Digital Commons Network^™

Exploring The Role Of Mental Toughness In Bone Mineral Content: A Preliminary Study, Marissa Zeno, Tomas Chapman-Lopez, Ricardo Torres, Jordan Ledington, Madelin R. Siedler, Christian Rodriguez, Jeff S. Forsse, Grant M. Tinsley, Andreas Stamatis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bone mineral content (BMC), a measure of the mineral content within a person’s bones, is an important parameter in the assessment of bone health. Changes in BMC can be indicative of bone-related conditions. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is one of the most widely used and accurate methods for measuring BMC. Sex, age, race, and BMI are known to influence BMC. Physical activity is positively related to BMC levels. Mental toughness (MT) is conceptualized as a state-like psychological resource conducive to goal-oriented pursuits and is positively linked to physical activity outcomes. The relationship between MT and BMC has not been explored. …

Inter-Rate Reliability Of Mental Toughness Scores By Head And Assistant Coaches: A Repeated-Measure Design, Maya Caon, Charlotte Armstrong, Andreas Stamatis, Claire Egret, Tal Amasay, Zacharias Papadakis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Mental toughness (MT) is a crucial attribute in sports, often linked to superior performance. Female sports such as rowing are underrepresented in MT research. In addition, MT research has primarily relied on cross-sectional self-assessment, raising questions about the reliability of scores. Recently, external evaluation (e.g., supervisors, peers, experts) has been proposed as an alternative method of MT assessment. PURPOSE: To investigate the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of MT assessments provided by the head coach (HC) and the assistant coach (AC) in the context of collegiate female rowing, using a repeated-measure design. METHODS: Twelve Division II female rowers (Age: 20.8 …

Physical Activity Assessment Of People With Type Ii Diabetes In The Dominican Republic, Camille H. Palarpalar, Kristen Green, Mónica Ortiz Rossi, Alex Rothstein, Lillian B. Niwagaba, Amerigo Rossi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The prevalence of type II diabetes has increased nearly 25% in the past 10 years, leading to significantly higher risk of morbidity and premature mortality. Although it is well-known that physical activity (PA) improves diabetes outcomes, little is known about PA among Dominicans. PURPOSE: To evaluate PA participation and perceptions among people with type II diabetes in the Dominican Republic (DR). METHODS: Participants (N=29) were recruited from an urban diabetes clinic in Nagua, DR. Age, height, and weight were self-reported. Actigraph wGT3X-BT triaxial accelerometers were fitted for wear on the non-dominant wrist, and participants were instructed not to change their …

Lower Extremity Injury And Y-Balance Scores In Division I Women’S Soccer, Lianne Emanuel, Amelia Heywood, Tyler Mcgivney, Adam Gonzalez, Jamie Ghigiarelli, Kelly Shaver, Roger Gerland, Katie Sell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is a functional, portable assessment used to examine stability and mobility in the lower extremities (LE). However descriptive YBT data and how scores may compare across healthy and previously injured women’s soccer players is scarce but in demand. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the difference in YBT scores in female collegiate-level soccer athletes with and without a recent history of LE injury. METHODS: Twenty-two Division I female soccer players completed a YBT during pre-season. All of the subjects were cleared for testing by the head athletic trainer and the team physician and …

Pediatric Obesity And Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes – A Five Year Journey, Sharon Martino, Peter Morelli, Cristofer Zillo, Jason Zhang, Kelly Warren

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Pediatric obesity is a serious health issue, recently amplified by the COVID -19 pandemic. Obesity affects nearly 30% of children and adolescents and is associated with unfavorable health outcomes including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and low self-esteem. Sadly, over 70% of obese adolescents will become obese adults. The Fit Kids for Life (FKFL) program is an interdisciplinary pediatric obesity program that enlists faculty and students from several health professions including medicine, physical therapy, nursing, and athletic training and delivers a 10-week nutrition, physical activity and behavioral modification program to children, ages 8-17, with a BMI ≥ 85^{th …}

