Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1284)
- Psychology (466)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (421)
- Public Policy (321)
- Sociology (309)
-
- Criminology (220)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (216)
- Education (171)
- Public Administration (164)
- Arts and Humanities (157)
- Criminology and Criminal Justice (140)
- Legal Studies (140)
- Social Work (122)
- Public Health (88)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (79)
- Mental and Social Health (76)
- African American Studies (75)
- Psychiatric and Mental Health (74)
- Law (71)
- Clinical Psychology (68)
- Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies (68)
- Public Health Education and Promotion (66)
- Business (65)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (58)
- Social Psychology (49)
- Counseling Psychology (48)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (38)
- Nursing (32)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (32)
- Philosophy (30)
- Keyword
-
- Recidivism (81)
- Police (52)
- Law Enforcement (33)
- African American (32)
- Mental Health (32)
-
- Incarceration (29)
- Education (26)
- Forensic Psychology (26)
- Criminal Justice (25)
- Corrections (23)
- Law enforcement (23)
- Reentry (23)
- Juvenile (22)
- Qualitative (22)
- Trauma (21)
- PTSD (20)
- Stress (20)
- Mental health (19)
- Addiction (18)
- Perception (18)
- Violence (18)
- Homelessness (17)
- Reintegration (17)
- Treatment (17)
- Criminal justice (16)
- Domestic Violence (16)
- Domestic violence (16)
- Gender (16)
- Juveniles (16)
- Psychology (16)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (1872)
- Selected Social Change Portfolios in Prevention, Intervention, and Consultation (30)
- Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences (24)
- Journal of Sustainable Social Impact (11)
- Walden Faculty and Staff Publications (8)
-
- Higher Learning Research Communications (6)
- Journal of Social Work in the Global Community (5)
- Harold L. Hodgkinson Award for Outstanding Dissertation (4)
- Journal of Educational Research and Practice (4)
- Walden University Research Conference (4)
- Frank Dilley Award for Outstanding Doctoral Study (1)
- International Journal of Applied Management and Technology (1)
- White Papers (1)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 871 - 900 of 1971
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Providers’ Perceptions Of Chiropractic Care In Treatment Of Opioid Addiction, Rebekah Jan Khan
Providers’ Perceptions Of Chiropractic Care In Treatment Of Opioid Addiction, Rebekah Jan Khan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Fifteen hundred people in the United States die each week from opioid-related overdoses. In addition, the U.S. court system has been inundated with individuals facing legal proceedings, with opioid addiction, impacted competency, and recidivism. There has been a call for alternatives to address the crisis. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of (addiction) providers regarding chiropractic treatment in the management of opioid addiction. The health belief theory was used to guide the study. Interview data were collected from six participants via Zoom or phone. Thematic analysis resulted in four emergent themes: lack of knowledge of …
How Do Social Relationships With Parole Officers Impact Parolee Experiences While On Community Supervision?, April Lynn Maeschen
How Do Social Relationships With Parole Officers Impact Parolee Experiences While On Community Supervision?, April Lynn Maeschen
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The relationship between parolees and parole officers can be complicated, as parole officers often have dual functions. Parole officers try to encourage positive behavior while still enforcing rules and regulations on parolees in an attempt to help a parolee make pro-social decisions. Many challenges can arise during community supervision that can make it difficult for a parole officer to help guide the parolee. In this study, parole officers’ perceptions were examined regarding supportive communication and how this can affect parolees’ behavior during community supervision. Minimal research exists about parole officers and how effective communication styles can impact parolees. Two theoretical …
Exploring Perceptions Of Staff Preparedness For Emergency Response In Transitional Houses In Texas, Patrick Onuoha
Exploring Perceptions Of Staff Preparedness For Emergency Response In Transitional Houses In Texas, Patrick Onuoha
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractDisaster preparedness for emergency response within transitional houses is a problem that often fails to receive attention, a situation that can lead to injuries or death during disaster events. One of the factors responsible for this lapse is the contractual nature of most of the transitional houses, with inherent inadequacies in types and quality of services. Although research in this area is relatively scarce, a synthesis of literature reviewed suggested greater focus on disaster management in other areas and almost nothing with regards to transitional houses. The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand staff emergency preparedness in …
San Diego Residents’ Perceptions Of The Illegality Of Cyber-Bullying Among Middle-Schoolers, Nadine Stokely
San Diego Residents’ Perceptions Of The Illegality Of Cyber-Bullying Among Middle-Schoolers, Nadine Stokely
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The teenage suicide rate in the United States has drastically increased as a result of continuous cyber-bullying behavior among adolescents. Little is known about San Diego County residents’ perceptions regarding the possible federal criminalization of cyber-bullying among middle-schoolers. The purpose of this study was to explore to what degree San Diego County residents believe that acts of cyber-bullying committed by middle-schoolers should be deemed a criminal offense. The theoretical foundation for this qualitative study was based on the theory of legislation. The research question focused on understanding San Diego County residents’ perceptions concerning the possible federal criminalization of cyber-bullying harassment …
