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Coworkers' Lived Experiences Of Being Exposed To Healthcare Professionals Misusing Substances, Juratu Garuba-Agbebaku Jan 2026

Coworkers' Lived Experiences Of Being Exposed To Healthcare Professionals Misusing Substances, Juratu Garuba-Agbebaku

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite the harm of substances, coworkers in hospitals, healthcare facilities, and urgent care centers found themselves among healthcare professionals who misused substances such as alcohol and prescription medication. Grounded in social cognitive theory, the purpose of this qualitative descriptive phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of coworkers who have been exposed to healthcare professionals’ substance misuse. The participants consisted of 12 healthcare professionals working in various hospitals, healthcare facilities, and urgent care centers in the United States. Data were collected using semistructured interviews. Through Colaizzi’s seven-step analysis, five themes emerged: (a) emotional experiences, (b) ethical reflections, (c) cognitive …


Circumciser Type And The Type Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Prevalence For Girls Ages 0-14 Years In Ethiopia, Jean-Pierre Ramazani Abedi Jan 2026

Circumciser Type And The Type Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Prevalence For Girls Ages 0-14 Years In Ethiopia, Jean-Pierre Ramazani Abedi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite ongoing eradication efforts, female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) remains a major public health and human rights concern in Ethiopia. This quantitative study was conducted to examine how circumciser type (traditional cutter, birth attendant, or health professional) influences FGM/C prevalence and severity among girls ages 0–14, considering the moderating effects of residence and mothers’ FGM status, while controlling for age and income. Guided by the social ecological model and using 2016 E Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys data, analysis indicates a significant association between circumciser type and FGM/C type (χ² (2, N = 1,553) = 6.86, p = .032), which …


Perceptions Of Juvenile Justice Professionals Regarding The Effectiveness Of Juvenile Reentry Programs And Recidivism In The Southwest Region, Lei Anne Johnson Jan 2026

Perceptions Of Juvenile Justice Professionals Regarding The Effectiveness Of Juvenile Reentry Programs And Recidivism In The Southwest Region, Lei Anne Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Juvenile recidivism persists in the U.S. justice system, highlighting the need for effective reentry programs. However, limited research exists on juvenile justice professionals’ perceptions of program success. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore these professionals’ perceptions regarding the effectiveness of juvenile reentry programs in reducing recidivism. Guided by Bandura’s social learning theory, the study examined how observation and modeling influence youth behavior during reentry. The research questions focused on professionals’ perceptions of program effectiveness and how these perceptions impact recidivism reduction efforts. A qualitative phenomenological design involved semi-structured interviews with 13 juvenile justice professionals in the southwest …


Social Construction Of Female-Headed Households Participating In Hud Public Housing Programs, Emma Forks Dec 2025

Social Construction Of Female-Headed Households Participating In Hud Public Housing Programs, Emma Forks

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem this study addressed involved factors associated with long-term program involvement of female-headed households living in public and vouchered housing. The literature indicated a significant gap regarding the reasons women who received federal housing assistance stayed in government housing. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to examine the experiences of female-headed households living in public housing and Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) housing in a Central Texas region, specifically to identify the factors that limited their ability to leave these programs. Using Schneider and Ingram’s social construction of target populations theory, the data was collected from eight participants …


Investigating Trust Between Hispanic Immigrants And Law Enforcement, Nina Marie Morales-Perez Dec 2025

Investigating Trust Between Hispanic Immigrants And Law Enforcement, Nina Marie Morales-Perez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In this qualitative study, the evolving perceptions of law enforcement among child immigrants from Central and South America following their immigration to the United States were investigated. Anchored in social learning theory, the aim was to discern whether interactions with law enforcement in their home countries and the United States influence these perceptions. A phenomenological approach was used to conduct in-depth interviews with six Latino individuals who immigrated between the ages of 7 and 17 and are at least 18 years old at the time of their interview. Participants were recruited through purposeful sampling, and interview questions were used to …


