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How Positive Psychology Coaching May Influence Authentic Leadership Development, Amy Lynn Weilbacher Apr 2026

How Positive Psychology Coaching May Influence Authentic Leadership Development, Amy Lynn Weilbacher

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Although organizations often articulate values driven missions, failure by leaders to consistently embody these values in practice can erode credibility and effectiveness. Organizational leaders need to understand the role of positive psychology coaching in authentic leadership development because mission credibility depends on the leaders’ enacted values. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore how positive psychology coaching may influence authentic leadership development. This study was guided by a conceptual framework integrating positive psychology and authentic leadership. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 11 U.S.-based organizational leaders who participated in positive psychology coaching. Six key themes emerged …


Effective Data-Driven Marketing Strategies Used By Independent Insurance Agency Owners To Acquire And Retain Clients, Yolanda Marie Gunn Apr 2026

Effective Data-Driven Marketing Strategies Used By Independent Insurance Agency Owners To Acquire And Retain Clients, Yolanda Marie Gunn

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective use of data-driven marketing strategies among independent insurance agency owners’ limits client acquisition and weakens retention in saturated markets, thereby jeopardizing financial stability, constraining sustainable growth, and reducing long-term competitiveness. Grounded in data-driven decision-making theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies independent insurance agency owners used to implement data-driven marketing practices to improve client acquisition and retention. Participants were six independent insurance agency owners in the southern United States with experience implementing data-driven marketing strategies. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, field notes, and publicly available agency marketing materials and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic …


It Strategies Used To Implement Enterprise Resource Planning Systems, Michele Doverspike Apr 2026

It Strategies Used To Implement Enterprise Resource Planning Systems, Michele Doverspike

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementation represents a significant challenge for small businesses, with failure rates that can lead to substantial financial losses and operational disruption. Information Technology (IT) managers in small businesses face a gap in evidence-based strategies tailored to their organizational context, increasing the risk of implementation failure and its associated financial and operational consequences. Grounded in general systems theory, the purpose of this qualitative multicase study was to explore the strategies IT managers use to implement ERP systems in small businesses in central Pennsylvania. The participants were six IT managers from small businesses in Pennsylvania who had …


Factors That Contribute To Successful Supervision For Pretrial Defendants With Diagnosed Mental Health Disorders, Kisha Gordon Apr 2026

Factors That Contribute To Successful Supervision For Pretrial Defendants With Diagnosed Mental Health Disorders, Kisha Gordon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Individuals with mental health disorders are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, yet minimal evidence exists on how risk-based case management influences pretrial supervision. Existing literature focuses on post-conviction populations, with limited focus on pretrial defendants, particularly those with mental health disorders and gaps in how gender and mental health intersect to influence supervision outcomes. The study addressed the problem of whether risk-based case management improves pretrial outcomes for defendants with mental health needs and vary by gender or case management components. The purpose of this quantitative, non-experimental, retrospective design study was to examine the relationship between case management and …


Improving Advanced Practice Provider Knowledge Of Urinary Tract Infection In Geriatric Populations, Ashley Denise Lang Apr 2026

Improving Advanced Practice Provider Knowledge Of Urinary Tract Infection In Geriatric Populations, Ashley Denise Lang

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)in the geriatric population present unique diagnostic and management challenges. Improper classification and treatment plans contribute to increased morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. This Doctor of Nursing staff education aimed to address a gap in Advanced Practice Provider knowledge regarding the differentiation of complicated versus uncomplicated UTIs in the geriatric population. Guided by the John Hopkins evidence-based practice model, a targeted educational intervention was developed and implemented. Evidence synthesis included 20 high-quality articles representing level 1-5 evidence. A pretest, educational PowerPoint presentation, and posttest were used to assess APP baseline knowledge and understanding of the education post-presentation. There …


Exploring School Administrators' Perceptions Of Zero Tolerance Policies For African American Female Students, Keysha D. Knight Apr 2026

Exploring School Administrators' Perceptions Of Zero Tolerance Policies For African American Female Students, Keysha D. Knight

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Zero tolerance policies disproportionately affect African American female students and contribute to their accelerated entry into the school-to-prison pipeline. Existing literature indicated that these policies subject African American female students to harsher disciplinary practices and that their behaviors were often misunderstood by school administrators. However, there is limited research on how school administrators’ discretionary implementation of zero-tolerance policies contributes to these disparities. The purpose of this general qualitative study was to explore how school administrators interpret and exercise discretion when implementing zero tolerance policies affecting African American female students through the lens of Lipsky’s street-level bureaucracy theory. Four themes were …