Workplace Violence, Trauma, And The Lived Experience Of Corrections Officers: A Phenomenological Study, Amanda Smith
Workplace Violence, Trauma, And The Lived Experience Of Corrections Officers: A Phenomenological Study, Amanda Smith
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Corrections officers are required to ensure compliance from inmates, and sometimes they have to use force, resulting in violent encounters. Such incidents can be traumatic for those directly and indirectly involved. Previous studies examined the working conditions of jail staff, but their focus was not primarily directed toward corrections officers. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore how everyday occurrences of violence associated with working in jails influence corrections officers’ physiological well-being. The theory of constructed emotions framed this study. Recruiting was conducted using a demographic and interest survey distributed through Facebook. Using purposive sampling, semi structured …
African American Parents’ Perceptions Of Police Racial Profiling And "The Talk” With Their Children, Tammara Moffitt
African American Parents’ Perceptions Of Police Racial Profiling And "The Talk” With Their Children, Tammara Moffitt
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore African American parents’ perceptions of racism and how it shaped their discussion, known as The Talk, that they had with their African American children. Critical race theory was the theoretical foundation. This theory helped explain the ideas and processes parents of African American children used to discuss perceptions of the African American culture. Through interviews, this generic qualitative study was focused on collecting data from parents of African American children who had to decide how to talk to their children about racial profiling. Ten parents raising African American children from age 13 …
Socioeconomic And Health Impact Of Opioid Overuse On Working-Age Population In Minnesota, Colette Ngum Ngwa
Socioeconomic And Health Impact Of Opioid Overuse On Working-Age Population In Minnesota, Colette Ngum Ngwa
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Abstract The United States faces numerous challenges associated with the ongoing opioid crisis. Although the opioid epidemic is complex, opioid overuse affects users’ health and has a far-reaching impact on socioeconomic well-being. This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional design using secondary data from a 2018 national survey of working-age individuals ages 18 to 45. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the associations between opioid overuse and socioeconomic status, health status, and perceived need for substance abuse treatment. The addiction career concept and chronic illness model theory were used to analyze these correlations. The findings indicated that people with higher …
Factors Associated With Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use And Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Rural Americans, Brittany Cox
Factors Associated With Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use And Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Rural Americans, Brittany Cox
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Opioid misuse is a rapidly evolving health epidemic in the United States, leading to opioid use disorders, overdose deaths, and disparities in treatment. The rural population may be more susceptible given socioeconomic status, less educational attainment, and lower income. The impact on specific populations is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the association of nonmedical prescription opioid use (NPOU), prescription opioid misuse (POM), and treatment-seeking with race, age, sex, education, and insurance status among rural Americans. The social-ecological model (SEM) served as the theoretical framework. The SEM described the interplay between individual, relationship, community, and …
Former Offender Perspectives On The Effectiveness Of The Missouri Reentry Process, Brian Clay Roper
Former Offender Perspectives On The Effectiveness Of The Missouri Reentry Process, Brian Clay Roper
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The criminal justice system in the United States has tried to reduce repeat offending through various tactics over the years including reentry/rehabilitation programs in the past 2 two decades. The state of Missouri was one of the first states to participate in this type of transitional model. While the recidivism rate has dropped, it is still one of the highest in the nation. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to determine if a program called the Missouri Reentry Process (MRP) has been effective at aiding men at (re)integrating and (re)acclimating in society. Social disorganization theory and desistance theory …
The Influence Of School Faculty Culture On Anti-Bullying Policies, Bethany Huff
The Influence Of School Faculty Culture On Anti-Bullying Policies, Bethany Huff
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Despite the continual research conducted related to bullying, teachers and school faculty continue to face challenges related to addressing bullying within the school setting. Due to the various consequences related to bullying, it is crucial that school faculty find the best methods to adequately address incidents that occur within the school so that students can continue to receive their education in a safe environment. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of how school faculty perceive the organizational culture related to anti-bullying programs and how this influences their implementation and utilization of strategies developed by programs implemented …
A Social Constructivism View Of Police Community Relations In Saint Louis' Inner-City Communities, Tyrone Carter
A Social Constructivism View Of Police Community Relations In Saint Louis' Inner-City Communities, Tyrone Carter