Strength And Mobility Measures In Division I Female Volleyball Student Athletes Across Different Positions, Jessie Hirsch, Amelia Heywood, Aliya Catanzarita, Roger Gerland, Jamie Ghigiarelli, Adam Gonzalez, Kelly Shaver, Brian Deveaux, Katie Sell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Shoulder internal and external rotation and hand grip measures are commonly used to evaluate upper extremity mobility and strength in college athletes. However, positional differences and their impact on these scores are rarely considered, therefore further research is needed in sports such as volleyball where information on these potential trends is lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify possible differences between strength and mobility measures in female volleyball student-athletes whose responsibilities include hitting (predominantly overhead roles) versus those who are primarily passers and diggers (non-overhead roles). METHODS: Thirteen Division I volleyball student-athletes who volunteered to participate in …

Lower Extremity Strength And Mobility In Division I Male Basketball Players Across Vertical Jump Performance, Tarek Harhash, Jessie Hirsch, Dominick Saldutti, Lilly Bernardi, Douglas Melgar, Roger Gerland, Jamie Ghigiarelli, Adam Gonzalez, Brian Deveaux, Kelly Shaver, Katie Sell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Vertical jump (VJ) performance is a commonly used assessment to measure explosive muscular power in collegiate strength and power athletes such as basketball players. However, research on the relationship between VJ performance and measures of lower extremity (LE) strength and mobility is inconsistent. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze hip and ankle strength and mobility measures among collegiate male basketball players by comparing those with higher and lower VJ performance. METHODS: During pre-season screening, ten Division I male basketball players were assessed to determine VJ height by completing a countermovement VJ test. Players were divided into two …

Pelvic Tilt Disparities And Lower Extremity Strength And Mobility Differences In Collegiate Wrestlers, Michael L. Leandrou, Roger Gerland, Adam Gonzalez, Jamie Ghigiarelli, Kelly Shaver, Brian Deveaux, Katie Sell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

The presence of excessive anterior pelvic tilt (PT) prior to performing loaded structural movements such as a squat or deadlift may be detrimental. However the ability to move from a neutral spine into a slight anterior PT during these movements may be beneficial for postural control, but this capability and relationship to hip function is under-represented in the literature. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the ability to move into an anterior PT, hip and hamstring range of motion (ROM), hip strength, and y-balance test (YBT) scores in Division I wrestlers. METHODS: Twenty-two …

Relationship Between The Y-Balance Test And Lower Extremity Strength And Mobility In Collegiate Lacrosse Players, Sean P. Kane, Dominick Saldutti, Lilly Bernardi, Douglas Melgar, Roger Gerland, Jamie Ghigiarelli, Adam Gonzalez, Brian Deveaux, Kelly Shaver, Katie Sell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Lacrosse players must make quick directional changes, often on one leg while under force. This demands strength, mobility, and motor control throughout the kinetic chain. The Y-Balance test (YBT) has been used to gauge motor control in athletes. Still, more research on the relationship between the YBT and lower extremity (LE) mobility and strength in lacrosse players is needed. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between YBT scores, hip range of motion (ROM), ankle dorsiflexion, hip abduction (ABD) and adduction (ADD) strength, and passive and active thoracic rotation in male college lacrosse players. METHODS: Fifty …

Hip Strength Disparities In College Soccer Players: Implications For Injury Risk And Conditioning Practices, Luis P. Pereira, Roger Gerland, Adam Gonzalez, Jamie Ghigiarelli, Kelly Shaver, Brian Deveaux, Katie Sell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Y-balance Test (YBT) has been used to identify potential risk factors associated with lower extremity injuries (LEI), while mobility and strength assessments are often used to monitor progress following an injury. PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore differences in YBT scores along with lower body mobility and strength in Division I male soccer players who have reported a LEI in the last 12 months (LEI-Y) compared those without reported injuries (LEI-N). METHODS: Twenty-eight male soccer players (age: 20.7 ± 1.8 y; height: 183.8 ± 7.1 cm; mass: 78.5 ± 6.7 kg) completed pre-season evaluations which included YBT, hip …

