Digital Commons Network^™

Sleep-Based Memory Processing Facilitates Grammatical Generalization: Evidence From Targeted Memory Reactivation., Laura J Batterink, Ken A Paller

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Generalization-the ability to abstract regularities from specific examples and apply them to novel instances-is an essential component of language acquisition. Generalization not only depends on exposure to input during wake, but may also improve offline during sleep. Here we examined whether targeted memory reactivation during sleep can influence grammatical generalization. Participants gradually acquired the grammatical rules of an artificial language through an interactive learning procedure. Then, phrases from the language (experimental group) or stimuli from an unrelated task (control group) were covertly presented during an afternoon nap. Compared to control participants, participants re-exposed to the language during sleep showed larger …

P05. Team Interdependence: Construct And Measurement Challenges, Natasha E. Ouslis, Natalie J. Allen Phd

Western Research Forum

Background:

Teams are “interdependent collections of individuals who share responsibility for specific outcomes” (Sundstrom et al., 1990; p. 120), and they are used in work organizations to achieve difficult and complex goals. Indeed, the degree to which teams are interdependent serves an important role in team research. However, researchers use varying measures of interdependence (see Pearce, 1993; Staples & Webster, 2008; van der Vegt et al., 2001) that have received little systematic construct validation. Given the criticality of the interdependence construct in teams, the fact that there is conceptual and methodological confusion in this area is troublesome.

Methods:

In this …

P25. Psychological Well-Being In Sport: Examining The Construct Validity Of A Modified Version Of The Scales Of Psychological Well-Being, Despina Kouali, Craig Hall, Paige Pope

Western Research Forum

Background: Participation in sport can contribute in individuals' physical health, psychological well-being (PWB), and general quality of life (Coakley, 2007). In the sport literature, the majority of studies have failed to distinguish between general well-being and well-being specific to the sport context (Lundqvist, 2011). This is partly because of a lack of sport specific PWB measurement tools; thus the purpose of the present study was to adapt an existing PWB global instrument (i.e., Scales of Psychological Well-Being; Ryff, 1989) for the sport context and examine the construct validity of the modified version of the instrument.

Methods: Nine experts assessed the …

P34. The Effects Of Standing Desks On Classroom Performance Of University Students, Siobhan Smith

Western Research Forum

Background:

It is well established that there are many health risks associated with prolonged sedentary time.¹ Unfortunately, research conducted on university students is limited but yet they experience excessive periods of sitting time during class and while studying.

Methods:

Recently, we investigated the effect of sitting, dynamic sitting, and standing desks on classroom performance of university students.² Participants performed three 3-minute classroom simulations, one for each of the three desks. The order of the desks and simulations were randomized. Each of the simulations included a different typing and memory task.

Results:

Results showed no significant difference in the …

P35. Investigating The Effect Of Maternal Immune Activation On Sensory Filtering, Social Behaviour And Attention, Faraj Haddad

Western Research Forum

Background

Altered brain development is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. Environmental insults can interfere with neurodevelopment, and a prominent example is maternal infection during pregnancy. Epidemiological studies show that children born to mothers who were infected during pregnancy display a higher risk of developing ASD and schizophrenia, and this effect is mainly due to the maternal immune response. Polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (Poly I:C) is a double stranded RNA molecule that mimics viral markers and elicits an immune response. When injected in pregnant rodents, this model produces offspring that exhibit core symptoms of ASD and …

Parental Quality Of Life 10 Years After Their Child’S Epilepsy Diagnosis, Klajdi Puka, Kathy Nixon Speechley

Western Research Forum

Background: Although the long-term course of childhood epilepsy is favorable in terms of seizure control, patients often face debilitating cognitive and psychosocial deficits that persist even after seizure remission. Pediatric epilepsy also has a large impact on the family and has been shown to be associated with diminished quality of life (QOL) among parents. However, the long-term outcome of parental QOL is unknown. This study aimed to 1) evaluate parental QOL 10 years after their child was diagnosed with epilepsy and 2) identify epilepsy-, child- and family-related characteristics associated with diminished parental QOL.

