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The Relationship Of Cognitive Style To Social Problem-Solving And Empathy In Counselors-In-Training, Anne Louise Cummings Jan 1987

The Relationship Of Cognitive Style To Social Problem-Solving And Empathy In Counselors-In-Training, Anne Louise Cummings

Digitized Theses

The goals of this study were, first, to study the relationship between cognitive style (field dependence-independence) and the counseling skills of empathy and social problem solving in an adult learner sample, and, second, to examine in detail, through protocol analysis, components of the social problem-solving process. The study was done with 70 elementary and secondary teachers in training to become school guidance counselors. The statistical design for the study was a 3 x 2 factorial design with repeated measures on one factor. The between-subjects factor consisted of three levels of cognitive style, while the within-subjects factor consisted of two types …

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Teacher Flexibility In Relation To Classroom Teaching Behaviour And Perceived Teacher Effectiveness, Petra Duschner Jan 1987

Teacher Flexibility In Relation To Classroom Teaching Behaviour And Perceived Teacher Effectiveness, Petra Duschner

Digitized Theses

The goal of this study was to investigate relationships among teacher flexibility, classroom teaching behaviour, and perceived teacher effectiveness in a sample of 95 secondary school teachers. Teacher flexibility was defined as a global, multifaceted characteristic consisting of both a cognitive and personality component. Three paper-and-pencil measures of each component of flexibility were employed. Frequency of occurrence of specific teaching behaviours and overall teaching effectiveness were rated by students in classes taught by participating teachers, using a 40-item teaching evaluation form.;The results provided very little support for an underlying unidimensional teacher flexibility construct in either the cognitive or personality domain. …

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Age Differences In Cognitive Monitoring, Margaret Christine Brigham Jan 1987

Age Differences In Cognitive Monitoring, Margaret Christine Brigham

Digitized Theses

Metacognitive knowledge regulates and directs cognitive activity. Thus, if metacognitive knowledge deteriorates with age cognitive performance as a whole will suffer. The focus of the present research was on assessing age differences in metacognitive knowledge. The cognitive tasks used were: vocabulary learning with two differentially effective learning strategies, prose recall, vocabulary defining and digit span.;On each task subjects were asked to predict their performance either before study, after study (in the case of the prose task only) or after testing. Following the model of Pressley and associates (e.g., Pressley, Ross, Levin and Ghatala, 1984) the ability to monitor ongoing cognitive …

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Evidence Of Temporal Coding In A Forward Masking Task, Gregory John Fleet Jan 1987

Evidence Of Temporal Coding In A Forward Masking Task, Gregory John Fleet

Digitized Theses

The use of masking to study the auditory system's frequency selectivity characteristics has been quite extensive. From these studies, a specific model of spectral analysis has been developed that emphasizes the energy distribution across frequency. This perspective is acceptable when describing the processing of simple tones, but certainly lacking when interest is in a description of the processing of more complex stimuli. The following experiments examined the ability of sinusoidal signals to mask single- and double-frequency probes. The paradigm was similar to that used in psychophysical tuning curve studies: the masker level was adapted to just mask a low-level probe …

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An Empirical Classification Of University Lecturing Styles, Denise Frances Mclean Jan 1987

An Empirical Classification Of University Lecturing Styles, Denise Frances Mclean

Digitized Theses

The goal of this research was to develop and validate an empirical classification of naturally occurring teaching styles in university undergraduate lecture courses. Teaching style was described in terms of patterns of observable classroom teaching behavior.;In the first study, the classification was developed with reference to an initial sample of 298 university lecturers. Each instructor was observed by student raters, who judged the frequency of occurrence of 100 low-inference behaviours. Student ratings were averaged within classes and eight scale scores were computed. A cluster analysis identified six groups of instructors, with members of each group homogeneous in terms of their …

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Surviving Childhood Cancer: The Psychosocial Impact On Parents, Kathy Nixon Speechley Jan 1987