Florida Police Officers’ Reflections On Faith And Spirituality Through Lived Experiences, Steven Vose Mcgillicuddy Apr 2026

Florida Police Officers’ Reflections On Faith And Spirituality Through Lived Experiences, Steven Vose Mcgillicuddy

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative phenomenological study examined how Florida police officers perceived changes in their spiritual and religious beliefs following prolonged exposure to critical incidents. The research question asked how officers interpreted, adapted, and transformed their spiritual or religious beliefs in response to repeated critical incident exposure. Nine sworn frontline officers participated and were interviewed using a semi structured protocol. Transcripts were analyzed inductively using thematic analysis. Three primary findings emerged: (1) Career and Impact captured cumulative occupational exposure that prompted moral appraisal and coping, and participants did not report uniform loss of faith; (2) Spiritual Belief followed three common trajectories—stability, strengthening/reaffirmation, …


Exploring Leadership Barriers To Patient Experience Improvement In The Acute Care Hospital Setting, James Scott Cooper Apr 2026

Exploring Leadership Barriers To Patient Experience Improvement In The Acute Care Hospital Setting, James Scott Cooper

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Resistance to patient experience initiatives remains a persistent challenge in acute care hospitals, often undermining organizational efforts to improve engagement, culture, and care delivery despite broad acknowledgment of their importance. Healthcare leaders need to understand this challenge as a primary indicator affecting patient experience outcomes. The purpose of this qualitative narrative inquiry was to explore the factors that cause resistance to change faced by patient experience leaders (PELs) in the acute care hospital setting. The theory of planned behavior grounded this study. The participants consisted of 15 PELs working in acute care hospitals across the United States. Data were collected …


Leadership Strategies To Reduce Burnout Among Physicians In Academic Medical Centers In The State Of California, Navdip Kaur Hothi Apr 2026

Leadership Strategies To Reduce Burnout Among Physicians In Academic Medical Centers In The State Of California, Navdip Kaur Hothi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Physician burnout in academic medical centers remains a persistent healthcare administration challenge, with nearly half of U.S. physicians reporting symptoms of burnout in recent years. The issue threatens workforce sustainability, patient safety, and organizational financial stability, particularly in California’s academic medical centers, were physicians face complex clinical, academic, and operational demands. The integrative review examines leadership strategies that reduce physician burnout in California’s academic medical centers, aiming to lower rates from about 45% to under 30%. Transformational Leadership Theory guided the examination of leadership-driven organizational and system level approaches to burnout reduction. Twenty-seven sources were appraised using the Johns Hopkins …


Psychosocial Characteristics Of North American Male Cannibals, Sheila A. Murphy Apr 2026

Psychosocial Characteristics Of North American Male Cannibals, Sheila A. Murphy

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Criminal cannibalism is a rare form of violent offending that remains understudied despite public attention. This gap limits understanding of the psychosocial characteristics and life experiences of individuals who engage in cannibalistic behavior. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore psychosocial characteristics within the life experiences of North American males who engaged in cannibalistic behavior and identify common themes. Grounded in social control theory and self-control theory, the study examined how weakened social bonds and diminished self-regulation may relate to extreme deviance. The guiding research question focused on identifying common psychosocial characteristics within this population. A descriptive phenomenological …


Perceived Bias And Barriers Among Black Women In Professional Leadership, Rochelle Wilhelmina Gilbert Apr 2026

Perceived Bias And Barriers Among Black Women In Professional Leadership, Rochelle Wilhelmina Gilbert

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Black women have long contributed to leadership in academia, government, and the nonprofit sector, yet they remain significantly underrepresented in senior leadership roles in higher education. When Black women are missing from leadership, institutions lose out on talent, students lose out on representation, and society loses out on the full range of perspectives needed to solve complex problems. Grounded in Black Feminist Thought, this general qualitative study explored the experiences and perceptions of bias and barriers among Black women serving in leadership roles at the dean level and above in higher education. Data were collected through structured interviews with seven …


Staff Education To Improve Knowledge On Discharge Planning And Transitions Of Care For Chronically Ill Patients, Cynthia Adebisi Kadiri Apr 2026

Staff Education To Improve Knowledge On Discharge Planning And Transitions Of Care For Chronically Ill Patients, Cynthia Adebisi Kadiri

