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Understanding The Effects Of Training On Brain And Muscle Hemodynamics During Exercise-Induced Muscle Fatigue, Aqueen Lenon, Christine Dy, Stefan Keslacy

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

BACKGROUND: While the muscle fatigue during weightlifting exercise is well-documented, the relationship of brain/muscle activity are less known. PURPOSE: to investigate the changes in oxygenation levels in the brain and muscles during resistance training, comparing these effects between athletes (ATH) and sedentary (SED) individuals. METHODS: 24 participants (14 SED, 10 ATH) were recruited. The bench press protocol included four sets of twelve repetitions at a weight corresponding to a Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) of 6. Oxygenation levels in prefrontal cortex and the right triceps muscle were continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Oxymon Mk III). NIRS data …

Intensity Over Effort: Exercise Prescription Strategies For Glycemic Control, Oscar Chavez Jr., Marissa Ramirez, Jacob Dawes, Isaac Chapman, Kosar Valaei, Maja Gebauer, Christine Mermier, Jonathan Little Facsm, Luotao Lin, Gretchen Ray, Roberto M. Alvidrez, Zachary Mang, Fabiano T. Amorim, Valmor Tricoli, Flavio De Castro Magalhaes

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Resistance exercise (RE) is effective in mitigating the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes, but long-term adherence is low in these populations. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are important tools in clinical practices to assist glycemic control. Previous meta-analysis shows the functionality of CGM devices among different exercise modalities but mentions the lack of studies with controlled diet and physical activity levels in free-living conditions. PURPOSE: To examine whether perceived effort during RE influences glycemic control and psychological outcomes in individuals with prediabetes and T2D using CGM under free-living conditions. METHODS: In randomized order, 25 …

Dexterity Assessment Scores Vary With Controller Type But Not Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Player Skill, Jacob D. Cervantes, Dillon Harris, Zachary R. Mcfadden, Steven B. Machek

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Within the expanding Esports industry, competitive Super Smash Bros Ultimate (SSBU) players require high neuromotor execution. They consequently select controllers and permit functional modifications to match the individual precision and dexterity preferences within their playstyle. PURPOSE: To examine how skill level and controller preference impact dexterity scores in SSBU players of differing skill relative to each other and non-gamers. METHODS: 56 (22 male casual CAS; 24y ± 4; play >4 hr per week, 15 male ES; 24y ± 4; top 150 globally- ranked competitive SSBU players, and 19 non-gamer controls NG; 24y ± 5; 16F/3M) subjects voluntarily participated …

Different Glycemic Control Responses In Women And Men With Type 2 Diabetes And Prediabetes To Resistance Exercise, Kosar Valaei, Oscar Chavez Jr., Marissa Ramirez, Jacob D. Dawes, Isaac Chapman, Maja Gebauer, Christine M. Mermier, Jonathan Little, Luotao Lin, Gretchen M. Ray, Roberto Mota, Zachary A. Mang, Fabiano Amorim, Valmor Tricoli, Flavio De Castro Magalhaes

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Resistance exercise (RE) is recommended for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes to improve glycemic control, but sex differences remain unclear. PURPOSE: To investigate sex-related differences in glycemic responses to RE in individuals with T2D and prediabetes METHODS: Twenty-five participants (12 males, 13 females, 36–78 year) with T2D or prediabetes completed four randomized crossover sessions: a high-intensity (HI) RE session (3 sets × 8 reps, 75%-1RM, 120 seconds interval), a rest-redistribution (RR) RE session (6 sets × 4 reps, 75%-1RM, 60 seconds interval), a low-load (LL) RE session (3 sets × 16 reps, 37.5%-1RM, 103 seconds …

Unlocking The Potential Of Citrulline Malate: A Pilot Study, Fabiola E. Bejarano, Elisa L. Milkie, Parker Andersen, Jenevieve L. Roper Facsm

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Citrulline malate (CM) is an ergogenic aid hypothesized to improve exercise performance by promoting nitric oxide (NO) production resulting in increased vasodilation, blood flow, and oxygen and nutrient delivery to working muscles. It is also thought to increase the synthesis of ATP and aerobic efficiency via malate and the TCA cycle. Prior research demonstrates improvements in upper and lower body submaximal resistance training exercise performance in females; however, limited research exists on the effects of CM supplementation on submaximal aerobic exercise performance in females. PURPOSE: Determine the effects of acute CM supplementation on submaximal time-trial (TT) performance in females. …