Comparison Of Kinovea And Force Platforms For Postural Stability Assessment In Older Adults, Mohamed Sangaré, Emma H. Chen, Andreas Bergdahl, Mary Roberts

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Postural stability declines with advancing age due to degeneration of the musculoskeletal and sensory systems. Force platforms are currently the gold standard for evaluating postural stability, but are costly and must be carried out in person. Kinovea, a free for use sports analysis software, has been suggested as a telehealth solution. PURPOSE: To investigate the validation of Kinovea for postural stability assessment in older adults. METHODS: 10 older women (73.9 ± 5.7 years old) completed 30 seconds of quiet standing on force platforms with eyes opened (EO), eyes closed (EC) and on a foam pad (FP) with a camera placed …

Inter-Rater Reliability Validation Via The Military Training Mental Toughness Inventory In Firefighters: Follow-Up Psychometric Analysis, Shane Phillips, Peter Beitia, Andreas Stamatis, Zacharias Papadakis, Amerigo Rossi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Mental toughness (MT) is a critical psychological attribute, often assessed using cross-sectional self- assessment methods. Research links MT to superior performance, particularly within high-stress domains like tactical environments (e.g., firefighting). The Military Training Mental Toughness Inventory (MTMTI) is an established tool for measuring MT from a tactical perspective. Despite the relevance of MT in high- pressure professions, research in this context is limited, and specific instruments for assessing firefighting-related MT are absent. Preliminary work on examining the inter-rater reliability of MTMTI on firefighters concluded that there was no agreement on MT peer-rating by using the MTMTI. Since still there is …

Comparison Of Body Composition To Strength, Balance, And Function In Parkinson’S Disease: A Pilot Study, Syed Shah, Sophia Karamatzanis, Jessica Wynne, Nicole Manassero, Maya Mohamed, William G. Werner, Joanne Difrancisco-Donoghue, Rosemary Gallagher

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between body composition and strength, balance, and function in people with Parkinson's disease (PD).

METHODS: All subjects signed written consent to participate in this IRB approved study. Twelve subjects with PD underwent dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) followed by strength, balance, and functional measures: 1 repetition maximum (RM) leg press, 30 second chair stand (30 CST), the Fullerton Advanced Balance test (FAB), and the MiniBestest (MB) in a randomized order. An independent t-test was used for outcomes between gender. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine a relationship between body composition and all outcome measures. Significance was …

Force Plate Determined Jump Height, Braking Symmetry, And Reactive Strength Index In Collegiate Athletes, Matthew Krawczyk, Dominick Saldutti, Douglas Melgar, Roger Gerland, Jamie Ghigiarelli, Adam Gonzalez, Kelly Shaver, Katie Sell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Many athletes are required to perform high intensity (HI) movements unilaterally and bilaterally. Force plate technology can measure is capable of quantifying performance during HI movements, such as vertical jump (VJ), as well as any asymmetries involved in the movement, but limited data using this modality is currently available. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to present descriptive data of VJ height, left and right leg braking symmetry (L/R-S), and modified reactive strength index (mRSI) during a no-hand countermovement VJ (CMJ) measured using a force plate on male (M) and female (F) Division I athletes. METHODS: Forty-nine M lacrosse …

Predicting Pain To Support Exercise Participation After Spinal Cord Injury, Jong Kwon Park, Benny Ren, Hannah Mercier

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The expansion of mobile health and predictive modeling may be worthwhile tools to predict subjective pain experiences and tailor personalized approaches for health behaviors after spinal cord injury (SCI).

