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Optical Models Of Consciousness, Imants Barušs Jan 1990

Optical Models Of Consciousness, Imants Barušs

Psychology

No abstract provided.

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Contributions Of Gonadal Hormones To Human Cognitive And Motor Skills: Evidence From The Menstrual Cycle, Mary Elizabeth Hampson Jan 1989

Contributions Of Gonadal Hormones To Human Cognitive And Motor Skills: Evidence From The Menstrual Cycle, Mary Elizabeth Hampson

Digitized Theses

Gonadal hormones appear to modulate many aspects of behavior in non-human species. In this thesis, a series of studies was undertaken to determine whether the variations in estrogen and progesterone levels that occur naturally over the menstrual cycle are sufficient to affect cognitive and motor functioning in humans. It was predicted that: (1) Variations in sexually dimorphic skills would be evident over the menstrual cycle; and that (2) High levels of estrogen and progesterone would be associated with better performance on tests at which women typically excel, but poorer performance on tests at which men typically excel, relative to performance …

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The Psychometric Assessment Of Job Satisfaction And Its Relation To Stress In The Workplace, Timothy Douglas Hill Jan 1989

The Psychometric Assessment Of Job Satisfaction And Its Relation To Stress In The Workplace, Timothy Douglas Hill

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this dissertation was threefold: (a) to review the current status of the job satisfaction construct, (b) to evaluate how well modern scale development guidelines can produce a satisfaction measure that will be reliable and valid, and (c) to investigate the relationships among satisfaction, stress, and other organizational outcomes.;The first chapter contains three sections. The first is a historical review. The second focuses on measurement concerns from the review. The third section reviews the shortcomings of the literature and how some of these shortcomings might be overcome by considering job satisfaction from a psychometric perspective.;The second chapter outlines …

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Communication In Marital Dyads: Implications For Interactional Approaches To Depression, Debra Lynn Kowalik Jan 1989

Communication In Marital Dyads: Implications For Interactional Approaches To Depression, Debra Lynn Kowalik

Digitized Theses

The present investigation examined the nature of the relationships among marital interaction, marital distress and depression. Forty-six couples served as subjects, comprising the following five groups: ten maritally distressed, depressed psychiatric out-patients and their spouses, seven maritally distressed and seven maritally nondistressed, nondepressed psychiatric out-patients and their spouses, and 22 nondepressed, nonpsychiatric couples from the community, ten of whom were maritally distressed and twelve maritally nondistressed. The behavior of both spouses was assessed, using both self-report and behavioral measures of marital communication, gathered from multiple perspectives (self, spouse, observer). Measures were taken once early in treatment and again, two months …

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Analyzing The Organization Of Animal Behavior: The Application Of Nonsymmetric Multidimensional Scaling Techniques, Linda M. Sorensen Jan 1989

Analyzing The Organization Of Animal Behavior: The Application Of Nonsymmetric Multidimensional Scaling Techniques, Linda M. Sorensen

Digitized Theses

Several multidimensional quantitative approaches have been applied to the analysis of the organization of behavior. These include chi square, lag sequence analysis, and non-symmetric multidimensional scaling techniques. Transition matrices are generally asymmetric and this is a problematic feature for the first two techniques noted above. Hence is is argued that non-symmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques are the most appropriate for the analysis of such data sets.;To illustrate these three techniques and to evaluate non-symmetric MDS as a valuable new tool which has been underutilized by ethologists, observational data were collected in a focal animal study of two members of a …

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Procedures Affecting The Development, Maintenance And Loss Of Tolerance To Amphetamine-Anorexia And Their Effects On Haloperidol-Catalepsy, Angela Mary Streather Jan 1989

Procedures Affecting The Development, Maintenance And Loss Of Tolerance To Amphetamine-Anorexia And Their Effects On Haloperidol-Catalepsy, Angela Mary Streather

Digitized Theses

In Experiment 1 the effect of food-deprivation on the development of tolerance to amphetamine-anorexia was examined. It was demonstrated that both food-deprivation and access to food contingent on amphetamine administration were necessary for tolerance to develop.;It has been suggested that stimulant-induced anorexia is partially caused by concurrent drug-induced motor behaviour which is incompatible with eating or drinking. This implies that tolerance to amphetamine-anorexia should be accompanied by some tolerance to amphetamine-induced motor activity. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that tolerance to amphetamine-induced stereotypy develops at the same time as tolerance to amphetamine-induced anorexia. Furthermore, it was found that animals …

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The Influence Of Environmental, Cognitive, And Pharmacological Factors On Alcohol-Related Behaviours, Stephen Walter Wigmore Jan 1989