Surviving Childhood Cancer: The Psychosocial Impact On Parents, Kathy Nixon Speechley

Digitized Theses

Childhood cancer is no longer viewed as inevitably fatal but rather as a chronic life-threatening illness. Child cancer patients and their families are now faced with longer phases of treatment and an inability to predict the future. Beyond a general recognition of the potential hardships they must endure, we know very little about the psychosocial consequences for the families of children who are surviving cancer.;The present study was designed to assess whether the presence of chronic strain, as experienced by families of child cancer survivors, is associated with (a) increased psychological distress, as measured by levels of depression and anxiety …

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The Cholinergic Septohippocampal Projection And Hippocampal Activity In Waking Behavior, Sleep And Anesthesia, Dwight James Stewart Jan 1987

The Cholinergic Septohippocampal Projection And Hippocampal Activity In Waking Behavior, Sleep And Anesthesia, Dwight James Stewart

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effects of lesions of the septohippocampal system on hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA) and large amplitude irregular activity (LIA). Slow wave activity was recorded from rat hippocampus during waking behaviors and following the administration of atropine or urethane after either an intraseptal injection of ibotenic acid, an intracerebroventricular injection of ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A) or control solutions. Hippocampal activity was also investigated during quiet and active sleep following ibotenic acid or control treatment.;Ibotenic acid selectively abolished the atropine-sensitive form of RSA normally seen during tonic periods of active sleep and during …

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Relative Sex Role Gratification: Egalitarianism And Fertility Decisions, Beatrice Emily Chapman Jan 1987

Relative Sex Role Gratification: Egalitarianism And Fertility Decisions, Beatrice Emily Chapman

Digitized Theses

This research investigated the importance of the degree of egalitarianism in the sex role relationship between husband and wife for the outcome of their fertility decisions. Fertility decisions are viewed as the outcome of the social psychological exchange processes of give-and-take and sharing between husband and wife. The essential quality of their exchanges is symbolized by the degree of egalitarianism, interpersonal influence, power and conflict occurring in the marital role relationship. Egalitarianism is defined as a more equal sharing of responsibilities and privileges between spouses. The outcomes of the couple's fertility decisions are defined and measured by the expected completed …

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Perceptions Of Children's Moral Reasoning, Susan Louise Bryant Jan 1987

Perceptions Of Children's Moral Reasoning, Susan Louise Bryant

Digitized Theses

Moral judgment has been a popular area of interest over the past few decades as researchers have begun to consider adults' perceptions of the moral reasoning abilities of others. The present thesis provided an extension to this previous research and considered adults' awareness of young children's moral judgment skills.;The first study examined adults' predictions of moral reasoning for different-aged children. Adults' prescriptions for advice they would offer to teach moral reasoning were also assessed at three age levels. Comparisons revealed that the adults were able to predict the moral performance of the children. Their prescriptions, however, did not reflect an …

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The Relationship Of Visual-Perceptual Skills, Vision And Physical Attributes To Motion Sickness Susceptibility, Ricki Lisa Ladowsky Jan 1987

The Relationship Of Visual-Perceptual Skills, Vision And Physical Attributes To Motion Sickness Susceptibility, Ricki Lisa Ladowsky

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this dissertation was to re-examine previously reported correlates and to identify new correlates of susceptibility to motion sickness. Susceptibility to motion sickness was measured with questionnaires in studies 1 and 2, and with both questionnaires and rotation-induced sickness in study 3.;In study 1, it was found that males who were moderately susceptible to motion sickness performed significantly worse on tests of spatial ability than those who were more susceptible or more resistant. In females there was a non-significant trend for susceptibility to increase as performance on certain tests of spatial ability increased.;Study 2 attempted to identify additional …

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Life History Analysis And Individual Differences In Humans: A Test Of The Application Of An R/K Analysis, Dwight S. Mazmanian Jan 1987

Life History Analysis And Individual Differences In Humans: A Test Of The Application Of An R/K Analysis, Dwight S. Mazmanian