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The implementation of policies and initiatives often have adverse effects, causing societal harm or encouraging unprecedented events. Proactive policing strategies like Stop and Frisk Initiatives or similar tactics have historically caused trust issues between Missouri law enforcement and the community they protect and serve, complicating an inevitable relationship needed to enhance public safety. This research sought to examine how community public perception and social constructions influence government laws and statutes in Saint Louis. The theory that guided this study was the Social Constructions of Target Populations Theory; the case study examined how implicit biases in law enforcement shape the perceptions …
Factors That Predict Military-Connected Student Academic Success At A Community College, Susan Elizabeth Neimic
Factors That Predict Military-Connected Student Academic Success At A Community College, Susan Elizabeth Neimic
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed through this study is the low graduation rate of military-connected students who received benefits from military funding programs (FMCSs) at a community college in the northeastern United States (CCNE). Increasing the graduation rate will prepare more FMCSs for gainful employment and their transition into civilian life. The purpose of this quantitative study was to measure the effects of the nontraditional predictors, age, gender, and ethnicity on completing a 2-year associate degree within 6 years for FMCSs. The research questions determined whether nontraditional predictors for success were the same for FMCSs. Knowles’s theory of andragogy provided the framework …
Examining Middle And High School Administrators Strategies To Support Parent Involvement And Student Achievement, Rosalind Marie Ellis
Examining Middle And High School Administrators Strategies To Support Parent Involvement And Student Achievement, Rosalind Marie Ellis
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Middle and high school administrators in a Midwest school district needed to implement strategies to support parent involvement. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine how middle and high school administrators implemented strategies to support parent involvement that may influence student achievement. The conceptual framework that supported this study was Epstein’s framework of six types of involvement. The research questions focused on how middle and high school administrators implemented strategies to support parent involvement that may influence student achievement and how the administrators perceived the effectiveness of the strategies they implemented. Semistructured interviews were used to collect …
African American Men’S Experiences With Reentry Programs With Employment And Wraparound Services, Trelles Evans
African American Men’S Experiences With Reentry Programs With Employment And Wraparound Services, Trelles Evans
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed in this study is the high cost that communities pay when African American men returning home from prison do not receive proper resources to prepare them for returning to the community and then end up reincarcerated due to criminal behavior and violations of parole or probation. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the daily lived experiences of African American men between the ages of 30 and 50 who receive real-life transitional employment with wrap-around service opportunities through reentry programs. No research was found that explored the daily experiences of those individuals …
The Correlation Between Laura’S Law And The Incarceration Of The Mentally Ill In A Southwestern State, Aaron Alarcon-Bowen
The Correlation Between Laura’S Law And The Incarceration Of The Mentally Ill In A Southwestern State, Aaron Alarcon-Bowen
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Assisted outpatient treatment and involuntary outpatient treatment laws refer to the power of the court system to order community-based treatment without hospitalization to individuals with a mental illness diagnosis. Studies have linked these laws to a decrease in the use of incarceration among this population. The effectiveness of the assisted outpatient treatment law in a Southwestern state, known as Laura’s Law, has not been studied. With a theoretical foundation based on the social contract and multiple streams analysis theories, a quantitative, casual, comparative study using an independent t test was centered on determining whether the mean numbers of incarcerated individuals …
Educators’ Perspectives On The Use Of Restorative Practices In Urban High Schools, Janora Michelle Holmes
Educators’ Perspectives On The Use Of Restorative Practices In Urban High Schools, Janora Michelle Holmes
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
African American youth are suspended and expelled at a higher rate than their nonminority (White) counterparts. Punitive processes such as zero-tolerance policies result in suspensions and expulsions, removing African American youth out of the classroom, and increasing the risk of dropping out and diminishing opportunities for academic success. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of restorative practices in urban high schools through the perspectives of urban educators. For the purpose of this study, the term urban was defined as predominantly African American. The theoretical foundation of this basic qualitative research was Canter and Canter’s assertive behavior …
Juvenile Recidivism Risk Factors From The Juvenile Justice Professional Perspective, Fotini Stamidis
Juvenile Recidivism Risk Factors From The Juvenile Justice Professional Perspective, Fotini Stamidis
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Juvenile crime and recidivism have devastated Baltimore City, Maryland, especially in the quality of life and social bond, producing fear in the city’s communities. The current situation is increasing the need to promote a better understanding of juvenile recidivism and delinquency of the risk factors causing juveniles to re-offend. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to add to the knowledge base on juvenile recidivism risk factors from the perspectives of juvenile justice professionals. Hirschi’s social bond theory was used to explore juvenile justice professionals’ experiences and perspectives on recidivism risk factors. Research questions focused on the perceptions of …