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Patients with chronic conditions have the tendency to return to the hospital. Staff education to address high-rate re-hospitalization among patients with chronic conditions is the focus of my Doctor of Nursing Practice project. This is a significant practice problem, since patient outcomes and increased healthcare costs is compromised. Regarding re-hospitalization prevention and ultimate aid in reducing readmissions among people with chronic conditions, the project was used to enhance the knowledge of the nursing staff and competence in transitions of care and discharge planning. The project included 10 nurses who are regularly involved in discharging patients in the medical outpatient clinic. …


Exploring The Role Of Family Engagement In Youth Behavioral Health Programs, Jordon R. Washington-Trahan Apr 2026

Exploring The Role Of Family Engagement In Youth Behavioral Health Programs, Jordon R. Washington-Trahan

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The behavioral health leaders at Organization X do not have a clear and practical way to engage family members in youth behavioral health programs. When caregivers are not actively involved in youth behavioral health treatment, youth may disengage from missed appointments and discontinue treatment prematurely. The present case study focused on Organization X, a small behavioral health organization located in the Southeastern United States. The Baldrige Framework of Excellence was the conceptual framework for this study, with a focus on consumer engagement and workforce operations. Semi structured and structured interviews were conducted with three behavioral health leaders. Data were collected …


A Phenomenological Study Of Digital Divide In Rural Philippines, Dennis Dizon Apr 2026

A Phenomenological Study Of Digital Divide In Rural Philippines, Dennis Dizon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The digital divide reflects policy relevant disparities in access to and effective use of internet based information resources, as experienced and interpreted by individuals navigating regulatory environments and governance conditions in the rural Philippines. Policymakers need to understand how the digital divide affects business owners and working-class people, with the impact of high costs and poor internet infrastructure in remote areas of the Philippines. Many of these business owners and working-class people lack access to the privileges and benefits of high-speed internet access. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of these business owners …


Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Across The United States, Srivathsan Vijaya Raghavan Apr 2026

Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Across The United States, Srivathsan Vijaya Raghavan

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While cervical cancer is not among the most frequently diagnosed cancers in the United States, it remains a significant concern due to its preventability through regular Pap smears and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. However, incidence rates are rising as screening participation among U.S. women declines. This quantitative study (N = 15714) explored cervical cancer screening behaviors by analyzing levels of community involvement and social functioning, guided by the socioecological model (SEM). The dependent variable was cervical cancer screening, while the independent variables were community involvement and social functioning. The study controlled for health insurance status, age, race, ethnicity, employment, education, …


Exploring The Black Church’S Role In The Black Man’S Experience With Depression: A Qualitative Inquiry, Terry Edwards Jr. Apr 2026

Exploring The Black Church’S Role In The Black Man’S Experience With Depression: A Qualitative Inquiry, Terry Edwards Jr.

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Black men experience disproportionate mental health disparities, particularly in relation to depression, yet remain less likely to engage in formal mental health treatment due to cultural stigma and barriers to care. The Black church, a historically trusted institution within the Black community, may influence how depression is understood and managed. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore how Black men in Inkster, Michigan perceive the role of the Black church in influencing their understanding and management of depression. The Health, Illness, Men, and Masculinities (HIMM) framework guided this study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 …


Effective Strategies Used By Small U.S. Technology Business Leaders To Reduce Turnover And Improve Productivity, Iesha Tyrie Hayes Apr 2026

Effective Strategies Used By Small U.S. Technology Business Leaders To Reduce Turnover And Improve Productivity, Iesha Tyrie Hayes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

High employee turnover in small U.S. technology firms undermines productivity and disrupts workforce stability. Small U.S. technology business leaders are concerned with employee turnover because persistent workforce attrition weakens operational continuity, increases organizational strain, and limits the ability to sustain a stable and effective workforce. Grounded in psychological capital (PsyCap) theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore leadership strategies used by small U.S. technology business leaders in North Carolina to mitigate negative employee experiences that contribute to turnover and reduced productivity. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and publicly available organizational documents. Using thematic analysis, three themes emerged: (a) …


Educators’ Experiences With Structured Word Inquiry For Spelling Underachievement In K–8 Students, Leah Skinner Apr 2026

Educators’ Experiences With Structured Word Inquiry For Spelling Underachievement In K–8 Students, Leah Skinner

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this basic qualitative study was that K–8 students in the western United States continue to experience spelling underachievement despite structured literacy interventions. Grounded in Bowers and Kirby’s structured word inquiry (SWI) framework, the purpose of this study was to explore educators’ experiences implementing SWI for spelling instruction with K–8 students in the western United States. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 16 K–8 educators with SWI experience who were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Thematic analysis using open and axial coding resulted in six themes. Findings indicated that educators perceived SWI as an effective, …


