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Nonprofit Marketing Strategies To Target A Specific Client Population, Daniel Curtis Grant Jun 2025

Nonprofit Marketing Strategies To Target A Specific Client Population, Daniel Curtis Grant

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

African American females are the fastest-growing demographic in the United States contracting HIV. Nonprofit executives are concerned that, without effective marketing campaigns, African American females are not seeking the education or testing proven to reduce the chance of contracting HIV. Grounded in the integrated marketing communications theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies that nonprofit executives use to design and execute effective marketing campaigns targeted to a specific client population. The participants were four senior leaders from a nonprofit healthcare clinic located in the south-central Region of the United States who have 10 or …


A Survey Of Practice Models And Outcomes In Michigan Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Lamart Hightower, Elissa Kent, Vikash Kumar, Lauren Michie, Alysha King, Tekoa Marshall Jun 2025

A Survey Of Practice Models And Outcomes In Michigan Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Lamart Hightower, Elissa Kent, Vikash Kumar, Lauren Michie, Alysha King, Tekoa Marshall

Journal of Social Work in the Global Community

The United States has a lengthy history of treating individuals experiencing substance use disorders (SUDs) from an abstinence-only framework. Harm reduction practices have grown a large base of empirical support in other parts of the world and have become central to treating individuals with SUDs. Within the United States, however, a substantial number of residential SUD treatment programs that continue to perpetuate an abstinence-only framework, which creates a lack of access for people who seek a harm reduction approach—and who likely need it the most. In this study, 66 residential treatment programs in Michigan were examined to determine whether they …


Effective Adapted Psychotherapy Approaches For Autistic Adults: Perspectives From Clinical Psychologists, Emily Morgan Hilton Jun 2025

Effective Adapted Psychotherapy Approaches For Autistic Adults: Perspectives From Clinical Psychologists, Emily Morgan Hilton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Autistic adults face a high risk of co-occurring mental health challenges, yet standard psychotherapy often fails to meet their unique needs, raising concerns about treatment effectiveness. This qualitative study aimed to understand how clinical psychologists decide on therapeutic approaches and adaptations for their autistic adult clients through three research questions: RQ1: How do clinical psychologists decide on the appropriate therapeutic approach they use with their autistic adult clients? RQ2: How do clinical psychologists decide which adaptations are appropriate to implement in psychotherapy with their autistic adult clients? RQ3: Does the therapeutic approach affect how a clinical psychologist chooses appropriate adaptations …


Early Childhood Teachers’ Perspectives On The Challenges Of Teaching Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Karen Denise Buchanan Jun 2025

Early Childhood Teachers’ Perspectives On The Challenges Of Teaching Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Karen Denise Buchanan

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Early Childhood Teachers’ Perspectives on the Challenges of Teaching Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Karen D. Buchanan Ed.S. Mercer University 2017 MA, Mercer University, 2016 BA, Mercer University, 2012 AS Georgia Perimeter College, 2009 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Education Walden University August 2025


Staff Education On Uti Screening, Antimicrobial And Antibiotic Resistance, And Poor Regimen Adherence, Shereen Robinson Jun 2025

Staff Education On Uti Screening, Antimicrobial And Antibiotic Resistance, And Poor Regimen Adherence, Shereen Robinson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This staff education project focused on enhancing nurses’ knowledge of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and antibiotic and antimicrobial resistance intended to promote screening for UTIs. The practice problem addressed was lack nurses’ knowledge of UTI screening and antibiotic resistance. Inadequate screening contributed to increased UTI rates, re-occurrences, and complications such as delirium. It was essential to address the issue because nurses are at the frontline regarding educating, screening, and providing care to patients with UTIs. Knowledgeable nurses can implement standard practices to ensure adequate screening for UTIs. Effective screening would enhance early treatment and minimize misuse and unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. …


The Mediating Role Of Intellectual Humility On The Relationship Between Perspective-Taking And Affective Polarization, Daniel Smith Jun 2025