Use Of A Smartphone App Influences Diet Quality Among College Students., Alexis Arle, Mandy Korpusik, Delaram Yazdansepas, Gabrielle Besio, Samantha Chuakay Lim, Cameron Sumaquial, Hawley C. Almstedt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Diet quality can protect or increase risk for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Diets rich in carotenoids are linked to reduced risk of NCDs. Dietary carotenoids can be measured in the skin and can serve as a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether use of the In2Eat app improved diet quality among college students. METHODS: We administered a baseline survey including the Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ). Participants were also tested for skin carotenoid levels using a spectrophotometer (Konica Minolta 600D) as an indicator of diet quality. Participants were asked to use the …

Validity And Reliability Of Wrist-Worn Wearable Body Composition Estimation, Setareh Zarei, Rodolfo Mejia, James Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Usage of wearable technology is increasing in popularity every day. Samsung is a popular brand that manufactures wearable fitness trackers capable of measuring body composition (Galaxy Watch7). Because body composition is a common way to determine body fat percentage (FM %) and fat mass (FM), the validity and reliability of wearables to provide accurate measures (body fat percentage and fat mass) during body composition is important. PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze and assess the validity and reliability of body fat percentage and fat mass from the Samsung Galaxy watch7 vs. DXA scan and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). METHODS …

Trunk Rotational Range Of Motion And Abdominal Oblique Strength In High School And Collegiate Baseball Pitchers: Implications For Performance And Energy Flow, Belinda Aldern, Arnel Aguinaldo, Avery Takata, Antonio Squillante

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

BACKGROUND: Baseball pitching requires complex sequencing of the kinetic chain, with the trunk serving as an integral role for linking the lower body to the upper body. Despite past research on energy flow in pitching, there is an increased need to study age-specific performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in Trunk Rotational Range of Motion (TRROM) and Abdominal Oblique Strength (AOS) between high school and collegiate baseball pitchers and how these variables relate to performance and mechanical energy flow through the lumbosacral (L5S1) joint. METHODS: 12 High School and 12 Collegiate aged pitchers …

My Ministry As A Therapy Dog: Bringing Joy And Healing, Linda F. Garner

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

This article describes the journey of a small dog as she is trained to be a therapy dog. Requirements for training and regulations to be a therapy dog are discussed. After training, the dog describes her therapy skills in a variety of settings that enriches the lives of patients and families in hospice settings and rehabilitation. Research on animal assisted therapy is included.

Community Health Nursing And The Spiritual Domain: Clinical Rotations In Faith-Based Residential Communities For Prelicensure Nursing Students, Paulette D. Slowinski, Amy Sweeney

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Contextualized spiritual education in undergraduate nursing programs is often limited. Community-based clinical rotations present an opportunity to introduce nursing students to professional practice in faith-based communities. Junior and senior undergraduate nursing students from a state university worked with the wellness nurses at a residential community for older adults funded by the county Catholic diocese. In this unique environment, students participated in nursing care focusing on health promotion and disease prevention and management. This learning opportunity allowed students to have meaningful interactions with residents while gaining insight into faith-based nursing practice and the value of spiritually focused care for vulnerable populations.

Faith Community Nursing: Home Care Delivery Model, Deborah J. Ziebarth

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Faith community nurses (FCNs) perform home visits as part of their scope of practice. The FCN does home visits based solely on the assessed needs of patients, regardless of insurance or prescriber orders. A historical review describes the practice gap leading to the development of the Faith Community Nursing: Home Care Delivery Model provided in the booklet: Visitation Guidelines for Faith Community Nurses. Through a review of literature, alignment, and diagram, key components are defined. A wholistic screening exemplary (Congestive Heart Failure) is shared. The model’s key components are screening/assessment for specific disease risk (pre-diagnosed and diagnosed), education (patient and …

Evaluating The Effect Of A Rest Team Tea Cart On Nurse-Reported Comfort, Healing, And Empathy, Danielle A. Lisiecki Edd, Msn, Rn, Barbara A. Kilbride Ms, Bsn, Rn

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Abstract

In response to the increasing emotional and physical demands placed on healthcare professionals, a not-for-profit health system in Southwest Florida implemented a wellness initiative, focusing on the intentional care of the spirit through its Spiritual Services, Resilience Education Support Team (REST), and its area Faith Community Nurses (FCN), called the REST Tea Cart service. Initially, the REST Tea Cart was designed to promote emotional well-being by providing staff members with complimentary tea, cookies, and inspirational note cards, aiming to create moments of peace and respite during the workday. It would grow much more, expanding beyond the hospital’s walls and …

Conservative Anabaptists Descriptions Of Delay, Comfort In Connectedness, And Ease In Cultural Tension When Seeking And Responding To Healthcare, Matthew D. Hottle

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Introduction: Conservative Anabaptists are a large ethnic religious population that continues to grow in the United States. These groups are known to experience adverse health-related outcomes. Therefore, the concept of transcending health values has been developed to better understand how conservative anabaptists describe seeking and responding to healthcare. The purpose of this study is to (1) gather empirical evidence about the concept of transcending health values and (2) use the evidence to contribute to the body of knowledge of nursing.