Southeastern United States African American Business Leaders’ Effective Business Profitability Strategies, Maurice Chamblin Apr 2026

Southeastern United States African American Business Leaders’ Effective Business Profitability Strategies, Maurice Chamblin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

African American business leaders in the United States experience persistent operational constraints that affect business sustainability and long-term profitability. These leaders face recurring challenges in accessing capital, securing managerial support, and effectively utilizing resources, which may hinder their ability to remain viable and competitive. Grounded in resource-based view theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project aimed to identify and explore the practical strategies used by African American business leaders in the Southeastern United States to increase their business profitability over more than 5 years. The participants were six African American business leaders from the Southeastern United States who had grown their …


Traditionally Certified, Second-Career Teachers’ Perceptions Of Intent To Stay In The Classroom, Tara L. Wells Apr 2026

Traditionally Certified, Second-Career Teachers’ Perceptions Of Intent To Stay In The Classroom, Tara L. Wells

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study was the high teacher turnover, including traditionally certified, second-career teachers (TCSCTs), in United States classrooms, despite support and additional resources provided. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine TCSCTs’ perceptions on the reasons and their recommendations to remain in the classroom. Ingersoll's teacher turnover and retention framework was used to conceptually frame this study. Using a basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 TCSCTs. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The following themes emerged: TCSCTs remain in the profession primarily due to a sense of purpose in their …


Burnout And Secondary Traumatic Stress Experiences In Mental Health Professionals Working With Military Veterans, Megan Carter Apr 2026

Burnout And Secondary Traumatic Stress Experiences In Mental Health Professionals Working With Military Veterans, Megan Carter

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Burnout among mental health professionals has been a long-standing phenomenon when working with trauma individuals resulting in increased job turnover rates and decreased quality of care for patients. The job demands- resourced model and constructivist self- development theory were used to guide this study. The purpose of this research study was to explore how mental health professionals working with the military veteran population experience burnout and secondary traumatic stress. A descriptive qualitative design was used with purposive and snowball sampling to attain 10 mental health professionals from various facilities serving military veterans. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and were …


An Educational Intervention To Increase Nurses’ Knowledge And Confidence Of Patient Mobility, Debbie Ann Pytak Apr 2026

An Educational Intervention To Increase Nurses’ Knowledge And Confidence Of Patient Mobility, Debbie Ann Pytak

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Immobility is a significant concern given that nearly half of all hospitalized adults are immobile during their hospitalization, placing them at increased risk for adverse outcomes. As a result, it is critical for nurses to implement strategies that promote safe, structured patient mobility. Thus, the purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to determine if an educational intervention focused on patient mobility and standardized mobility tool utilization increased knowledge and confidence among nursing staff in an acute care setting. Ten participants volunteered to attend the educational intervention. The average age of the participants was 44.30 years (SD …


Strategies Higher Education Leaders Use To Improve Job Satisfaction Among Administrative Staff, Jerrod Jaquii Pass Apr 2026

Strategies Higher Education Leaders Use To Improve Job Satisfaction Among Administrative Staff, Jerrod Jaquii Pass

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Organizational change initiatives in higher education often lead to decreased job satisfaction among administrative staff. Higher education leaders are concerned with maintaining employee job satisfaction during such periods because disengagement among administrative staff can reduce performance and increase turnover. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies higher education leaders use to improve administrative staff job satisfaction during organizational change. Lewin’s change management theory served as the foundation for the capstone research project. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of six higher education leaders in the United States who had implemented change initiatives …


Dementia De-Escalation Staff Education Program, Gretchan Edwards Apr 2026

Dementia De-Escalation Staff Education Program, Gretchan Edwards

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), including agitation and aggression, present significant challenges in acute care settings and contribute to increased staff injury risk and inconsistent patient care. The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to evaluate the impact of a structured dementia de-escalation education program on staff knowledge, confidence, and perceived ability to manage dementia-related behaviors. The guiding PICOT question asked: In acute care staff, how does participation in a structured de-escalation training program that incorporates environmental modifications and organizational support, compared with no formal de-escalation training, affect staff knowledge, confidence, and perceived impact …


Experiences Of Maternal Care In The Gypsy, Roma, And Traveller Population In The United Kingdom: A Cultural Care Model, Sarah Englebert Crowson Apr 2026