Methods: Data were derived …

Intimate Partner Violence In The Post-War Context: Women's Experiences And Community Leaders' Perceptions In The Eastern Province Of Sri Lanka, Sepali Guruge, Marilyn Ford-Gilboe, Colleen Varcoe, Vathsala Jayasuriya-Illesinghe, Mahesan Ganesan, Sivagurunathan Sivayogan, Parvathy Kanthasamy, Pushparani Shanmugalingam, Hemamala Vithanarachchi

Paediatrics Publications

Background Exposure to armed conflict and/or war have been linked to an increase in intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. A substantial body of work has focused on non-partner rape and sexual violence in war and post-war contexts, but research about IPV is limited, particularly in Asian settings. This paper presents the finding of a study conducted in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. The study explored women's experiences of and responses to IPV as well as how health and social service providers perceive the problem. It also explored the IPV-related services and supports available after the end of a …

Adaptable Categorization Of Hands And Tools In Prosthesis Users., Fiona M Z Van Den Heiligenberg, Nick Yeung, Peter Brugger, Jody C Culham, Tamar R Makin

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

No abstract provided.

Corrigendum To "Overlapping And Distinct Brain Regions Involved In Estimating The Spatial Position Of Numerical And Non-Numerical Magnitudes: An Fmri Study" [Neuropsychologia 51(5) (2013) 979-989], Stephan E. Vogel, Roland H. Grabner, Michael Schneider, Robert S. Siegler, Daniel Ansari

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

No abstract provided.

Quantitative Assessment Of White Matter Injury In Preterm Neonates: Association With Outcomes., Ting Guo, Emma G Duerden, Elysia Adams, Vann Chau, Helen M Branson, M Mallar Chakravarty, Kenneth J Poskitt, Anne Synnes, Ruth E Grunau, Steven P Miller

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively assess white matter injury (WMI) volume and location in very preterm neonates, and to examine the association of lesion volume and location with 18-month neurodevelopmental outcomes.

METHODS: Volume and location of WMI was quantified on MRI in 216 neonates (median gestational age 27.9 weeks) who had motor, cognitive, and language assessments at 18 months corrected age (CA). Neonates were scanned at 32.1 postmenstrual weeks (median) and 68 (31.5%) had WMI; of 66 survivors, 58 (87.9%) had MRI and 18-month outcomes. WMI was manually segmented and transformed into a common image space, accounting for intersubject anatomical variability. Probability …

First Description Of Reduced Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Activity Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (Sah), Stefan Köhler

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Object: Several previous studies reported metabolic derangements and an accumulation of metabolic products in the early phase of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which may contribute to secondary brain damage. This may be a result of deranged oxygen utilization due to enzymatic dysfunction in aerobic glucose metabolism. This study was performed to investigate, if pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme (PDH) is affected in its activity giving further hints for a derangement of oxidative metabolism. Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups (n = 9): (1) SAH induced by the endovascular filament model and (2) sham-operated controls. …

Adolescent Cannabinoid Exposure Induces A Persistent Sub-Cortical Hyper-Dopaminergic State And Associated Molecular Adaptations In The Prefrontal Cortex., Justine Renard, Laura G Rosen, Michael Loureiro, Cleusa De Oliveira, Susanne Schmid, Walter J Rushlow, Steven R Laviolette

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Considerable evidence suggests that adolescent exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in marijuana, increases the risk of developing schizophrenia-related symptoms in early adulthood. In the present study, we used a combination of behavioral and molecular analyses with in vivo neuronal electrophysiology to compare the long-term effects of adolescent versus adulthood THC exposure in rats. We report that adolescent, but not adult, THC exposure induces long-term neuropsychiatric-like phenotypes similar to those observed in clinical populations. Thus, adolescent THC exposure induced behavioral abnormalities resembling positive and negative schizophrenia-related endophenotypes and a state of neuronal hyperactivity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway. …

Skilled Adult Readers Activate The Meanings Of High-Frequency Words Using Phonology: Evidence From Eye Tracking., Debra Jared, Katrina O'Donnell