Method: The study used qualitative-directed content analysis guided by the core qualities of transcending health values: delay in health-seeking behaviors, …

Practice Matters: Measles, Maria E. Main, Melissa K. Travelsted, Maire M. Blankenship

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Measles has re-emerged as a significant public health concern, with an estimated 10.3 million global cases and more than 100,000 deaths in 2023, primarily among young children. In the United States, measles incidence has risen sharply due to declining vaccination rates and increased international travel, resulting in a growing number of locally transmitted outbreaks. Faith community nurses, who play key roles in health education, advocacy, and illness prevention, are uniquely positioned to support community-level efforts that reduce measles transmission. This article addresses key aspects of measles epidemiology, clinical presentation, and complications, emphasizing the virus’s high communicability and potential for severe …

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International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

No abstract provided.

Effectiveness Of Mindfulness For Psychological Distress And Sleep Disturbances In The Post-Covid Population., Anjum Padyal Dr.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Effectiveness of Mindfulness for Psychological Distress and Sleep Disturbances in the Post-COVID Population.

DR. ANJUM PADYAL, DHRUMI PATEL

Laboratory Name; Kinesiology Department; California State University,Northridge; Northridge, CA

Category: Masters

Advisor / Mentor: Padyal, Anjum ([email protected])

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with heightened stress, anxiety, depression, and widespread sleep disturbances among adults. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are increasingly promoted as non-pharmacological strategies to improve psychological health.PURPOSE: This review aims to determine whether MBIs are effective in reducing psychological distress and improving sleep quality among adults in the post-COVID era compared to standard care or no intervention.. METHODS: …

Accuracy Of The Garmin Instinct For Heart Rate Monitoring During Forearm Exercise With And Without Blood Flow Restriction, Danilo Dullas, Clifford Sanders, Yahtziri Martinez, Tevin Perez, Alana Tucker, Amelia Wolfe, Juni Timmins, Catalina M. Kerwin, Kynlee Sperry, Cannon Jones, Heather Zent, Sam Brinkerhoff, Setareh Zarei, Jeff Guzman, Rodolfo I. Mejia, Nathaniel Bodell, James W. Navalta, Merrill Funk, Jeffrey Cowley, Marcus M. Lawrence

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wearable devices are widely used to monitor heart rate (HR) during exercise, but their accuracy under blood flow restriction (BFR) remains uncertain. Because BFR is increasingly applied in rehabilitation and strength training, accurate HR monitoring is essential for both safety and prescription. The PURPOSE of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Garmin Instinct smartwatch for measuring HR during forearm exercise with and without BFR, compared to a chest-strap criterion device. METHODS: Twenty-three healthy adults (9 females, 14 males; mean age = 24.74 ± 8.19 years) participated in a repeated-measures design. After providing consent and being fitted with …

Validity Of The Polar Verity Sense In Measuring Heart Rate During A Hand Grip Assessment With Blood Flow Restriction, Jeff Guzman, James W. Navalta, Marcus M. Lawrence, Nathaniel Bodell, Jeffrey Cowley, Setareh Zarei, Rodolfo I. Mejia, Catalina M. Kerwin, Kynlee Sperry, Juni Timmins, Cannon Jones, Sam Brinkerhoff, Danilo Dullas, Clifford Sanders, Yahtziri Martinez, Tevin Perez, Alana Tucker, Amelia Wolfe, Merrill Funk

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has acquired significant attention in rehabilitation and performance sciences. Polar is a popular heart rate (HR) device manufacturer, Polar Electro OY. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of HR from the Polar Verity Sense biceps band vs the Polar H10 chest strap during a hand grip assessment with blood flow restriction. METHODS: Twenty-three adults (9 females, 14 males, Identified otherwise n = 0; age=24.74±8.19 years, height = 172 cm (SD =9) Mass = 79kg (SD= 18.5) were recruited via convenience sampling. Participants were asked to do a warm-up including 5-min …

Using Descriptive Phenomenology To Understand Women In Leadership Navigating Work-Life Integration Before And After The Coronavirus Pandemic, Tara Elaine Scroggins Glass