The Influence Of Environmental, Cognitive, And Pharmacological Factors On Alcohol-Related Behaviours, Stephen Walter Wigmore

Digitized Theses

A variety of effects previously attributed to pharmacological properties of alcohol have been shown to result from cognitive factors. For example, subjects believing alcohol was consumed show greater craving for alcohol and consume more beverage than subjects believing alcohol was not consumed, regardless of whether these beliefs are accurate. This has been demonstrated using the balanced placebo design. Many researchers, however, have argued that these experiments should be conducted in a natural drinking environment to assess the external validity of previous laboratory findings, and to investigate possible interaction effects resulting from the presence of alcohol-associated environmental cues. This is important …

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Intermediate-Level Visual Processing And The Perception Of Inside/Outside Spatial Relations, Richard David Wright Jan 1989

Intermediate-Level Visual Processing And The Perception Of Inside/Outside Spatial Relations, Richard David Wright

Digitized Theses

The visual perception of inside/outside spatial relations often appears to be immediate and effortless. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the processes underlying this perception are numerous and complex. According to Ullmann, these processes can be characterized as sequences of basic operations called visual routines. Each routine consists of different combinations of operations which allow the visual system to establish object shapes and to extract spatial relations between objects. The research described in this thesis involved manipulations of display parameters for tasks in which observers made judgements about whether a target was inside or outside of a bounding figure. …

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Memorial Effects Of Importance And Taxonomic Frequency In Schematic And Categorical Organizations Of Knowledge, Mustaq Khan Jan 1989

Memorial Effects Of Importance And Taxonomic Frequency In Schematic And Categorical Organizations Of Knowledge, Mustaq Khan

Digitized Theses

The functional similarity of schematic and categorical organizations of knowledge was investigated by comparing schema importance effects with taxonomic frequency effects. Importance effects refer to better recall of important over unimportant events in schema-based text (descriptions of everyday activities), and taxonomic frequency effects refer to better recall of common over uncommon members of natural categories. Importance effects have been explained in terms of differences in the number of interconnections among elements in the schematic knowledge structure, whereas taxonomic frequency effects have been explained in terms of differences in strength of association between the category and its members. Recognition and recall …

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Social Desirability Responding And Depression: Both Content And Style In Psychological Assessment, Richard Neil Maclennan Jan 1989

Social Desirability Responding And Depression: Both Content And Style In Psychological Assessment, Richard Neil Maclennan

Digitized Theses

Several investigations were undertaken to examine the relationship between desirability responding and depressive disorders. Desirability responding was defined as the propensity of subjects to make responses to personality inventories that convey a socially favorable impression of the respondent. Some researchers (e.g. Beck, 1976; Rehm, 1977; Ruehlman, West, and Pasahow, 1985) have suggested that such response variation has theoretical importance for understanding the etiology of depression. The first study investigated individual differences in depressed patients for the salience of desirability content in their responses to self-report measures of personality. Depressed patients were differentiated from normal subjects by their nonendorsement of desirable …

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Peer Group Entry: A Focus On The Behavior And Gender Of The Entering Child And Group Members, Alvarez Teresita Borja Jan 1989

Peer Group Entry: A Focus On The Behavior And Gender Of The Entering Child And Group Members, Alvarez Teresita Borja

Digitized Theses

Ninety-two 7- to 9-year-old children (47 girls) were observed while attempting to join two relatively unfamiliar same- or opposite-sex peers who were playing a board game. Female guests were less obtrusive than male guests in their entry approaches, whereas male guests were more active and assertive. Guests were less behaviorally constrained when approaching same- than opposite-sex hosts. Female hosts were more socially attentive to the guests than male hosts, who tended to ignore the newcomers. Entry outcomes were best predicted by the joint contributions of the guests' and hosts' gender and behavior. Successful guests performed activity-related behavior, received initiations from …

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The Depressive Personality: A Study Of Dependency, Self-Criticism, And Autonomy, Peter A. Barnett Jan 1989

The Depressive Personality: A Study Of Dependency, Self-Criticism, And Autonomy, Peter A. Barnett

Digitized Theses

Several theorists have hypothesized that certain personality traits may predispose individuals who are high in those traits to become depressed. The traits most often discussed are dependency, self-criticism, and autonomy. Empirical research has obtained preliminary evidence of personality disturbances among depressives; however, a number of theoretical hypotheses have received little research attention.;The present research examined the relations of personality and depression in two related studies. The first study involved the development and validation of two new measures of dependency and self-criticism. A pool of 141 original items written to reflect definitions of dependency and self-criticism, together with items from measures …

