diverse Sample, Bence Bago, Marton Kovacs, John Protzko, Tamas Nagy, Zoltan Kekecs, Bence Palfi, Matus Adamkovic, Sylwia Adamus, Sumaya Albalooshi, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Ilham N. Alfian, Sinan Alper, Sara Alvarez-Solas, Sara G. Alves, Santiago Amaya, Pia K. Andresen, Gulnaz Anjum, Daniel Ansari, Patrícia Arriaga, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Alexios Arvanitis, Peter Babincak, Krystian Barzykowski, Bana Bashour, Ernest Baskin, Luisa Batalha, Carlota Batres, Jozef Bavolar, Fatih Bayrak Jan 2022

Situational Factors Shape Moral Judgements In The Trolley Dilemma In Eastern, Southern And Western Countries In A Culturally Diverse Sample, Bence Bago, Marton Kovacs, John Protzko, Tamas Nagy, Zoltan Kekecs, Bence Palfi, Matus Adamkovic, Sylwia Adamus, Sumaya Albalooshi, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Ilham N. Alfian, Sinan Alper, Sara Alvarez-Solas, Sara G. Alves, Santiago Amaya, Pia K. Andresen, Gulnaz Anjum, Daniel Ansari, Patrícia Arriaga, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Alexios Arvanitis, Peter Babincak, Krystian Barzykowski, Bana Bashour, Ernest Baskin, Luisa Batalha, Carlota Batres, Jozef Bavolar, Fatih Bayrak

Paediatrics Publications

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United …

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Numeracy And Covid-19: Examining Interrelationships Between Numeracy, Health Numeracy And Behaviour, Nathan T.T. Lau, Eric D. Wilkey, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Rebekka Lagacé Cusiac, Lien Peters, Paul Tremblay, Celia Goffin, Isabella Starling Alves, Andrew David Ribner, Clarissa Thompson, Jo Van Hoof, Julia Bahnmueller, Aymee Alvarez, Elien Bellon, Ilse Coolen, Fanny Ollivier, Daniel Ansari Jan 2022

Numeracy And Covid-19: Examining Interrelationships Between Numeracy, Health Numeracy And Behaviour, Nathan T.T. Lau, Eric D. Wilkey, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Rebekka Lagacé Cusiac, Lien Peters, Paul Tremblay, Celia Goffin, Isabella Starling Alves, Andrew David Ribner, Clarissa Thompson, Jo Van Hoof, Julia Bahnmueller, Aymee Alvarez, Elien Bellon, Ilse Coolen, Fanny Ollivier, Daniel Ansari

Paediatrics Publications

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people across the globe have been exposed to large amounts of statistical data. Previous studies have shown that individuals mathematical understanding of health-related information affects their attitudes and behaviours. Here, we investigate the relation between (i) basic numeracy, (ii) COVID-19 health numeracy, and (iii) COVID-19 health-related attitudes and behaviours. An online survey measuring these three variables was distributed in Canada, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) (n = 2032). In line with predictions, basic numeracy was positively related to COVID-19 health numeracy. However, predictions, neither basic numeracy nor COVID-19 health numeracy was related …

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Exploring The Conceptual Structure Of The City, Chelsea-Leigh M. Mckenzie Jan 2022

Exploring The Conceptual Structure Of The City, Chelsea-Leigh M. Mckenzie

2022 Undergraduate Awards

Does the conceptual structure of the built environment (e.g., east coast city, small town, village) differ from how we mentally represent other types of concepts (e.g., table, football, apple)? The current study investigated whether settlement-type concepts are organized similarly to object-type concepts, where features that are psychologically close or highly related to the concept are identified faster than atypical or unrelated features that are psychologically distant. Thirty-seven participants completed a property verification task where they were asked to indicate whether each statement was true or false of a concept as quickly and as accurately as possible, and their reaction time …

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Formal Innovations To Clinical Cognitive Science And Assessment, Richard W.J. Neufeld, Matthew J. Shanahan Jan 2022

Formal Innovations To Clinical Cognitive Science And Assessment, Richard W.J. Neufeld, Matthew J. Shanahan