Digitized Theses

A number of psychologists have begun to apply principles from evolutionary biology to their domains in an attempt to provide an integrated model of human behaviour. One such application, a theory based on the r/K continuum of reproductive strategies, postulates that a single heritable reproductive dimension underlies a broad range of individual differences in life histories, physiological functioning, and social behaviour (Rushton, 1985). The two experiments reported here provide a test of this theory. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine if such a reproductive dimension exists and the extent of its heritability. Numerous reproductive and other variables from a sample …

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Maternal Adaptation To A Hearing-Impaired Child: A Comparison Of The Mediating And Moderating Effects Of Social Support And Personality, Alexandra Louise Quittner Jan 1987

Maternal Adaptation To A Hearing-Impaired Child: A Comparison Of The Mediating And Moderating Effects Of Social Support And Personality, Alexandra Louise Quittner

Digitized Theses

The current study assessed the relationships among parenting stress, social support, marital satisfaction and psychological adjustment in a sample of 96 mothers of hearing impaired preschoolers and 118 matched mothers of nondisabled children. Two competing models of the effects of social support and specific personality variables on adjustment were tested: the "buffer" and mediator models. Respondents completed a structured interview and a series of standardized questionnaires. Factor analyses of the independent variables yielded two dimensions of parenting stress and three dimensions of social support.;Significant group differences were obtained on the measures of parenting stress, marital satisfaction and psychological adjustment. Moderating …

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Target-Directed Locomotion: A Critique Of The Short-Term Memory For Spatial Locations Proposed By Thomson, Runa Elizabeth Steenhuis Jan 1987

Target-Directed Locomotion: A Critique Of The Short-Term Memory For Spatial Locations Proposed By Thomson, Runa Elizabeth Steenhuis

Digitized Theses

This thesis presents a systematic examination of a common visuomotor behavior--locomotion directed to a target in the immediate environment.;The first part of the thesis focuses on an attempt to replicate an earlier finding of a highly accurate transitory short-term memory for target locations (Thomson, 1980, 1983). No evidence of such an accurate short-term memory was found here. The distance to the target, not the elapsed time, affected accuracy of walks with eyes closed. Delays of 2 and 4 s between viewing the target and walking did not result in a deterioration of performance. A 30 s delay did result in …

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Retrieval Inhibition In Human Memory: An Extension And Evaluation Of The Sam Theory, Andrew Scott Patrick Jan 1987

Retrieval Inhibition In Human Memory: An Extension And Evaluation Of The Sam Theory, Andrew Scott Patrick

Digitized Theses

Retrieval inhibition occurs when related information presented during the act of remembering inhibits recall performance. In the part-list cuing paradigm, subjects are presented with part of a list and asked to recall the rest of the list. A comparison with an uncued condition shows that recall is reduced by the part-list cues. This finding is important because many memory theories propose that lists of words are learned by forming associations between the words and, thus, part-list cues should allow subjects to follow these associations and increase their recall. Shiffrin's SAM (Search of Associative Memory) theory of memory retrieval provides the …

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An Examination Of Individual Differences In Children's Responding To Experiences Of Failure, Rhonda Stillman Gilby Jan 1986

An Examination Of Individual Differences In Children's Responding To Experiences Of Failure, Rhonda Stillman Gilby

Digitized Theses

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine individual differences in children's responding to an achievement-oriented testing situation including a failure experience. One hundred fifth and sixth graders participated in the three sessions of the study. During two of these sessions, failure experiences were programmed. The children completed personality measures assessing test anxiety, depression, locus of control and self-concept, school grades and teacher ratings were collected, measures of performance change following a failure were taken and ratings of task focus, causal attributions for failure, task enjoyment, performance evaluation and future expectancies were obtained. The study allowed for an examination …

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Conditional And Biconditional Interpretations Of If-Then Sentences: The Role Of Content And Context, Nancy Linda Digdon Jan 1986