PURPOSE: This study examined whether exercise (hybrid functional electrical stimulation rowing) and smartphone-based health and mobility data could reliably forecast changes in pain intensity among people with SCI.

METHODS: Data were collected via Suunto memory belt (heart rate), rower C2 log cards (training duration/frequency) and personal smartphones (location details, self-reported mood, pain, health, mobility) among (N=12) community-living adults with SCI over 9 months. Data were combined to predict the pain …

Acute Effect Of Yoga On Psychological Health Changes Following Chronic Yoga Practice, Stephon Baldeo, Galila Werber-Zion, Olga Berwid

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Yoga practice is rising as an important health behavior lifestyle used to achieve mental wellbeing. Yoga as a method for improving people’s psychological health has been validated in various published research. However, the chronic impact of Yoga practice on urban, ethnically-diverse minority undergraduate students has not yet been examined.

PURPOSE: The current study assessed the acute impacts of a yoga session following a semester-long yoga intervention on the mental health of ethnically-diverse undergraduate students.

METHODS: Forty six students (mean age = 24.6 ± 7.7 years) participated in either a 14-week yoga program or a no-exercise (reading) control group over the …

Differential Contribution Of Cardiac And Peripheral Blood Flow To Metaboreceptor-Mediated Pressor Responses In Autism Spectrum Disorder, Matthew Pizano Gomez, Gabriel B. Carlota, Stephanie S. Wang, Areum K. Jensen

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience a higher prevalence of hypertension than the general population. Abnormal blood pressure (BP) response to acute exercise is seen in hypertension. BP response evoked during exercise is the outcome of a central interaction between neural inputs such as the exercise pressor reflex. However, it is unclear if this neurocardiovascular interaction is altered differently to regulate BP during exercise in ASD. PURPOSE: To determine whether contributions of cardiac and peripheral blood flow to metaboreceptor-mediated pressor responses are different during exercise in ASD. METHODS: 21 young adults with and without ASD completed the study. …

Does Neuromuscular Fatigue Occur From One Doubles Pickleball Match?, Matthew Ritchey, Margaret Falknor, George Beckham, Eric Martin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Pickleball is an emerging sport that is continuing to gain popularity among people of all ages. Little research has been completed on the performance aspects of the game. PURPOSE: Lower body force production is an important aspect of any sport. A countermovement jump is a useful way to test that characteristic. Acute decreases in force production are an indicator of fatigue. No previous research of force production and fatigue has been completed on pickleball. Therefore the purpose of this study was to test countermovement jump performance before and after a match of doubles pickleball to determine if neuromuscular fatigue …

Teaching Current And Future Professionals Techniques For Lay Communication: Validation Study Of Published Training Material, Jafra Thomas, Jasmine C. Wong, Solana R. Martin, Yi Sheng Wu

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Thomas et al. (2023), developed two mock physical activity promotion (PAP) material, which university students (and others) could practice critiquing and revising using the suitability assessment of materials (SAM) protocol. Their objective, however, was to produce mock material at two reading grade levels (11th & 8th RGL), meaning they did not compute suitability scores for other sub/main areas (eg, font size, literacy demand, respectively). PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to (1) establish trustworthy baseline data in other SAM sub/main areas for students to compare their own scores to (2) compare mock material SAM scores to one …

Walking With Blood Flow Restriction Elicits Postexercise Hypotension In Prehypertensive Individuals, Dae Sik Song, Geoffrey Dorsett, Justine Wills, Iridian Valdivia, Isaac Sumaran, Jong-Kyung Kim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

It is well documented that prehypertension is associated with increased risk of developing into the future hypertension and cardiovascular events. Exercise is well known as one of the best nonpharmacological treatments for prehypertension to prevent future hypertension development. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training have been known to improve health-related components of physical fitness such as body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and aerobic capacity. However, there is still paucity of research that BFR exercise induces postexercise hypotension. PURPOSE: accordingly, the goal of this study was to assess that BFR exercise is more effective in reducing blood pressure (BP) compared to …