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Subitizing And Counting: Preattentive And Attentive Processing In Visual Enumeration, Lana M. Trick Jan 1989

Subitizing And Counting: Preattentive And Attentive Processing In Visual Enumeration, Lana M. Trick

Digitized Theses

Subitizing, the process of visual enumeration when there are fewer than four items, is rapid (40-100 msec/item), accurate and effortless. In contrast, counting, the process of enumerating more than four items is comparatively slow (250-350 msec/item), effortful and error prone. Why does this occur? In this paper an attempt is made to incorporate subitizing and counting into a general theory of visual perception and spatial attention, as espoused by Marr(1982), Ullman(1984), and Treisman(1988). In particular, it is argued that the rapid apprehension of number in the 1-4 range is parasitic on a preattentive limited capacity mechanism that individuates feature clusters …

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Categorical Modelling Of Husserl's Intentionality, Imants Barušs Jan 1989

Categorical Modelling Of Husserl's Intentionality, Imants Barušs

Psychology

No abstract provided.

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The Role Of Imagery And Abstraction In Proverb Comprehension: A Dual-Coding Analysis Of Figurative Language, Mary-Elizabeth Walsh Jan 1988

The Role Of Imagery And Abstraction In Proverb Comprehension: A Dual-Coding Analysis Of Figurative Language, Mary-Elizabeth Walsh

Digitized Theses

Five studies evaluated the claim (Reichman and Coste, 1980) that a dual coding approach to language representation cannot explain interpretation of figurative language. That claim was based on earlier findings that were interpreted as showing that memory representations of the figurative meanings of proverbs are abstract and imagery-free.;Study 1 used a rating task to measure figurativeness of 240 proverbs that varied in rated imagery. As proverbs became increasingly abstract, they were rated as increasingly literal in the relation between surface wording and inferred intended meaning. The dual coding explanation is that concrete language has associated non-verbal representations which are necessary …

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Individual Differences In Functions Of Erotic Fantasy And Implications For The Use Of Fantasy In Clinical Practice, Joan P. Clayton Jan 1988

Individual Differences In Functions Of Erotic Fantasy And Implications For The Use Of Fantasy In Clinical Practice, Joan P. Clayton

Digitized Theses

Engaging in erotic fantasy is known to increase sexual desire and arousal. Clinicians routinely recommend fantasy as a treatment for desire and arousal dysfunctions but the effectiveness of such suggestions has never been tested. The first study compared fantasy training, simple encouragement to fantasize, and a distraction task on women's use of fantasy and arousal in the lab. Both fantasy interventions moderately increased use of fantasy while the distraction task somewhat lowered fantasy use although neither intervention group differed significantly from controls. Individual differences in use of fantasy outside the lab had little impact on fantasy use in this session, …

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The Analysis Of Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices: An Empirical And Monte Carlo Comparison Of Two Procedures, Richard Douglas Goffin Jan 1988

The Analysis Of Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices: An Empirical And Monte Carlo Comparison Of Two Procedures, Richard Douglas Goffin

Digitized Theses

This thesis evaluated the validity of the two most promising methods for Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM) analysis. The two procedures evaluated were the Confirmatory Factor Analytic (CFA) method and the Composite Direct Product (CDP) method. These methods differ in that the former assumes that trait and method factors combine in an additive manner, while the latter assumes that a multiplicative relationship holds. The first stage in the analysis involved a comparison of the two procedures using ten empirical MTMM matrices. Monte Carlo simulations were utilized in the second stage of the analysis to provide further information that was pertinent to a comparison …

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Factors Associated With Use, Dependence And Problem Consequences: Application Of A Common Process Model Of Substance Abuse To Coffee And Tea, Kathryn Marie Graham Jan 1988

Factors Associated With Use, Dependence And Problem Consequences: Application Of A Common Process Model Of Substance Abuse To Coffee And Tea, Kathryn Marie Graham

Digitized Theses

Recent thinking has suggested that there may be a common process of addiction or substance abuse, regardless of the substance. A review of over 400 studies of the correlates of abuse of alcohol, tobacco, food, and caffeine (Graham & Ekdahl, 1986) identified a number of variables that appeared to be general predictors of substance abuse. The present research tested the common process model of substance abuse by using variables identified as likely common process factors in the existing literature to predict abuse of a substance for which research on predictors has been lacking.;Questionnaire scales were developed for each predictor variable …

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Information And Affective Value In Risk-Taking Behaviour, Erin Clare Hewitt Jan 1988