Conditional And Biconditional Interpretations Of If-Then Sentences: The Role Of Content And Context, Nancy Linda Digdon

Digitized Theses

Three experiments examined content and context effects on the interpretation of if-then sentences as either conditionals or biconditionals. In Experiment 1, participants were from four grade levels, ranging from kindergarten to grade 12. All grade levels gave biconditional interpretations to sentences in which the antecedent was necessary to the consequent but gave conditional interpretations to sentences in which the antecedent was only sufficient to the consequent. In Experiment 2, subjects were from three grade levels, ranging from grade 4 to university. All grade levels interpreted the same abstract if-then sentences as conditionals in one context but as biconditionals in another …

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Ethnic Stereotype Processing And Organization As A Function Of Group Membership, Richard Norbert Lalonde Jan 1986

Ethnic Stereotype Processing And Organization As A Function Of Group Membership, Richard Norbert Lalonde

Digitized Theses

Two studies examined the categorization function of stereotypes and differences in ethnic information processing as a function of group membership. The relationships of attitudes, contact, and information with stereotyping also were studied. A first study examined the responses of 91 subjects to an ingroup label (English Canadians), two outgroup labels (French Canadians and Americans), and no-information label (Pireneans), and a high relevance label (Myself). The second study assessed the stereotypes of 40 Canadians, 40 Chinese regarding five ethnic labels: Canadians, Chinese, Americans, Filipinos, and Mexicans. Response latencies to stereotypic items were compared to response latencies of non-stereotypic items to examine …

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Using Relative Velocity As A Natural Constraint For The Motion Correspondence Problem, Michael Robert Dawson Jan 1986

Using Relative Velocity As A Natural Constraint For The Motion Correspondence Problem, Michael Robert Dawson

Digitized Theses

This thesis examines how the visual system solves the motion correspondence problem. In four related experiments, subjects indicated the perceived direction of movement of an element that could, for a single display, be seen to move either to the left or to the right. It was found that thresholds for this direction detection task could be influenced by the presence of an unambiguously moving context. In general, there was a tendency to see the test element move in the same direction as the context. These results indicate that when the visual system solves the motion correspondence problem, interdependencies between the …

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The Role Of The Descending Tectal Efferents In The Visuomotor Behaviour Of The Mongolian Gerbil: Evidence For Functional Specificity Of Crossed And Uncrossed Pathways, Colin Godfrey Ellard Jan 1986

The Role Of The Descending Tectal Efferents In The Visuomotor Behaviour Of The Mongolian Gerbil: Evidence For Functional Specificity Of Crossed And Uncrossed Pathways, Colin Godfrey Ellard

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to examine the functional organization of the descending tectal efferents in the Mongolian gerbil. In amphibia, such investigations have revealed that crossed outputs mediate prey orienting turns, while uncrossed efferents mediate visually elicited escape. Most previous investigations of the mammalian collicular efferents have focussed upon movements of the eyes. Although it is true that such movements are of paramount importance to animals such as primates, other types of movements should not be neglected since they form an important part of any animal's visuomotor repertoire.;In the first experiment, electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus was …

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Student Characteristics And Student Evaluations Of College Teaching: A Within-Class Analysis, Stephen William Erdle Jan 1986

Student Characteristics And Student Evaluations Of College Teaching: A Within-Class Analysis, Stephen William Erdle

Digitized Theses

Research examining the relation between student characteristics and individual student evaluations of college teaching has often pooled data across classes, thereby mixing between- and within-class variability and allowing the possibility of obscuring differential within-class relationships. To avoid these difficulties, the present study examined associations between student characteristics and evaluations of teaching within separate classes. Each of 278 students from six undergraduate classes completed a questionnaire assessing perceptions of instructional effectiveness and teacher personality, as well as their own personality, interest in the course, gender, university level, grades, perceptions of amount learned, likelihood of future course enrollment, and attitude toward university …

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Mood, Attitudes, And Memory, Joan Ellen Finegan Jan 1986