Handgrip Strength, Pinch Grip Strength, And Screen Time In College-Age Adults And Older Adults, Zarmina Amin, Galilea Gutierrez, Larissa True

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Smartphones have become an essential part of daily life for people of all ages, serving as a vital tool for communication, information, and entertainment. However, excessive smartphone use can lead to addiction-like behavior and musculoskeletal issues, with the extent and characteristics of problematic usage varying by age. PURPOSE: The purpose was two-fold: (1) Investigate the differences in handgrip strength (HGS), pinch grip strength (PGS), and total screen time between college-age individuals (18-to-25 years old; n = 50) and older adults (50+ years old; n = 50); (2) Explore correlations between HGS, PGS, and total screen time in college-age individuals …

Investigation Into Lower Extremity Accommodation During Lbppt Submaximal Running, Ciya Clyde, Miles Mercer, Julia Freedman Silvernail

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Running is a popular sport but often leads to overuse injuries due to repetitive ground reaction forces (GRF) impacting the lower extremities. Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmills (LBPPT) have gained popularity in clinical and research environments for their ability to reduce the runners’ bodyweight, consequently lowering the GRFs. PURPOSE: To investigate whether there is an accommodation period present during LBPPT submaximal running for lower body GRFs. METHODS: Participants (n =3; 1 male, 2 females; age: 26 ± 1.63 years; mass: 63.73 ± 7.77kg; height: 1.64 ± 0.11m) were recruited to complete three 15-minute bodyweight support (BWS) conditions at …

A Novel Waveform To Extract Exercise Gas Exchange Response Dynamics: The Chirp Waveform, Michele Girardi, Michael A. Roman, Janos Porszasz, William W. Stringer, Carrie Ferguson, Harry B. Rossiter, Richard Casaburi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Characterizing exercise gas exchange response dynamics reveals important information about physiological control processes and cardiopulmonary dysfunction. However, current methods for extracting exercise response dynamics typically use multiple step-wise transitions, limiting applicability of this technique. PURPOSE: We designed a new protocol (chirp waveform) to extract exercise gas exchange response dynamics in a single visit. We tested the hypothesis that gas exchange response dynamics extracted from chirp forcing would be similar to those extracted from step-wise transitions. METHODS: Thirty-one participants (14 young healthy, 7 older healthy, and 10 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) visited the laboratory on three occasions. …

Low Back Demand Of Equipment Carriage Tasks In Golf, Guanrong Cai, Jacob Cho, Yunsheng Zou, Jordan Cannon, George Salem

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Low back injury is a common concern in golfers and caddies. The literature often points to the biomechanics of the golf swing as the major contributing factor; however, golfers and caddies can regularly walk upward of 10,000 steps on uneven terrain while carrying equipment, which can contribute to the cumulative load on the low back. PURPOSE: To examine the low back biomechanical demands during golf equipment carriage and pick-up tasks. METHODS: Sixteen golfers (11M/5F, 27.4±3.5yrs) participated in 3D motion capture of a golf bag pick-up task and 3 walking tasks (1. unloaded walking [UW], 2. unilateral carrying on …

The Effect Of Aicar-Induced Ampk Activation On Gene Expression In Sarcopenic Muscle, Daniel M. Rasch, Steven D. Dray, Jouber Dos Santos, Shalene E. Wilcox, David M. Thomson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) afflicts 11-74% of all aging adults, with prevalence increasing with age. Exercise training is clearly effective in preventing or attenuating sarcopenia. The cellular mechanisms of exercise’s protective effects are not entirely clear, but AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is thought to play an important role, in part by regulating gene expression. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of chronic pharmacological AMPK activation on skeletal muscle gene expression in sarcopenic muscle. METHODS: 24-month-old C57Bl/6J mice received either one acute injection or chronic daily saline injections of the AMPK-activating drug AICAR for 31 days. …