African American Male College Graduates’ Paternal Incarceration Experiences, Natassia Toxey Askew
African American Male College Graduates’ Paternal Incarceration Experiences, Natassia Toxey Askew
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Various public polices contributed to the significant increase of parent incarceration in the United States among African Americans. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to gain an understanding of the perspective of African American male college graduates who experienced paternal incarceration during childhood and/or adolescence about the role of family and persevering to obtain a college degree by the age of 30. Utilizing a transcendental phenomenological approach to describe the essence of paternal incarceration as experienced by 12 participants, emergent themes were uncovered to build the characteristics of success relative to the role of family. The modified van …
Decision Making By Law Enforcement Supervisors Regarding Professional Courtesy And Discretion, Jennifer Marie Hollifield
Decision Making By Law Enforcement Supervisors Regarding Professional Courtesy And Discretion, Jennifer Marie Hollifield
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractRecent studies suggest a negative shift in the way the public views U.S. law enforcement officers (LEOs), including an increased lack of trust. Mistrust may be attributed to misuse of power, abuse of discretion, or the extension of professional courtesy by LEOs. While discretion, and the misuse of discretion has been studied by many scholars, decision making process related to professional courtesy has not been studied as a contributing factor. The problem addressed in this study is the negative environment of mistrust between law enforcement and the public that can make it difficult for an officer to do their job …
Relationship Between Police Officers’ Sleep Quality, Burnout From Shift Work, And Intention To Leave Law Enforcement, Misty Ladd
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Occupational stressors in police work are abundant, and high rates of attrition make the recruiting and maintaining of a qualified force challenging. The increased risks that overnight officers face with regard to their mental and/or physical health warrant further research to ensure that burnout does not interfere with officers’ well-being or performance. The purpose of this quantitative nonexperimental study was to examine whether sleep quality for police officers involved in shift work leads to burnout or the intention to leave law enforcement. Shift work theory and Kundi’s destabilization theory provided the framework for the study. Archival data from 212 police …
Exploring The Impact Of Student Conduct Models On Student Development At Hbcus, Deona Cureton
Exploring The Impact Of Student Conduct Models On Student Development At Hbcus, Deona Cureton
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The effectiveness of the student conduct approaches of the mixed method model, a mixture of restorative justice and traditional sanctioning, and traditional sanctioning, known as the “model code,” in student learning at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) has been largely unexamined in existing literature. This quantitative study examined whether the model code process or a mixed method model process is more effective and efficient in producing learning and accountability. The present study utilized the 28-item questionnaire from the Student Accountability and Restorative Research (STARR) Project, a multicampus study conducted in 2011 in the United States. In the current study, …
Social Workers’ Perceptions On Partnering With Police To Address Violent Police Encounters Towards African Americans, Adrian Springfield
Social Workers’ Perceptions On Partnering With Police To Address Violent Police Encounters Towards African Americans, Adrian Springfield
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Research documents the pervasiveness of violent police encounters towards African Americans in the United States and importance of a multidisciplinary approach between social workers and police to prevent police violence. However, little is known about social workers perceptions and experiences on partnering with police to address violent police encounters towards African Americans. Informed by Tuckman’s group formation theory and Bell’s critical race theory, the purpose of this generic qualitative inquiry study was to explore social workers in the United States perceptions and experiences on partnering with police to address violent police encounters toward African Americans. Using semistructured interviews, data was …
Strategies Using Threat Intelligence To Detect Advanced Persistent Threats: A Qualitative Case Study, Melisa A. Joyner
Strategies Using Threat Intelligence To Detect Advanced Persistent Threats: A Qualitative Case Study, Melisa A. Joyner
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Advanced persistent threats (APTs) targeting critical infrastructures can adversely impact human lives. Cyber security analysts are concerned with APT attacks because they make it challenging to defend critical infrastructures. Grounded in routines activity theory (RAT), the purpose of this qualitative exploratory multiple case study was to explore strategies cybersecurity analysts use to defend critical infrastructures from APT attacks. Data were collected through interviews with 8 participants and documents from two organizations. Participants were required to have experience analyzing network traffic on a critical infrastructure network, one year of cyber threat hunting experience, prior or current knowledge of cyber threat intelligence …
Mental Health-Medical Crisis Team Impact On First Responder Outcomes On Persons With Mental Illness, Mary Josephine Lakey
Mental Health-Medical Crisis Team Impact On First Responder Outcomes On Persons With Mental Illness, Mary Josephine Lakey