Information And Affective Value In Risk-Taking Behaviour, Erin Clare Hewitt

Digitized Theses

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether individual differences in uncertainty orientation could predict risk-taking in situations where outcomes were based on chance or skill. Drawing on research by Sorrentino, Short and Raynor (1984), it was predicted that in both chance and skill situations, uncertainty-oriented persons would choose options of intermediate risk more than risky or cautious ones, and that this difference would be greater than that for certainty-oriented individuals. Three studies were conducted to test the general hypothesis. The first was a chance situation where subjects chose between two that varied in probability and payoff, which …

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A Study On Disagreements Between Patients And Psychiatrists, Their Nature, Type, Contributing Variables, And Consequences, Patricia Rose Petryshen Jan 1988

A Study On Disagreements Between Patients And Psychiatrists, Their Nature, Type, Contributing Variables, And Consequences, Patricia Rose Petryshen

Digitized Theses

This research identified disagreements between patients and psychiatrists on problems, goals, and methods for treatment. Specifically, their nature, type, contributing variables, and consequences were investigated.;The study was conducted at two provincial psychiatric hospitals in Ontario. Subjects included patients (n = 135) diagnosed as depressed, manic, neurotic, or schizophrenic. The attending psychiatrist (n = 29) also participated in the study.;Two to five days after admission to hospital, patients were interviewed according to a checklist on problems, goals, and methods for treatment. At the same time, the psychiatrist completed an identical checklist. Patients were observed for discharge against medical advice (AMA) and …

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Infant-Mother Attachment As A Function Of Maternal Sensitivity, Cognition, Personality, And Social Support, Philip Bruce Smith Jan 1988

Infant-Mother Attachment As A Function Of Maternal Sensitivity, Cognition, Personality, And Social Support, Philip Bruce Smith

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses derived from attachment theory relating quality of the infant-mother attachment relationship to maternal variables of sensitivity to infant cues, perspective taking, knowledge about infancy, attitudes toward children, personality, perceptions of own child-rearing, and social support. Fifty twelve-month-old infants and their mothers were videotaped at a laboratory in the Ainsworth strange situation and in a brief questionnaire situation designed to reveal individual differences in maternal sensitivity to infant cues. A laboratory interview with mothers was the source of data used in assessing perspective taking ability. Mothers completed at home questionnaires regarding knowledge …

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The Effects Of Setting Events On The Social Interactions Of Preschool Children, Carolle Marie Trembley Jan 1988

The Effects Of Setting Events On The Social Interactions Of Preschool Children, Carolle Marie Trembley

Digitized Theses

Children with poor peer relationships are assumed to have a deficit in social skills. Three experiments were designed to examine the possibility that social behavior is controlled by environmental conditions so that the deficit is in performance of social skills rather than learning.;In Experiment 1, children's social behavior was observed under four different conditions: dyads with cooperative toys; dyads with solitary toys, triads with three children or triads with two children and an adult. Four low interactors and 9 high interactors were observed in a cooperative toys dyad and one of the other conditions in an Alternating Treatments Design. Low …

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Clients' Expectations And Results Of Psychological Therapy For Dysmenorrhea, Helene Suzanne Wallach Jan 1988

Clients' Expectations And Results Of Psychological Therapy For Dysmenorrhea, Helene Suzanne Wallach

Digitized Theses

Dysmenorrhea affects womens' productivity, social life and sleep patterns, and is exacerbated by stress and negative affect. This study had two main goals: (a) to find an effective psychological treatment for dysmenorrhea and (b) to investigate the effect of matching treatment to expectations. Specifically, this study proposed that (a) women would benefit more from a cognitive or somatic treatment than they would from a wait-list period, (b) a combined treatment (combining cognitive and somatic elements) would be superior to either treatment alone and (c) matching treatment approach to expectations would result in more benefit from therapy.;Three studies were conducted addressing …

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Information Search And Causal Analysis: The Role Of Personal Involvement, J Douglas Hazlewood Jan 1988

Information Search And Causal Analysis: The Role Of Personal Involvement, J Douglas Hazlewood

Digitized Theses

How do people explain events with multiple possible causes? Past research has indicated that perceivers are usually content with discovering single, sufficient causes for observed events as opposed to considering multiple causation. We argue that this tendency for information search to be directed toward the role of single causes is, primarily, a manifestation of low involvement processing; perceivers will search for information relevant to multiple possible causes when they are suitably motivated to arrive at accurate causal conclusions.;Three experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis. High involvement subjects were told that the purpose of the study was to assess their …

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Foundational Issues In The Representational Theory Of Mind, Mary Frances Egan Jan 1988