Effects Of Chronic Grape Seed Extract Supplementation On Muscle Metaboreflex In Young Prehypertensive Individuals, Dongnyeuck Seo, Carmen Wardwell, Dae Sik Song, Joslyn Leage, Isaac Sumaran, Jong-Kyung Kim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that acute grape seed extract (GSE) substantially reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) in response to static exercise (SE) and post exercise muscular ischemia (PEMI) in normotensive young adults. However, limited evidence has reported regarding the potential beneficial effects of this extract on blood pressure (BP) induced by the muscle metaboreflex (MMR) activation in prehypertensive individuals. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare effects of 7 days of GSE supplementation and placebo (PL) on hemodynamic response to SE and PEMI. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned via a double-blind, cross-over design to receive either GSE (600 …

Comparing Knee Kinetics And Muscular Activity Between The Barbell Squat And Flywheel Squat In Recreationally Trained Females, Justin Lam, Janice Ko, Sean Yonemori, Jenny Nguyen, Kevin Valenzuela, Kurt A. Escobar, Joshua A. Cotter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Previous literature has supported flywheel (FW) training with inducing muscular size and strength comparable to resistance training with free weights. However, it remains unclear how the biomechanical demands of these two training methods differ regarding reducing the risk of load-dependent injuries. PURPOSE: With the growing population of female astronauts, this study aimed to compare knee joint kinetics and muscle activation when squatting to full depth on the barbell back (BB) squat and a gravity-independent FW device utilizing technology to be deployed in future long-term space missions. METHODS: Twenty recreationally trained females (22.3 ± 2.7 yrs, 1.6 ± 0.1 m, 59.8 …

Effects Of 7 Days Of Grape Seed Extract Supplementation On Heart Rate Recovery In Young Prehypertensive Individuals, Isaac Sumaran, Dongnyeuck Seo, Carmen Wardwell, Dae Sik Song, Joslyn Leage, Jong-Kyung Kim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Evidence suggested heart rate recovery (HRR) is a useful maker to evaluate cardiac sympathetic function. Prehypertension is characterized by overactive sympathetic output and dysfunction of cardiac parasympathetic activity and associated with delayed HRR. Even though dietary supplementation with grape seed extract (GSE) elicits the production of nitric oxide, limited evidence has reported regarding the potential beneficial effects of this extract on HRR. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare effects of 7 days of GSE supplementation and placebo (PL) on HRR for 5 min after graded exercise. Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned via a double-blind, cross-over design to …

Frontal Plane Range Of Motion Differences In Unilateral And Bilateral Battle Rope Sets: A Pilot Study, Janice Ko, Sean Yonemori, Kevin Valenzuela

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Battle rope exercises are commonly used among cross-fitters to build overall muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. Although this training method is physically demanding, no studies have examined the frontal plane movements in the lower extremities when performing battle ropes exercises in their different variations. PURPOSE: The objective of this research was to compare the frontal plane range of motion (ROM) along with the peak joint angles of the ankle, knee, and hip when performing bilateral and unilateral battle ropes exercises. METHODS: Participants with at least six months of resistance training experience performed four sets of bilateral and unilateral battle ropes …

Multiple Stress Fractures And Low Energy Availability In Female Recreational Runners, Malorie Wilwand, Marissa Miles, Kelly Pritchett, Robert Pritchett, Abigail Larson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Low energy availability (LEA) is the underlying factor for Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport which includes a facet of bone health. Stress fractures (SF) are common injuries among runners. The prevalence of coexisting LEA and multiple SF in recreational runners is unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose is 1) to assess the prevalence of multiple SF and risk of LEA among recreational female runners 2) to compare current eating disorders, body weight dissatisfaction, and restrictive eating behaviors between females with a history of SF and those with ≤ 1 SF. METHODS: Female noncompetitive, recreational runners (running > 10 miles/week, 18-25 years …