Psychology Publications

Mathematical modeling is increasingly driving progress in clinical cognitive science and assessment. Mathematical modeling is essential for detecting certain effects of psychopathology – mental disturbance--through comprehensive understanding of tell-tale cognitive variables such as workload capacity and efficiency in using capacity, and their contrast under quantitative measurement. The research paradigm guiding this formal clinical science is outlined. An example using a distinctive cognitive abnormality in schizophrenia – taking longer to cognitively represent encountered stimulation – provides an illustration of a quantitative framework for studying intricate mental health-impairing phenomena. Added benefits of formal developments, among others, include symptom description and prediction, new …

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Exceptional Canadian Contributions To Research On Cognitive Vulnerability To Depression., David J. A. Dozois, Elizabeth P. Hayden Jan 2022

Exceptional Canadian Contributions To Research On Cognitive Vulnerability To Depression., David J. A. Dozois, Elizabeth P. Hayden

Psychology Publications

For more than four decades, Canadian psychologists have made significant contributions to the understanding of cognitive vulnerability to depression. This article highlights some of these exceptional contributions and the important roles Canadian scientists have played in enhancing our understanding of the cognitive products (e.g., dysfunctional attitudes), cognitive operations/processes (e.g., attention, encoding, and memory biases), and cognitive structures (i.e., cognitive organization) involved in depression. Following this review, we discuss research that has integrated cognitive vulnerability with other risk factors for depression, address some important measurement issues in cognitive vulnerability research, and highlight directions for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 …

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A Neural Signature Of Regularity In Sound Is Reduced In Older Adults, Björn Herrmann, Burkhard Maess, Ingrid S. Johnsrude Jan 2022

A Neural Signature Of Regularity In Sound Is Reduced In Older Adults, Björn Herrmann, Burkhard Maess, Ingrid S. Johnsrude

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Sensitivity to repetitions in sound amplitude and frequency is crucial for sound perception. As with other aspects of sound processing, sensitivity to such patterns may change with age, and may help explain some age-related changes in hearing such as segregating speech from background sound. We recorded magnetoencephalography to characterize differences in the processing of sound patterns between younger and older adults. We presented tone sequences that either contained a pattern (made of a repeated set of tones) or did not contain a pattern. We show that auditory cortex in older, compared to younger, adults is hyperresponsive to sound onsets, but …

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Completing The Puzzle: Why Studies In Non-Human Primates Are Needed To Better Understand The Effects Of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Sebastian J. Lehmann, Brian D. Corneil Jan 2022

Completing The Puzzle: Why Studies In Non-Human Primates Are Needed To Better Understand The Effects Of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Sebastian J. Lehmann, Brian D. Corneil

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Brain stimulation is a core method in neuroscience. Numerous non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are currently in use in basic and clinical research, and recent advances promise the ability to non-invasively access deep brain structures. While encouraging, there is a surprising gap in our understanding of precisely how NIBS perturbs neural activity throughout an interconnected network, and how such perturbed neural activity ultimately links to behaviour. In this review, we will consider why non-human primate (NHP) models of NIBS are ideally situated to address this gap in knowledge, and why the oculomotor network that moves our line of sight offers …

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Learning Words Without Trying: Daily Second Language Podcasts Support Word Form Learning In Adults, Elise Alexander, Stephen C. Van Hedger, Laura Batterink Jan 2022

Learning Words Without Trying: Daily Second Language Podcasts Support Word Form Learning In Adults, Elise Alexander, Stephen C. Van Hedger, Laura Batterink

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Spoken language contains overlapping patterns across different levels, from syllables to words to phrases. The discovery of these structures may be partially supported by statistical learning (SL), the unguided, automatic extraction of regularities from the environment through passive exposure. SL supports word learning in artificial language experiments, but few studies have examined whether it scales up to support natural language learning in adult second language learners. Here, adult English speakers (n = 70) listened to daily podcasts in either Italian or English for two weeks while going about their normal routines. To measure word knowledge, participants provided familiarity ratings of …