Foundational Issues In The Representational Theory Of Mind, Mary Frances Egan

Digitized Theses

The representational theory of mind (RTM) construes propositional attitude tokenings as formal processes defined over semantically interpreted symbol structures. According to the RTM, mental representations have their causal roles in virtue of their syntax.;In the thesis I evaluate the prospects for a theory of mind that (i) individuates mental states by reference to their contents and (ii) construes mental processes as syntactic processes. I examine and criticize a number of recent proposals, notably those of Fodor and Burge, for the individuation of mental states by their contents. I conclude that the arguments, on both sides, that allege to show that …

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Dysfunctional Attitudes And Vulnerability To Depression: Implications For Stress Appraisals And Coping, Douglas Bruce Cane Jan 1988

Dysfunctional Attitudes And Vulnerability To Depression: Implications For Stress Appraisals And Coping, Douglas Bruce Cane

Digitized Theses

In recent years a number of models of depression have been developed which provide a theoretical basis for identifying factors that may increase a person's risk for depression. One such model, Beck's cognitive model of depression, hypothesizes that individuals who endorse a large number of dysfunctional attitudes are at risk for depression, and that the interaction of dysfunctional thinking with stressful life events results in depressive symptomatology. Using a measure of daily hassles to assess stress, the present study provided an evaluation of this proposed interaction. In addition, the stress appraisals and coping responses employed by these vulnerable individuals to …

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Adult Age Differences In Metacognition: Monitoring And Motivational Beliefs, Patricia Anne Devolder Jan 1988

Adult Age Differences In Metacognition: Monitoring And Motivational Beliefs, Patricia Anne Devolder

Digitized Theses

Older adults perform less well on a variety of cognitive tasks and use efficient strategies less often than do younger adults. Recently, metacognitive processes have been implicated in explanation of these phenomena. For example, the elderly may use strategies less often because they may be less aware of cognitive performance than are younger adults. These hypotheses motivate study of metacognition across the lifespan.;Adult age differences in cognitive monitoring were examined in two studies across a variety of tasks. Recall and recognition tests were administered in both studies. A measure of practical problem-solving was included in the first study, and face-name …

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Cognitive, Affective, And Coping Reactions Of High And Low Stress Mothers To Child Behaviors, Louise Anne-Marie Larose Jan 1988

Cognitive, Affective, And Coping Reactions Of High And Low Stress Mothers To Child Behaviors, Louise Anne-Marie Larose

Digitized Theses

Cognitive, affective, and coping reactions in the parenting role were examined as psychological mechanisms differentiating High and Low stress mothers. Sixty High and Low stress mothers of 3- to 6-year-old boys and girls were shown videotaped scenes of compliant, actively noncompliant, and passively noncompliant child behaviors. Parental stress was defined as occurring when a parent viewed her role as highly demanding (by either reducing the opportunity to engage in pleasurable activities or being obligated to assume unpleasant ones). Results indicated that, in comparison to the Low stress mothers, the High stress mothers thought they could resolve fewer scenes; felt they …

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Maternal Depression And Child Adjustment, Catherine Mary Lee Jan 1988

Maternal Depression And Child Adjustment, Catherine Mary Lee

Digitized Theses

The present study was designed to examine the relation between maternal depression and child adjustment. Three major issues were addressed. First, to determine the specificity to depression of observed effects, four groups of subjects were included in the study: clinically depressed psychiatric patients, nondepressed psychiatric patients, nondepressed medical patients, and nondepressed community women. Second, to determine whether previous maternal reports reflected accurate perceptions or were a function of a maternal negative response set, data on maternal adjustment, child adjustment, and mother-child interaction were obtained from multiple sources. Finally, the stability of observed effects was assessed by collecting data both early …

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Psychological Factors In The Development, Maintenance, And Treatment Outcome Of Temporomandibular Joint Pain And Dysfunction, Robert Francis Schnurr Jan 1988

Psychological Factors In The Development, Maintenance, And Treatment Outcome Of Temporomandibular Joint Pain And Dysfunction, Robert Francis Schnurr

Digitized Theses

This study examines the relationship between psychological factors and the development, maintenance, and treatment outcome of temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction (TMJPD). Two hundred and two facial pain patients were classified, according to the diagnostic criteria of Eversole and Machado, as either myogenic facial pain (n = 42), internal derangement Type I (n = 69), internal derangement Type II n = 85), or internal derangement Type III (n = 6). During assessment, patients were administered a pressure pain threshold and tolerance task and completed the Basic Personality Inventory, the Illness Behavior Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, the Perceived …

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