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

We examined whether highly skilled adult readers activate the meanings of high-frequency words using phonology when reading sentences for meaning. A homophone-error paradigm was used. Sentences were written to fit 1 member of a homophone pair, and then 2 other versions were created in which the homophone was replaced by its mate or a spelling-control word. The error words were all high-frequency words, and the correct homophones were either higher-frequency words or low-frequency words-that is, the homophone errors were either the subordinate or dominant member of the pair. Participants read sentences as their eye movements were tracked. When the high-frequency …

A 4-Study Replication Of The Moderating Effects Of Greed On Socioeconomic Status And Unethical Behaviour., Anjana Balakrishnan, Paolo A Palma, Joshua Patenaude, Lorne Campbell

Psychology Publications

Four replications of Piff and colleagues' study examined the moderating effects of greed attitudes on the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and unethical behaviour (Study 7). In the original study, the researchers found that both greed and SES predicted increased propensity to engage in unethical behavior. Furthermore, this association was moderated such that the effects of SES on unethical behaviour were no longer present in the greed prime condition versus the neutral condition. In replication 1 of the original study main effects of greed attitudes and SES were found, but no interaction was found. Main effects for greed emerged in …

Racial Segregation In The Rise And Fall Of 22nd Street South: The Unfolding Story Of The Historic Black Business Recreational District In St. Petersburg, Florida, Marvin L. Simner

Psychology Publications

A clause entitled “Segregation of Races” was inserted in the St. Petersburg City Charter in 1931. It wasn’t until 1936, however, that the clause gave rise to the first segregated housing zone within the city. In this report we provide evidence to suggest that it was the Federal Government and not the St. Petersburg city council, as has been claimed, that was responsible for the implementation of this clause and the segregated commercial district that developed along 22^nd Street South. We then document the rise of this commercial district and present further evidence that city council showed little interest …

A Model Of Event Knowledge, Jeffrey L. Elman, Ken Mcrae

Psychology Publications

We present a connectionist model of event knowledge that is trained on examples of sequences of activities that are not explicitly labeled as events. The model learns co-occurrence patterns among the components of activities as they occur in the moment (entities, actions, and contexts), and also learns to predict sequential patterns of activities. In so doing, the model displays behaviors that in humans have been characterized as exemplifying inferencing of unmentioned event components, the prediction of upcoming components (which may or may not ever happen or be mentioned), reconstructive memory, and the ability to flexibly accommodate novel variations from previously …

Origins Of Thalamic And Cortical Projections To The Posterior Auditory Field In Congenitally Deaf Cats., Blake E Butler, Nicole Chabot, Andrej Kral, Stephen G Lomber

Psychology Publications

Crossmodal plasticity takes place following sensory loss, such that areas that normally process the missing modality are reorganized to provide compensatory function in the remaining sensory systems. For example, congenitally deaf cats outperform normal hearing animals on localization of visual stimuli presented in the periphery, and this advantage has been shown to be mediated by the posterior auditory field (PAF). In order to determine the nature of the anatomical differences that underlie this phenomenon, we injected a retrograde tracer into PAF of congenitally deaf animals and quantified the thalamic and cortical projections to this field. The pattern of projections from …

Understanding The Post-Surgical Bariatric Experiences Of Patients Two Or More Years After Surgery, Rebecca Liu, Jennifer Irwin

Health Studies Publications

Background: In Canada, one year after bariatric surgery follow-up appointments become less frequent and surgical recipients must cope with weight management more independently. Up to 50% of patients experience weight regain by two years post-surgery. Understanding the lived experiences of those who have gone through the bariatric pro- cess may shed light on what is needed to support others moving forward. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to gain an understanding of the physical, psychological, social, and clinic-related experiences of individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery at least two years prior. Purpose The purpose of the study was to …

Hippocampal Neurogenesis And Volume In Migrating And Wintering Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris Pusilla)., Nara Gyzely De Morais Magalhães, Cristovam Guerreiro Diniz, Daniel Guerreiro Diniz, Ediely Pereira Henrique, Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira, Isis Ananda Matos Moraes, Mauro André Damasceno De Melo, David Francis Sherry, Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Long distance migratory birds find their way by sensing and integrating information from a large number of cues in their environment. These cues are essential to navigate over thousands of kilometers and reach the same breeding, stopover, and wintering sites every year. The semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) is a long-distance migrant that breeds in the arctic tundra of Canada and Alaska and winters on the northeast coast of South America. Its fall migration includes a 5,300-kilometer nonstop flight over the Atlantic Ocean. The avian hippocampus has been proposed to play a central role in the integration of multisensory spatial information …