Exploring Decision-Making Experiences Of Social Workers Completing Involuntary Commitment First Evaluations For Inpatient Psychiatric Treatment, Jesse Brooke Creech Dec 2025

Exploring Decision-Making Experiences Of Social Workers Completing Involuntary Commitment First Evaluations For Inpatient Psychiatric Treatment, Jesse Brooke Creech

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

An increasing focus on the recovery, rights, and autonomy of individuals with serious mental illnesses has led to ongoing debate regarding the practice and legal regulation of involuntary commitment (IVC). To ensure ethical and appropriate patient care throughout this complex process, more knowledge is needed about social workers’ decision-making process regarding the use of IVC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the decision-making processes associated with IVC for inpatient psychiatric treatment in North Carolina using the biomedical ethics framework. More specifically, the study addressed how licensed social workers describe their experiences and decision-making processes when determining whether to …


Examining Job Demands And Resource Factors Impacting Job Satisfaction Amongst School Social Workers, Charmagne Williams Dec 2025

Examining Job Demands And Resource Factors Impacting Job Satisfaction Amongst School Social Workers, Charmagne Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the relationship between job demands and resources and job satisfaction among school social workers in North Carolina. School social workers are vital members of the school ecosystem, supporting the development and well-being of students, families, and communities. Grounded in the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theoretical framework, the impact of years of experience, caseload size, role ambiguity, burnout, and job autonomy on job satisfaction among school social workers was examined. The current study included 92 school social workers from twelve counties in the Sandhills and Research Triangle regions of North Carolina who completed …


Predictors Of Sexual Violence Prevalence At U.S. Colleges And Universities, Theodore Daniel Hostikka Dec 2025

Predictors Of Sexual Violence Prevalence At U.S. Colleges And Universities, Theodore Daniel Hostikka

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This research explored the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault among students at U.S. colleges and universities, aiming to quantify incident rates and assess their impact on academic and psychological well-being. Grounded in socioecological and intersectional theories, the research examined how environmental interactions and interconnected social identities shape individual experiences. Specifically, this research explored (a) the link between the percentage of female students and the prevalence of sexual violence on campuses; (b) how the proportion of first-generation students relates to sexual violence prevalence; (c) the connection between campus size and rates of sexual violence; and (d) whether gender makeup, first-year …


Attrition Experiences Among Officers In A Texas Correctional Organization, Dewanou Frejus Aisse Dec 2025

Attrition Experiences Among Officers In A Texas Correctional Organization, Dewanou Frejus Aisse

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) faces employee retention challenges, and recruiting and retaining correctional officers remains TDCJ’s most significant challenge and highest priority. Correctional facility leaders need to understand these challenges as indicators of workforce sustainability. Grounded in job embeddedness theory, the purpose of this general qualitative study was to explore the turnover experiences of Texas correctional officers, to understand why officers left their jobs, and the factors that contributed to their decisions to stay in their jobs. Participants comprised 11 former correctional officers who had worked between 5 months and 6 years for the TDCJ. Data were …


The Lived Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Black Males Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Gifty A. Acheampong Dec 2025

The Lived Experiences Of Clinicians Who Treat Black Males Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Gifty A. Acheampong

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global issue that negatively affects humanity. The harmful effects of IPV often result in lifelong consequences for victims. Researchers have consistently identified women and children as the primary victims of IPV, although men can also be affected. The social stigma around men seeking formal help as victims is that they must endure physical, emotional, financial, sexual, and psychological abuse in intimate relationships. Because psychological abuse is the most common form experienced by male IPV victims, there is a higher prevalence of IPV within the Black community. However, research on help-seeking behaviors among Black men …


Identifying Common Characteristics Among Female Serial Killers And The Role Of Early Childhood Abuse, Jill Marie Raichel Dec 2025