Mood, Attitudes, And Memory, Joan Ellen Finegan

Digitized Theses

In the first two studies, subjects were induced into a positive, negative or neutral mood using the Velten mood induction procedure, and then exposed to information about an attitude object they knew little about. According to Bower's mood-congruity hypothesis, subjects in a good mood should remember more of the positive information, whereas subjects in a negative mood should remember more of the negative information. Because of this differential recall of material, subjects in a good mood should form a more favourable attitude than subjects in a negative mood. The material that subjects remembered did not conform to these predictions. Still, …

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The Effects Of Depression And Elation On Recognition Memory, Liora Lurie Jan 1986

The Effects Of Depression And Elation On Recognition Memory, Liora Lurie

Digitized Theses

Two questions were addressed in this research. The first question was whether the effects of depression and elation on memory are symmetric or asymmetric. The second question was which of three depression models is supported by the specific symmetric or asymmetric results. The three depression models compared were: the negative bias model, the depressed realism model, and the positive deficit model. To this end a measure of well-being to complement the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock & Erbaugh, 1961) was first created. The well-being measure was found to be reliable in Study 1, in a group of 29 …

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Effects Of Improvement Size On Contentment, Aspiration Level, Perceived Strength, Perceived Conflict, And Instrumental Action Escalation, Nora Maria Simkus Jan 1986

Effects Of Improvement Size On Contentment, Aspiration Level, Perceived Strength, Perceived Conflict, And Instrumental Action Escalation, Nora Maria Simkus

Digitized Theses

This dissertation investigated whether improvement can sometimes increase the likelihood that the recipient will use increasingly more coercive actions to attempt to obtain further improvement from the giver. It also investigated how it would do so. The source of the research question was a paradoxical real-life phenomenon, that of improvement sometimes preceding such extreme actions as revolutions and strikes.;Two studies were performed in which subjects worked on tasks, received pay from a fictitious manager, and communicated with the manager about the pay. In study 1, there was evidence that large and small improvement increased contentment and decreased perceived strength. Their …

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Subjective Risk Assessment: A Psychometric Decomposition Of Cognitive And Personality Factors Influencing Human Judgments Of Risk, Ross Gordon Stockwell Jan 1986

Subjective Risk Assessment: A Psychometric Decomposition Of Cognitive And Personality Factors Influencing Human Judgments Of Risk, Ross Gordon Stockwell

Digitized Theses

The primary objectives of the current investigation were to: (a) examine the structure of subjective health risk perception in terms of some major variables (representativeness, availability, distress), hypothesized as influencing judgments of probability and severity of consequences; (b) determine the effects of anchoring (low, middle, high), referencing (self, other), and response format (frequency, analogue), conditions on the invariance of risk ratings; and (c) explore the degree to which personality factors (health concern, hypochondriasis), contribute to judgments of health risk. The stimuli used were 55 physical symptoms. A total of 500 subjects participated in this study. A threshold model of responding …

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The 'Delusion Of Comprehension' Phenomena In Young Children: An Instructional Approach To Promoting Listening Comprehension Monitoring Capabilities In Grade Three Children, Darlene Judith Elliott-Faust Jan 1985

The 'Delusion Of Comprehension' Phenomena In Young Children: An Instructional Approach To Promoting Listening Comprehension Monitoring Capabilities In Grade Three Children, Darlene Judith Elliott-Faust

Digitized Theses

Markman (1979) reported that grade three children are inefficient at detecting inconsistencies in orally presented passages, indicating inefficient listening comprehension monitoring skills. Providing young children with an appropriate standard for evaluating their listening comprehension is marginally helpful (Markman & Gorin, 1981). The focus of this research was on designing an instructional program for grade three children to promote the acquisition and maintenance of efficient listening comprehension monitoring. Based on a model of metacognition and pilot work, the following strategies were hypothesized to be critical in detecting inconsistencies in oral passages: (1) a comparison strategy which involves comparing incoming sentences to …