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Ameliorative Patterns Of Grey Matter In Patients With First-Episode And Treatment-Naïve Schizophrenia, Mingli Li, Wei Deng, Yinfei Li, Liansheng Zhao, Xiaohong Ma, Hua Yu, Xiaojing Li, Yajing Meng, Qiang Wang, Xiangdong Du, Pak Chung Sham, Lena Palaniyappan, Tao Li Jan 2022

Ameliorative Patterns Of Grey Matter In Patients With First-Episode And Treatment-Naïve Schizophrenia, Mingli Li, Wei Deng, Yinfei Li, Liansheng Zhao, Xiaohong Ma, Hua Yu, Xiaojing Li, Yajing Meng, Qiang Wang, Xiangdong Du, Pak Chung Sham, Lena Palaniyappan, Tao Li

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Background Grey matter (GM) reduction is a consistent observation in established late stages of schizophrenia, but patients in the untreated early stages of illness display an increase as well as a decrease in GM distribution relative to healthy controls (HC). The relative excess of GM may indicate putative compensatory responses, though to date its relevance is unclear. Methods 343 first-episode treatment-naïve patients with schizophrenia (FES) and 342 HC were recruited. Multivariate source-based morphometry was performed to identify covarying 'networks' of grey matter concentration (GMC). Neurocognitive scores using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and symptom burden using the Positive …

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The Vestibulocerebellum And The Shattered Self: A Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder And Its Dissociative Subtype, Daniela Rabellino, Janine Thome, Maria Densmore, Jean Theberge, Margaret C. Mckinnon, Ruth A. Lanius Jan 2022

The Vestibulocerebellum And The Shattered Self: A Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder And Its Dissociative Subtype, Daniela Rabellino, Janine Thome, Maria Densmore, Jean Theberge, Margaret C. Mckinnon, Ruth A. Lanius

Neuroscience Institute Publications

The flocculus is a region of the vestibulocerebellum dedicated to the coordination of neck, head, and eye movements for optimal posture, balance, and orienting responses. Despite growing evidence of vestibular and oculomotor impairments in the aftermath of traumatic stress, little is known about the effects of chronic psychological trauma on vestibulocerebellar functioning. Here, we investigated alterations in functional connectivity of the flocculus at rest among individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS) as compared to healthy controls. Forty-four healthy controls, 57 PTSD, and 32 PTSD + DS underwent 6-min resting-state MRI scans. Seed-based functional …

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Well-Being Of Canadian Armed Forces Veterans And Spouses Of Veterans During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Protocol For A Prospective Longitudinal Survey, Callista A. Forchuk, Anthony Nazarov, Rachel A. Plouffe, Jenny J.W. Liu, Erisa Deda, Tri Le, Dominic Gargala, Vanessa Soares, Jesse Bourret-Gheysen, Kate St Cyr, Maede S. Nouri, Fardous Hosseiny, Patrick Smith, Gabrielle Dupuis, Maya Roth, Michelle Marlborough, Rakesh Jetly, Alexandra Heber, Ruth Lanius, J. Don Richardson Jan 2022

Well-Being Of Canadian Armed Forces Veterans And Spouses Of Veterans During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Protocol For A Prospective Longitudinal Survey, Callista A. Forchuk, Anthony Nazarov, Rachel A. Plouffe, Jenny J.W. Liu, Erisa Deda, Tri Le, Dominic Gargala, Vanessa Soares, Jesse Bourret-Gheysen, Kate St Cyr, Maede S. Nouri, Fardous Hosseiny, Patrick Smith, Gabrielle Dupuis, Maya Roth, Michelle Marlborough, Rakesh Jetly, Alexandra Heber, Ruth Lanius, J. Don Richardson

Neuroscience Institute Publications

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant changes to everyday life, including social distancing mandates, changes to health care, and a heightened risk of infection. Previous research has shown that Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) veterans are at higher risk of developing mental and physical health conditions. Veterans and their families may face unique social challenges that can compound with pandemic-related disruptions to negatively impact well-being. Objective: This study aims to longitudinally characterize the mental health of CAF veterans and spouses of CAF veterans throughout the pandemic and to understand the dynamic influences of pandemic-related stressors on psychological health over …

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