Dissertations

This phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of women leaders as they integrated professional and personal roles before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Although leadership during crisis has been widely studied, limited research has explored how women leaders across diverse sectors negotiated organizational change while sustaining worklife integration. Guided by the Haddon et al. (2009) model of work-life integration and informed by role conflict, conservation of resources, and intersectionality theories, this study sought to capture the essence of women leaders’ experiences navigating unprecedented disruption. Data were collected through semi-structured virtual interviews with twelve women leaders representing healthcare, education, corporate, …

Sustaining The Workforce: Using Improvement Science To Improve Teacher Self-Efficacy And Well-Being, Stephanie A. Hagerty

Dissertations

Teacher stress remains one of the most pressing challenges facing the education profession, contributing to job dissatisfaction and teacher attrition. This dissertation examines the impact of an intervention designed to improve teacher self-efficacy and well-being. The Leadership Alphabet of Disposition Development Engagement and Reflection (LADDER) framework on teacher self-efficacy and well-being was implemented within a middle school setting. Improvement Science and Adaptive Leadership guided the case study. As defined by Hinnant-Crawford (2020), “Improvement Science is a methodic way of improving; it is distinct from evaluation or impact studies” (p. 23). The goal was to design, implement, and evaluate a strategy …

Using Improvement Science To Build Collective Teacher Efficacy Among Special Education And General Education Co-Teachers In A Title I Elementary School, Pauletha Monique Butts

Dissertations

In this improvement science dissertation, I examined how strengthening co-teaching approaches through targeted training on roles and responsibilities and scheduling time for collaboration builds collective teacher efficacy to improve student achievement for all learners. I conducted a root cause analysis using the Gately and Gately (2001) Co-teaching Rating Scales to better understand the barriers to effective co-teaching in a Title I elementary school in a midsize school district. I implemented two intervention cycles to support general and special education teachers in increasing collective teacher efficacy. The first intervention provided a one-day professional development seminar. The second intervention facilitated planning of …

Effects Of Rehabilitative Device On Parkinsonian Gait, Brooke N. Ray, Ksenia I. Ustinova, Joseph E. Langenderfer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(7): 1422-1440, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/TGOI6101 Parkinson’s disease (PD) is second in occurrence among neurodegenerative disorders after Alzheimer’s disease and significantly impacts gait and mobility. This research tested the effect of the NewGait rehabilitative device in PD impaired individuals. Twenty individuals with PD participated in this study. Walking gait for three conditions were analyzed: Normal, wearing NewGait and Post-NewGait. Standard spatial and temporal analysis measures as well as nonlinear measures from recurrence quantification were compared to determine any effects of the device on walking gait. NewGait was perceived to be both comfortable to wear as well as …

The Effect Of Three Precooling Methods On Endurance Performance In Active Men, Bahman Mirzae, Mohammadreza E. Toloee, Omid Malekshahi, Victor Romano

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(6): 1410-1421, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/ERZX6867 The study aimed to compare the effect of three precooling techniques (internal, external, and combined) on the time to reach exhaustion in active men. Eight active men (23 ± 2 yrs; 178 ± 6 cm; 73 ± 11 kg) participated] in 4 exhaustive test sessions with a minimum power output of 40Wmax. Sessions included consumption of 7.5 grams of ice water with a temperature of -1 degree per kilogram of body weight, cold towels (4-6°C) used to cool the skin surface], a combination of ice water consumption and a towel cooling, …

Can Motivation And Self-Efficacy Predict A Law Enforcement Officer’S General And Job-Specific Fitness?, Robert G. Lockie, Maria M. Beitzel, Tyler Campana, Jennifer Kramer, Robin (Rob) Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Joseph Dulla

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(8): 1393-1409, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/GEHB5425 Sedentary behaviors contribute to law enforcement officer fitness declines over a career. An officer’s motivation (desire to exercise) and self-efficacy (belief in ability to exercise) could affect whether they exercise and predict resulting fitness. Data from 60 officers (48 men, 12 women) were analyzed. Motivation (amotivation, external, introjected, identified, integrated, and intrinsic regulation) was measured via the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. A 6-item questionnaire assessed coping (confidence in exercising under challenging conditions) and scheduling (confidence in scheduling exercise) self-efficacy. General fitness variables included sit-and-reach, grip strength, 60-s push-ups, 60-s sit-ups, …