Identifying Common Characteristics Among Female Serial Killers And The Role Of Early Childhood Abuse, Jill Marie Raichel

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Approximately 17% of known serial killers in the United States are women, and often their crimes go undetected for years accruing a higher number of victims than their male counterparts. The purpose of this study was to identify common characteristics of female serial killers (FSKs). A multidisciplinary, holistic and developmental approach was used to guide the identification of common characteristics based on theories by Erik Erikson and Carol Gilligan as well as feminist theory. Case studies of 15 FSKs were randomly selected for participation from a list of over 100 known FSKs documented in the Radford Serial Killer database. Common …


Psychopharmacologic Management Of Serious Mental Illness In State Prisons, Clarel Neuvieme Nov 2025

Psychopharmacologic Management Of Serious Mental Illness In State Prisons, Clarel Neuvieme

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project focused on developing and evaluating an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the psychopharmacologic management of serious mental illness (SMI) in a state correctional health system. The project explored a critical practice gap: the unavailability of standardized, evidence-based prescribing and monitoring protocols for incarcerated individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, or bipolar disorder. The evidence-based project was structured around the central question: “Will an interprofessional team achieve consensus on updating the clinical practice guideline for psychopharmacologic management of serious mental illness in state prisons, thereby improving consistency and quality …


Effects Of Mental Health Clinician Characteristics And Education On Willingness To Treat Child Problematic Sexual Behavior, Debra Elise Hutchison Nov 2025

Effects Of Mental Health Clinician Characteristics And Education On Willingness To Treat Child Problematic Sexual Behavior, Debra Elise Hutchison

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Children aged 12 and under who exhibit problematic sexual behavior (PSB) often face barriers to care due to clinicians’ limited willingness and effectiveness in treating this population. However, little is known about the factors that influence clinicians’ willingness to provide treatment. Grounded in Bowen’s family systems theory and Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, this study examined how differentiation of self (DoS), sexual intervention self-efficacy (SISE), sexual comfort, and sexual education/training affect clinicians’ willingness to treat child PSB. A quantitative, non-experimental survey design with a convenience sample of 63 clinicians with experience working with children used a multiple linear regression analysis that revealed …


The Underrepresentation Of African American Officers In A Large Midwestern Correctional System, Julius Oben Eyong Nov 2025

The Underrepresentation Of African American Officers In A Large Midwestern Correctional System, Julius Oben Eyong

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The correctional population in the United States remains high despite the implementation of various measures to reduce crime and recidivism. The primary goal of correctional establishments is to reduce recidivism and crime through effective rehabilitation programs. The role of the correctional officer is crucial in the rehabilitation process because they are the heartbeat of a prison. However, low staffing levels have a negative impact on the role of corrections officers. There is a gap in the relevant literature on the low staffing levels of African American correctional officers. This qualitative research, through the phenomenological approach, focused on the correctional culture …


Parents’ Sustained Recovery From Substance Use During The Coronavirus Pandemic, Amanda Antis Nov 2025

Parents’ Sustained Recovery From Substance Use During The Coronavirus Pandemic, Amanda Antis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Parents in recovery from substance abuse rely on social support and programs to maintain their sobriety consistently. However, specific programs crucial for their social and mental well-being, such as most 12-step groups and recovery centers, were shut down during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite some research on the impact of substance abuse during the pandemic, little attention has been given to sustained recovery. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to explore how parents maintained recovery from substance use amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Schlossberg’s transition process model served as the theoretical framework for this study. Semistructured interviews with nine …


Enhancing Antitrafficking Initiatives Through An Interagency Collaboration Framework, Robert Louis Baxter Nov 2025

Enhancing Antitrafficking Initiatives Through An Interagency Collaboration Framework, Robert Louis Baxter