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Persons with mental illness (PMIs) are 16 times more likely to experience harm when interacting with police than individuals without mental illness. This inequity has recently become prominent in American discourse due to the ubiquitous use of cell phones and social media, where videos of incidents between police and PMIs circulate. In this generic qualitative research, members of a collaborative mental health and emergency medical service professionals (EMSPs) team in an urban area were interviewed to assess the team members’ perceptions of the impact of the program on frequency of adverse outcomes during interactions with PMIs. The theoretical framework for …
Perceived Stress Of Grandparents Parenting Their Grandchildren, Beverly Gale Nicholas
Perceived Stress Of Grandparents Parenting Their Grandchildren, Beverly Gale Nicholas
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Parenthood responsibilities are changing in the United States. The overall research problem for this study was that grandparents are parenting their grandchildren when their adult children are incarcerated for alcohol abuse or use. The importance of this problem is that as adults age, they are taking on the responsibilities of being parents rather than grandparents. In this new role, grandparents may not have the coping strategies or social support to ensure that they have life satisfaction during their senior years. The purpose of this study was to assess the independent variables, age and perceived stress (low, medium, and high), as …
Administrators’ Perspectives On Discipline Interventions For Prekindergarten Through Second Grade Students, Arlene Nicole Moore
Administrators’ Perspectives On Discipline Interventions For Prekindergarten Through Second Grade Students, Arlene Nicole Moore
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed in this study was that although administrators in a rural northeastern Maryland school district are complying with state Senate Bill 651 by not suspending students in prekindergarten through second grade, administrators continue to struggle with preventing severe offenses from happening and reducing office referrals. The conceptual framework was based on Hannigan and Hannigan’s alternative discipline framework. The conceptual framework focused on administrators’ beliefs, implementation of discipline practices, and intervention use. The research question concentrated on administrators’ perspectives about exclusionary discipline and interventions to prevent severe behaviors. In this basic qualitative study, data were collected through semistructured interviews …
The Relationship Of Diversity Education On Perceptions Of Criminal Justice Majors, Deborah Palicia
The Relationship Of Diversity Education On Perceptions Of Criminal Justice Majors, Deborah Palicia
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractIn a world of ever-changing demographics, it is imperative that criminal justice practitioners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to effectively interact with the communities they serve. The purpose of this nonexperimental study was to ascertain the relationship between perceptions of diversity of undergraduate criminal justice majors at a Northeastern college who had taken a diversity course to those who had not. Bandura’s social cognitive theory guided this study. Data were collected using McMorris’ Perceptions of Criminality survey with a purposive nonprobability sample of 72 criminal justice majors at a Northeastern college who were 18 years of age or older. …
The Statistical Significance Of Juvenile Delinquency And Learning Disabilities, Collette Erica Scandrett
The Statistical Significance Of Juvenile Delinquency And Learning Disabilities, Collette Erica Scandrett
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Juvenile delinquency and recidivism have been consistent issues that seem to continually produce substantial numbers. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine learning disabilities among juveniles and determine their statistical significance to delinquency and recidivism. Durkheim’s theory of anomie and Merton’s anomie/strain theory were used as the theoretical framework to guide the study. Archived cases for 15,900 juveniles, 2,633 of whom were learning disabled, were collected from the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and the South Carolina Department of Education. To provide additional context, age, race, and sex were also analyzed. Chi-square tests were used to analyze …
Child Welfare Workers’ Development Of Cultural Competency For Clients In Poverty, Rachel Armstead
Child Welfare Workers’ Development Of Cultural Competency For Clients In Poverty, Rachel Armstead
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Children of families living in poverty are at a higher risk of being victims of child maltreatment than children of families not living in poverty. Many families involved in the child welfare system live in poverty and have low socioeconomic status. The National Association of Social Workers requires all social workers to have a level of cultural awareness, knowledge, and skill to engage clients from diverse cultures. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore child welfare workers’ understanding of cultural competence and their implementation of culturally sensitive practices as they engage clients living in poverty. Bacote’s cultural competence …
Disparities In The Sentencing Of African American Men In Wayne County, Michigan, Brian Banks
Disparities In The Sentencing Of African American Men In Wayne County, Michigan, Brian Banks
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractThe ability of judges in the U.S. criminal justice system to administer penalties based on a defendant’s socioeconomic status has resulted in a disproportionate number of African Americans receiving harsher penalties than those of other racial groups and socioeconomic statuses. Currently, there is little evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of harsher sentencing of defendants with lower socioeconomic statuses in preventing crime or lowering recidivism, but more work is needed to clarify what sentencing factors judges use. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the factors that Wayne County, Michigan, judges used during the sentencing process of criminal defendants, along …