Assessing Aerobic And Anaerobic Thresholds With Emphasis On Isocapnic Buffering In Endurance Runners, Yahya Mushaflar Fathi, Seyed Houtan Shahidi Dr., Prof. Dr. Mohamed Twfeq Othman Alhusaen Aga

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(5): 1381-1392, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/IYED1370 Accurate determination of metabolic thresholds is essential for designing effective endurance training. This study aimed to apply a multi-visit Step–Ramp–Step (SRS) protocol to identify aerobic (VT1) and anaerobic (VT2/RCP) thresholds in trained endurance runners, with a particular focus on delineating the isocapnic buffering region—the ventilatory phase between VT1 and VT2 where carbon dioxide (PetCO₂) remains stable despite rising ventilation. Twelve trained male runners (mean age: 27.1 ± 1.9 years; VO₂max: 60.5 ± 2.1 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed the SRS protocol across separate lab visits. Each session included a 4-minute moderate-intensity phase, a progressive …

The Effects Of Visual And Audio Secondary Cognitive Tasks During Landing: A Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis Of Hip And Knee Biomechanics, Hillary Nguyen, Amber Lyle, Kevin Tran, Dominic Espinoza, Gerwyn Hughes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(7): 1367-1380, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/KGHI3479 ACL injuries often occur when athletes perform cognitive tasks while performing a landing/cutting movement. This study investigated the effects of secondary cognitive tasks on hip and knee biomechanics during single limb landing. Sixteen recreational athletes (10 females and 6 males, age: 21.6 ± 2.5 years, mass: 65.2 ± 8.9 kg, height 1.66 ± 0.07 m) performed landings on their dominant limb as a single task and while simultaneously performing secondary cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic) provided through audio and visual means. Hip and knee joint angles and moments were calculated in all …

Treadmill Exercise And Indoor Cycling: Self-Selected Intensity, Perceived Enjoyment, And Importance Of Preference For Activity Mode, Ernst A. Hansen, Jonathan Ipsen, Jari Schneider, Simon Petersen, Alexander Petersen, Marianne Lindahl

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(5): 1344-1354, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/NCPI2090 For advancement of public health through exercise, exercise intensity and enjoyment are important. We aimed at testing whether self-selected exercise intensity was higher during treadmill exercise than during indoor cycling. Secondly, the enjoyment associated with the two activities was evaluated. Thirdly, in a person-centered analysis, taking into account the participants’ preference for mode of activity, we assessed whether preference for one of the activity modes was accompanied by greater intensity. Healthy adults (n=21) participated in the repeated measures crossover-designed study. They performed 16-min bouts of treadmill exercise and indoor cycling at …

Acute Physiological Responses To Rope Climbing Ergometer High-Intensity Interval Training In Males And Females, Hannah K. Eberhardt, Matthew F. Brisebois, Matthew A. Yeomans, Patrick G. Saracino

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(3): 1355-1366, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/EAFV3707 This study aimed to assess the acute physiological responses to a single bout of rope climbing high-intensity interval training (RC-HIIT) and compare the responses between sexes as no data currently exists on this training modality. Following an overnight fast, body composition was assessed, and resting measurements were recorded. Participants then completed an exercise protocol consisting of 10 rounds of maximal effort rope climbing using a 30:60 second work:rest ratio. Gas analysis and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. Blood lactate (BLa) was measured following the final work interval. Participants remained seated …

The Effect Of High-Intensity Interval Training On Visceral Adipose Tissue In Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review, Ivan D. Delgado, Julio C. Delgado, Ryan D. Burns

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(5): 1321-1333, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/YEUF2363 Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a significant contributor to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The effectiveness of time-efficient high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in reducing VAT has not been reviewed. A systematic search conducted on PubMed, Embase, and SPORTDiscus up to April 2025 for randomized controlled trials that compared HIIT with non-exercise control and quantified VAT using imaging identified five trials (n = 138) that met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using a nine-item modified PEDro scale. Four trials reported significant reductions in VAT after 8-12 weeks of …

Effects Of A Personalized Fitness Program Provided By Undergraduate Exercise Science Students On Attitudes Toward Exercise, Mental Health, And Quality Of Life, Kris M. Cleveland, Jacob Fike, Scott Peterson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(4): 1334-1343, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/IYNS6043 Personalized fitness training is designed to improve physical health and fitness, but may also promote mental health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are positive psychological outcomes for clients participating in a community-based personalized fitness program led by undergraduate Exercise Science students. A total of 44 participants completed a battery of psychological scales both before and after participation in a 12-week university-sponsored personalized fitness training program. Psychological measures included the Exercise Attitudes Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale for Exercise, Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Health Status Questionnaire, …