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The challenges individual agencies face in addressing the complex issue of human trafficking and how interagency collaboration can strengthen survivor-centered support are largely unknown. Organizations often lack formal alliances that combine expertise and resources to deliver more comprehensive care. The absence of such partnerships represents a missed opportunity to provide the essential services necessary for survivors’ recovery, empowerment, and social reintegration. The purpose of the study was to use interagency collaboration to address the question: How can education, law enforcement, public health, and community-based organizations assess the barriers and benefits of interagency collaboration to create a more seamless support network …


Attitudes Of African American Police Officers Towards Violent Police Encounters In An Urban Environment, Larry Ernest Jackson Jr Nov 2025

Attitudes Of African American Police Officers Towards Violent Police Encounters In An Urban Environment, Larry Ernest Jackson Jr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The research problem for this study is why confrontations between urban police and citizens are becoming increasingly violent. The purpose of this study was to examine the continued rise of violent police encounters between urban police and urban citizens. To provide a proper perspective on this phenomenon, the core research question was how African American officers born and raised in urban environments who have since become police officers in those same settings feel about the violence between these two groups. The theoretical framework used to understand the relationship between the two groups was the social learning theory. As part of …


The Experience Of Modern Day Marriages For Women Who Identify As Strong Black Women, Arielle Jackson Nov 2025

The Experience Of Modern Day Marriages For Women Who Identify As Strong Black Women, Arielle Jackson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema has been explored during the past two decades; however, limited research has been conducted on the phenomenological experiences of Black women who identify with the characteristics of the SBW schema and their impact on Black and African American marriages. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of married African American women in modern day marriages who endorse the characteristics of the superwoman schema. This qualitative study was an interpretative phenomenological analysis and focused on the lived experiences of this population. Individual interviews of 12 married African American women who identified …


Beyond The Headlines: Exploring The Mental Health Impacts Of Police Brutality On Social Media In Black Americans, Kai'annica Walters Nov 2025

Beyond The Headlines: Exploring The Mental Health Impacts Of Police Brutality On Social Media In Black Americans, Kai'annica Walters

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Studies show Black Americans face high police brutality, leading to mental health issues like PTSD, depression, and anxiety. The purpose of this qualitative interpretive phenomenological study is to explore the lived experiences of Black Americans who have been exposed to police brutality on social media and how it impacts their racial identity and emotional well-being. This study employed critical race theory as both a theoretical lens and a conceptual framework to examine how race and systemic inequalities shape legal systems and societal narratives. I used IPA to explore how people interpret their experiences and the meanings they assign. This study …


The Impact Of Access To Mental Health Services For Minority Offenders From The Perspective Of Mental Health Professionals, Quentin Eugne Mills Nov 2025

The Impact Of Access To Mental Health Services For Minority Offenders From The Perspective Of Mental Health Professionals, Quentin Eugne Mills

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many reintegrating offenders residing in northwest Florida’s rural areas are negatively impacted by a lack of access to mental health professionals. Inaccessibility to treatment service providers impacts the offender’s physical, mental and economic well-being. While research studies focus on examining access barriers in metropolitan jurisdictions, a gap remains in understanding how this issue adversely impacts offenders in rural communities. This qualitative research study examined the impact of inaccessibility to treatment services related to minority offenders in rural jurisdictions. Grounded by the intersectional theory and the general strain theory, this study utilized interviews with six mental health professionals who counseled offenders …


School Discipline And Its Negative Impact On Student Achievement Outcomes: An Evaluation Of Discipline Policy, Samantha L. Hudson Nov 2025

School Discipline And Its Negative Impact On Student Achievement Outcomes: An Evaluation Of Discipline Policy, Samantha L. Hudson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Community stakeholders raised issue with the lack of evaluative tools to measure the effectiveness of the implemented school discipline policy in the Metro Atlanta School district. These tools are important to implementing the appropriate interventions to referred students in the district. This professional administrative study evaluated how exclusionary discipline practices influence equity and student outcomes within a Metro Atlanta school district. The guiding research question asked: Is the currently implemented discipline policy effective in promoting equitable student outcomes and reducing exclusionary practices? The concept used for this study is grounded in a constructivist paradigm, the study applied the Centers for …