Are There Place Cells In The Avian Hippocampus?, David F Sherry, Stephanie L Grella, Mélanie F Guigueno, David J White, Diano F Marrone

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Birds possess a hippocampus that serves many of the same spatial and mnemonic functions as the mammalian hippocampus but achieves these outcomes with a dramatically different neuroanatomical organization. The properties of spatially responsive neurons in birds and mammals are also different. Much of the contemporary interest in the role of the mammalian hippocampus in spatial representation dates to the discovery of place cells in the rat hippocampus. Since that time, cells that respond to head direction and cells that encode a grid-like representation of space have been described in the rat brain. Research with homing pigeons has discovered hippocampal cells, …

Hippocampal Astrocytes In Migrating And Wintering Semipalmated Sandpiper, Dario Carvalho-Paulo, Nara G De Morais Magalhães, Diego De Almeida Miranda, Daniel G Diniz, Ediely P Henrique, Isis A M Moraes, Patrick D C Pereira, Mauro A D De Melo, Camila M De Lima, Marcus A De Oliveira, Cristovam Guerreiro-Diniz, David F Sherry, Cristovam W P Diniz

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Seasonal migratory birds return to the same breeding and wintering grounds year after year, and migratory long-distance shorebirds are good examples of this. These tasks require learning and long-term spatial memory abilities that are integrated into a navigational system for repeatedly locating breeding, wintering, and stopover sites. Previous investigations focused on the neurobiological basis of hippocampal plasticity and numerical estimates of hippocampal neurogenesis in birds but only a few studies investigated potential contributions of glial cells to hippocampal-dependent tasks related to migration. Here we hypothesized that the astrocytes of migrating and wintering birds may exhibit significant morphological and numerical differences …

Of Bayes And Bullets: An Embodied, Situated, Targeting-Based Account Of Predictive Processing, M.L. Anderson

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

No abstract provided.

Overlap Between The General Factor Of Personality And Emotional Intelligence: A Meta-Analysis, Dimitri Van Der Linden, Keri A. Pekaar, Arnold B. Bakker, Julie Aitken Schermer, Philip A. Vernon, Curtis S. Dunkel, K. V. Petrides

Management and Organizational Studies Publications

We examine the relationship between the general factor of personality (GFP) and emotional intelligence (EI) and specifically test the hypothesis that the GFP is a social effectiveness factor overlapping conceptually with EI. Presented is an extensive meta-analysis in which the associations between the GFP, extracted from the Big Five dimensions, with various EI measures is examined. Based on a total sample of k = 142 data sources (N = 36,268) the 2 major findings from the meta-analysis were (a) a large overlap between the GFP and trait EI (r ≈ .85); and (b) a positive, but more moderate, correlation with …

Two Years Of Relationship-Focused Mentoring For First Nations, Métis, And Inuit Adolescents: Promoting Positive Mental Health, Claire Crooks, Deinera Exner-Cortens, Sarah Burm, Alicia Lapointe, Deb Chiodo

Education Publications

First Nations, Métis, and Inuit (FNMI) youth are disproportionately affected by a range of negative health outcomes including poor emotional and psychosocial well-being. At the same time, there is increasing awareness of culturally-specific protective factors for these youth, such as cultural connectedness and identity. This article reports the findings of a mixed-methods, exploratory longitudinal study on the effects of a culturally-relevant school-based mentoring program for FNMI youth that focuses on promoting mental well-being and the development of cultural identity. Participants included a cohort of FNMI adolescents whom we tracked across the transition from elementary to secondary school. We utilized data …

Abductive Reasoning In Wto Law, Chios Carmody

Law Publications

Law is about many things, but at base it is about rights and obligations. That jural correlation is established and sustained by means of reasoning. We hold that an actor has a right or obligation by virtue of reasoning that classically occurs in one of two forms. An obligation creates a right by means of inductive logic that rests on the conviction of similar instances in the past and the need for proof. It can also create an obligation by means of deductive logic, that is, the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) that are used to …