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Depressive Cognitions In University Students: An Investigation Of Two Theories Of Depression, Hans Juergen Breiter Jan 1985

Depressive Cognitions In University Students: An Investigation Of Two Theories Of Depression, Hans Juergen Breiter

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine concurrently the Beck and Seligman cognitive theories of depression. The study involved the testing of task perceptions, and self-referent perceptions more germane to the theories. The relevance of Bandura's self-efficacy construct, to the understanding of depression, was also assessed. Further, issues pertaining to the assessment of depression and to the generalizability of experimental tasks were investigated.;The subjects in the study were undergraduate university women, who qualified for one of three subject groups. On the basis of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a nondepressed (Normal) and depressed group (Severity) were formed. An additional …

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Structures And Strategies Of Attentional Deployment In Schizophrenia, Leonard Robert George Jan 1985

Structures And Strategies Of Attentional Deployment In Schizophrenia, Leonard Robert George

Digitized Theses

Inconsistent findings within three areas of schizoprenia research--processing of stimulus characteristics, attention, and hemispheric functional asymmetry--suggested the importance of examining the attentional resources associated with the cerebral hemispheres among schizophrenics. A cognitive task battery was developed which assessed the functioning of the left and right hemispheres under varying attentional loads. This battery was administered to paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics, and three control groups. Error rate and reaction time were monitored. It was found that the schizophrenics, particularly the nonparanoids, displayed evidence of a generalized decrease in available resources across attentional pools. In addition, overall reaction time data suggested the existence …

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Self And Reflective Self-Perception: Effects Of Mood, Social, Interaction, And Referent-Type, Michael Renford Macdonald Jan 1985

Self And Reflective Self-Perception: Effects Of Mood, Social, Interaction, And Referent-Type, Michael Renford Macdonald

Digitized Theses

The present thesis is focused on three issues devoted to exploring the nature of reflective self-perception. The first issue concerned the relationship between self and reflective self-perception, across several cognitive indices. The relationship between self and reflective self-perception was examined with respect to three types of reflective self-referents: a generalized other, a well-known other, and a new acquaintance. The second issue involved the effects of mild depression and social anxiety on individuals' self and reflective self-perceptions. The third area of investigation concerned the nature of normal individuals' self and reflective self-perceptions both prior to, and following, an interaction with mildly …

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Information Synthesis And Potentially Controllable Situations: Implications For Stress Relevant Appraisals, Maxine S. Morrison Jan 1985

Information Synthesis And Potentially Controllable Situations: Implications For Stress Relevant Appraisals, Maxine S. Morrison

Digitized Theses

Two major stress sources--imminence of threat and effortful cognitive formulations of predictive judgments appeared to be inversely related during the stress appraisal process. Inter-relationships among stress sources and cognitive and direct reactions were examined using psychometric, behavioural and psychophysiological measures throughout a multistage paradigm which systematically varied stress relevant control and informational factors.;The two initial experiments derived subjective stress, control, and informational ratings for lists of hypothetical situations. Results from both studies delineated individual variations in propensities to report stress. Moreover, perceived stress was negatively associated with control but positively related to informational demands, suggesting an oppositional co-variation between the …

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A Handbook To Raymond Knister's Longer Prose Fiction, Joy Rachel Kuropatwa Jan 1985

A Handbook To Raymond Knister's Longer Prose Fiction, Joy Rachel Kuropatwa

Digitized Theses

Raymond Knister (1899-1932), an experimental Canadian writer of the nineteen-twenties, wrote longer prose fiction which withstands the test of time, but has received little attention. Much of Knister's longer prose fiction remains unpublished.;The purpose of this thesis is to provide a critical introduction to Knister's novels and novellas in the form of a handbook. Since so much of Knister's longer prose fiction is unpublished, the handbook format followed in this thesis is designed to provide a clear and convenient introduction to Knister's longer prose fiction. Each work is discussed under the following headings: dates of composition and the text, the …

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