Understanding The Influence Of The Warrior And Guardian Mentalities On Police Behavior Through The Perspectives Of Police Training Personnel, Loren Eric Peterson Nov 2025

Understanding The Influence Of The Warrior And Guardian Mentalities On Police Behavior Through The Perspectives Of Police Training Personnel, Loren Eric Peterson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Research on police culture often contrasts the “warrior” mentality, linked to aggression and control, with the “guardian” mentality, which emphasizes empathy, restraint, and community trust. Yet little research explores how police academy instructors, who shape officers’ professional identities, understand and teach these opposing orientations. This phenomenological study examined how Oklahoma police academy instructors perceive the influence of warrior and guardian mentalities on officers’ decision making and behavior in use of force encounters. Grounded in symbolic interaction theory, the study explored how meaning, socialization, and thought interact to construct officers’ self-concepts and guide behavior under pressure. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted, …


Brotherhood: Black Male Perception On The Impact Of Mentorship, Berinda Hollis-Sapp Nov 2025

Brotherhood: Black Male Perception On The Impact Of Mentorship, Berinda Hollis-Sapp

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

During the adolescent stage of development, identity is a foundational aspect of one’s development, and its absence leads to a negative outcome, characterized by role confusion. Positive interventions are necessary to develop a strong sense of self. The purpose of this generic qualitative project was to explore the perspectives of black males and the impact of mentorship on their identity during adolescence. The theoretical framework chosen for this study was Erikson’s identity versus role confusion, the fifth stage of his psychosocial development theory. Based on this concept, the research supported the idea that adolescent Black males should participate in culturally …


Experiences Of Formerly Incarcerated College Minority Men Criminalized For Behavioral Issues, Francine Zysk Nov 2025

Experiences Of Formerly Incarcerated College Minority Men Criminalized For Behavioral Issues, Francine Zysk

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The school-to-prison pipeline, where minority men experience decreased academic performance, higher truancy rates, and increased vulnerability to arrest, persists in the United States. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how systemic racism is experienced by formerly incarcerated, college-educated Black men who were criminalized for behavioral issues that contributed to their incarceration. The research problem was a lack of knowledge of the experiences of educational environments and disciplinary systems that perpetuate racialized behavioral labeling and contribute to the school-to-prison pipeline. Grounded in the theoretical framework of institutional racism, the study featured a constructivist paradigm to capture participants' experiences. …


Telepsychiatry For Veterans Who Are Homeless, Vivian J. White Nov 2025

Telepsychiatry For Veterans Who Are Homeless, Vivian J. White

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This project was a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for mental health providers to expand telepsychiatry services to veterans who are homeless in a day treatment center. The practice problem was the lack of a standardized approach to increase access to mental health care. This CPG supports nurses in implementing evidence-based interventions to reduce mental health disparities and promote equitable care delivery for veterans who are homeless. The guideline was aimed to ensure safe, effective, and coordinated mental health care through integration with interprofessional teams. The project question was: Does the evidence support development of a CPG for provision of telepsychiatry …


The Lived Experience Of U.S. Law Enforcement Officers And The Challenges They Face While Investigating Sexual Assault Victim Reports, Ariekan Josephs-Greene Nov 2025

The Lived Experience Of U.S. Law Enforcement Officers And The Challenges They Face While Investigating Sexual Assault Victim Reports, Ariekan Josephs-Greene

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sexual assault is a pervasively dangerous crime affecting persons of all ages, races, and genders, both in the United States and globally. Essential in the safeguarding of American citizens, U.S. law enforcement officers are among the first responders on scene to investigate reports of sexual assault claims. However, echoed in previous research are the sentiments of victim-survivors who experienced negative encounters with officers who exhibited an implicit lack of victim-centered training and were dismissive in their investigative approach. Consequently, this gap in the literature requires exploration; therefore, this study focuses on the lived experiences of U.S. law enforcement officers and …