Things To Do With Your Imaginary Child, Steven Bruhm

Data and Test Instruments

This essay considers texts in which adults consciously invent children whom they represent to the world as “real,” children who can then richly investigate the ethical limits that their inventors may test in other people. Drawing on clinical psychological theories of children’s imaginary playmates – and the health that psychologists ascribe to the juvenile practice of inventing imaginary children – I consider what the adult invention of the child might suggest for the “uses” of children more generally. Texts under consideration are Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Lorrie Moore’s Anagrams, and Armistead Maupin’s quasi-biographical The Night Listener.

Reducing The Stigma Of Depression Among Asian Students: A Social Norm Approach, Francois B. Botha, Amanda L. Shamblaw, David J.A. Dozois

Psychology Publications

In North America, Asians reliably report higher levels of stigma toward people with depression than do Europeans. Possible methods of reducing this discrepancy have rarely been explored. Asian undergraduate students ( n = 132) were presented with one of four antistigma videos with two actresses: one portraying a student with depression and the other a professor. The videos used the concept of social proof, presenting either positive or negative descriptive norms, to effect change in stigma, measured by social distance. It was hypothesized that the positive descriptive norms intervention would show significantly greater positive change in social distance compared with …

Development Of A Brief Measure Of Intimate Partner Violence Experiences: The Composite Abuse Scale (Revised)-Short Form (CasR-Sf), Marilyn Ford-Gilboe, C. Nadine Wathen, Colleen Varcoe, Harriet L. Macmillan, Kelly Scott-Storey, Tara Mantler, Kelsey Hegarty, Nancy Perrin

Nursing Publications

Objectives: Approaches to measuring intimate partner violence (IPV) in populations often privilege physical violence, with poor assessment of other experiences. This has led to underestimating the scope and impact of IPV. The aim of this study was to develop a brief, reliable and valid self-report measure of IPV that adequately captures its complexity. Design: Mixed-methods instrument development and psychometric testing to evolve a brief version of the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) using secondary data analysis and expert feedback. Setting: Data from 5 Canadian IPV studies; feedback from international IPV experts. Participants: 31 international IPV experts including academic researchers, service providers …

A Qualitative Examination Of Women's Self-Presentation And Social Physique Anxiety During Injury Rehabilitation, Molly V. Driediger, Carly D. Mckay, Craig R. Hall, Paul S. Echlin

Paediatrics Publications

Objective To understand women's self-presentation experiences in the rehabilitation setting, and their attitudes and preferences toward the social and physical features of the rehabilitation environment. Design Qualitative study. Setting Outpatient physiotherapy clinic. Participants Ten women (age 18 to 64) with high social physique anxiety (Social Physique Anxiety Scale score ≥25) referred for physiotherapy following acute injury. Main outcome measures Semi-structured interviews were conducted prior to commencement of treatment, and again after a third treatment session. Results Participants experienced extensive self-presentational concerns that were intensified due to the nature of the physiotherapy environment. The women reported that their self-presentational anxiety did …

Resting-State Network-Specific Breakdown Of Functional Connectivity During Ketamine Alteration Of Consciousness In Volunteers., Vincent Bonhomme, Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse, Athena Demertzi, Marie-Aurélie Bruno, Oceane Jaquet, Mohamed Ali Bahri, Alain Plenevaux, Melanie Boly, Pierre Boveroux, Andrea Soddu, Jean François Brichant, Pierre Maquet, Steven Laureys

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

BACKGROUND: Consciousness-altering anesthetic agents disturb connectivity between brain regions composing the resting-state consciousness networks (RSNs). The default mode network (DMn), executive control network, salience network (SALn), auditory network, sensorimotor network (SMn), and visual network sustain mentation. Ketamine modifies consciousness differently from other agents, producing psychedelic dreaming and no apparent interaction with the environment. The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore ketamine-induced changes in RSNs connectivity.

METHODS: Fourteen healthy volunteers received stepwise intravenous infusions of ketamine up to loss of responsiveness. Because of agitation, data from six subjects were excluded from analysis. RSNs connectivity was compared between absence of …