Experiences Of Maternal Care In The Gypsy, Roma, And Traveller Population In The United Kingdom: A Cultural Care Model, Sarah Englebert Crowson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller women (GRT) in the United Kingdom face persistent maternal health disparities and show poor engagement with healthcare services. Exclusion, discrimination, and a lack of cultural competence from healthcare professionals contribute to poor health outcomes including preterm births; and GRT women have more babies born with congenital anomalies than non-GRT women in the United Kingdom. The purpose of this focused ethnographic qualitative study was to explore how self-identified GRT women living in the United Kingdom experienced maternal care and how cultural identity and social structures influenced their interactions with healthcare providers based on Madeleine Leininger’s cultural care …


Education To Improving Prediabetes Management And Preventing Progression To Diabetes In The Primary Care Setting, Irene Mah Mebune Apr 2026

Education To Improving Prediabetes Management And Preventing Progression To Diabetes In The Primary Care Setting, Irene Mah Mebune

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Prediabetes is a significant public health concern in the United States, as many individuals remain undiagnosed or inadequately managed, which increases the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes and associated complications. Primary care settings are essential for early identification and prevention. However, gaps in staff knowledge and inconsistent application of evidence-based guidelines frequently hinder effective management. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) staff education project aimed to enhance healthcare staff knowledge and confidence in screening for and managing prediabetes within a primary care clinic. The central question guiding this project was whether evidence-based staff education could improve healthcare staff …


Beyond Social Media: Effective Innovative Strategies For Small Cleaning Services To Engage Decision-Makers And Secure Contracts, Danielle Edwesa Gaskins Apr 2026

Beyond Social Media: Effective Innovative Strategies For Small Cleaning Services To Engage Decision-Makers And Secure Contracts, Danielle Edwesa Gaskins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small cleaning service businesses often encounter challenges when attempting to reach decision-makers and obtain commercial contracts. Small cleaning service business leaders are concerned with securing contracts because the continual acquisition of agreements underpins both business stability and growth. Grounded in the service-dominant logic, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies small cleaning business leaders use to engage decision-makers and win contracts without relying on the use of social media marketing. The participants were five leaders from small cleaning businesses in the United States who had successfully secured contracts through alternative engagement strategies. Data were gathered using …


Mapping Serial Killer Life Pathways With Behavior Sequence Analysis, Morgann Lynn Brafford Apr 2026

Mapping Serial Killer Life Pathways With Behavior Sequence Analysis, Morgann Lynn Brafford

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known to influence criminal behavior in adulthood, their potential influence on serial killer actions has not been scrutinized. This study was an investigation of how ACEs might affect serial killer actions later in life. The trauma-control model provided a conceptual framework for the investigation. Marono et al.’s research featuring behavior sequence analysis (BSA) was broadened to examine the impact of psychological abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, violence against animals, head injury, and bullying serial killer behaviors like stalking or sexual assault. The participants were 364 anonymized male serial killers from the Radford/Florida Gulf Coast …


Strategic Digital Adaptation Among Small And Medium-Size Enterprise Leaders In Grenada For Implementing Digital Technologies To Achieve Long-Term Sustainability, Competitive Advantage, And Scalability, Devon Junior Charles Apr 2026

Strategic Digital Adaptation Among Small And Medium-Size Enterprise Leaders In Grenada For Implementing Digital Technologies To Achieve Long-Term Sustainability, Competitive Advantage, And Scalability, Devon Junior Charles

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) leaders in Grenada struggle to implement digital technologies effectively, which limits business sustainability, competitive advantage, and scalability. This issue is particularly concerning for SME leaders, as ineffective digital implementation threatens business survival, workforce stability, and economic resilience in small island developing states (SIDS). Grounded in a composite conceptual framework integrating the technology–organization–environment framework and dynamic capabilities theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies SME leaders in Grenada used to implement digital technologies to achieve sustainability, competitive advantage, and scalability. The participants were six SME leaders in Grenada with at …


A Multilevel Analysis Of Prescriber-Reported Buprenorphine Induction Challenges In Fentanyl-Endemic Settings, Alyssa Vawn Long Apr 2026

A Multilevel Analysis Of Prescriber-Reported Buprenorphine Induction Challenges In Fentanyl-Endemic Settings, Alyssa Vawn Long

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The emergence of illicitly manufactured fentanyl has increased clinical uncertainty during buprenorphine induction in medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. The purpose of this quantitative, retrospective cohort study, guided by the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), was to examine whether prescriber-level buprenorphine induction practices and experiences with precipitated withdrawal were associated with reported buprenorphine induction challenges, and whether county-level fentanyl prevalence contributed to these challenges after accounting for geographic clustering. Secondary, de-identified archival data were obtained from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network study CTN-0134 and included 64 prescribers practicing in fentanyl-endemic settings. Buprenorphine induction challenges were operationalized as …