The Impact Of Microaggression Exposure On Emotional Reactivity And Distress Following An Emotionally Provocative Movie Scene, Gwendolyn Jefferson Nov 2025

The Impact Of Microaggression Exposure On Emotional Reactivity And Distress Following An Emotionally Provocative Movie Scene, Gwendolyn Jefferson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quantitative study explored how past experiences with racial microaggressions affect emotional reactions to racially charged media and whether factors like age and gender influence that response. Using Minority Stress Theory as a guide, 183 African American adults completed the Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before and after watching a racially provocative film clip. The first analysis found no direct link between microaggression exposure and emotional change. However, further testing with analysis of variance showed that people with higher exposure reported much stronger emotional distress than those with lower exposure, F(1,180) = 38.12, p < .001, η² = .175. When demographic factors were added in a hierarchical regression, the model became significant, F(7,175) = 2.06, p = .036, R² = .076, showing that age (β = .086, p = .009) and gender (β = 1.505, p = .039) influenced emotional responses. Thus, older African American women showed the strongest distress, suggesting that the combined effects of race, gender, and age increase vulnerability to racial stress. These findings support the idea that racial trauma is complex and shaped by overlapping social identities. The study highlights the need for culturally sensitive mental health support, inclusive media portrayals, and greater awareness of generational and caregiving stress among African American women. By showing how overlapping identities shape emotional well-being, this research advances social change through empathy, reduced stigma, and institutional accountability, encouraging equity-driven practices that foster racial healing, fairness, and psychological resilience across communities.


Perceptions Of Academic Success Among African American Male High School Graduates In Urban Areas, Anthony Bourne Nov 2025

Perceptions Of Academic Success Among African American Male High School Graduates In Urban Areas, Anthony Bourne

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

African American males encounter more severe penalties, academic under-performance, and lower graduation rates compared to their Caucasian male counterparts. Numerous studies have delved into and elucidated the schooling experiences of African American male students from various perspectives, encompassing cultural, structural, racial, community, family, and school viewpoints. However, there remains a scarcity of voices documenting the experiences of African American males who have successfully completed high school in urban settings. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to examine the schooling experiences of African American males who graduated from high schools located in urban settings. The Critical Race Theory and …


Examining Social Workers’ Perceptions Of Collaborating With Police Officers To Foster Community Trust In Oklahoma, Lashonda Lanette Dale Nov 2025

Examining Social Workers’ Perceptions Of Collaborating With Police Officers To Foster Community Trust In Oklahoma, Lashonda Lanette Dale

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The current study was administered in order to examine Oklahoman social workers’ perception of collaborating with police officers to foster community trust. The goal was to determine whether the collaboration amongst social and police officer fostered trust when collaborating during services calls. The theory of planned behavior and policing (TPBP) studied by Ishoy and giving credit to Ajzen’s were the foundational theory used to support this study. Collaboration among social workers and police officers can foster community trust and benefit both parties. Such collaboration could also lead to joint training and education, as well as alleviating public fears and misconceptions. …


Intimate Partner Violence: Serving Heterosexual Male And Same-Sex Victims, David Welch Nov 2025

Intimate Partner Violence: Serving Heterosexual Male And Same-Sex Victims, David Welch

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an ongoing social problem across nationalities, cultures, socioeconomic statuses, sexual orientations, and genders. Historically, research into IPV has focused on the heterosexual female victim and male perpetrator paradigm, including identifying the root causes of this phenomenon and appropriate treatment models. There is a distinct gap in the current literature addressing how therapists in the psychological community approach working with heterosexual male and same-sex victims of IPV, beginning with case conceptualization. To explore the unique case conceptualization considerations of therapists as they encounter heterosexual male and same-sex IPV victims in their practice, a general phenomenological research …