The Mediating Role Of Intellectual Humility On The Relationship Between Perspective-Taking And Affective Polarization, Daniel Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Affective polarization, a phenomenon characterized by animosity between opposing political parties, has emerged as a growing and intractable problem in the United States. Affective polarization threatens American democracy, as polarized citizens become increasingly unwilling to trust cross-partisans, hold their political leaders accountable, or support the results of free and fair elections. While prior research has investigated the mitigating effect of intellectual humility and perspective-taking on affective polarization, researchers have yet to investigate whether intellectual humility and perspective-taking work synergistically to mitigate affective polarization. Informed by social identity theory, this quantitative study determined if intellectual humility mediated the relationship between perspective-taking …


Building A Theory-Based Understanding Of Sexual Health Provider Stigma: A Phenomenological Study, Harit Agroia, Rebecca Reno, Maytal Bach, Jenette Spezeski, Erin Starzyk Jun 2025

Building A Theory-Based Understanding Of Sexual Health Provider Stigma: A Phenomenological Study, Harit Agroia, Rebecca Reno, Maytal Bach, Jenette Spezeski, Erin Starzyk

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Unraveling provider-level sexual health stigma requires building an understanding of contributing factors, such as provider knowledge, values, beliefs, medical training, and other intrapersonal or interpersonal factors that may influence its manifestation at the clinic level during patient–provider interactions. Healthcare provider stigma has not been sufficiently understood or explained using classic psychological theories, such as Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT) or Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). We build a theory-based understanding of sexual health-provider stigma by proposing modifications to the SCT to develop the Modified SCT (M-SCT) model, where cognitive dissonance is hypothesized to influence the personal/cognitive and behavioral factors of the M-SCT. …


The Relationship Between Food Label Comprehension And Consumer Dietary Choices, Marline Denis Jun 2025

The Relationship Between Food Label Comprehension And Consumer Dietary Choices, Marline Denis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Poor dietary choices and limited understanding of nutritional information are ongoing public health concerns that contribute to the rise of chronic illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. This quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational study investigated the associations between health literacy and food label comprehension with consumer dietary choices and adherence to dietary guidelines among individuals aged 16 and older in the United States. Guided by the Nutrition Label Literacy (NLL) framework, this study explored whether components such as basic nutritional knowledge, numeracy skills, health motivation, and label usage predict healthier food choices. Age, education, and gender were included as covariates. …


Staff Education On Substance Use Screening In An Outpatient Mental Health Clinic, Kelvin Okwudiogor Jun 2025

Staff Education On Substance Use Screening In An Outpatient Mental Health Clinic, Kelvin Okwudiogor

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This DNP project aimed to enhance the quality of care by improving healthcare providers’ knowledge and fostering confidence in the utilization of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT). At the practice site, patients were not screened for substance use due to the lack of provider knowledge on evidence-based screening tools. The practice-focused question for this project was, Among healthcare providers in outpatient mental health clinics, does education on the use of the SBIRT screening tool increase their knowledge and skill after educational intervention? The project used a sample of 12 healthcare professionals, including four mental health practitioners and …


Evaluating The Gomath! Curriculum For Supporting Middle School Students' Mathematics Learning, Janet J. Muckerheide Jun 2025

Evaluating The Gomath! Curriculum For Supporting Middle School Students' Mathematics Learning, Janet J. Muckerheide

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study was that the GoMath! curriculum implemented in 2016 by St. Anne Middle School’s (a pseudonym) administration to support Grades 6-8 student mathematics learning had not been evaluated to determine its effectiveness. Guided by Stufflebeam’s context, input, process, and product (CIPP) evaluation model, the purpose of this project study was to evaluate if the GoMath! curriculum was effective in supporting Grades 6-8 students’ mathematics learning. This program evaluation assessed the curriculum across four CIPP dimensions: context (alignment with standards), input (teacher support and professional development [PD]), process (student engagement), and product (academic outcomes). Document analysis …


Effective Performance Improvement Strategies For Recruiting, Hiring, And Retaining Disabled Employees, Mark F. Boisvert Jun 2025

Effective Performance Improvement Strategies For Recruiting, Hiring, And Retaining Disabled Employees, Mark F. Boisvert

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Challenges in achieving optimal performance outcomes among employees with disabilities in U.S. business organizations can contribute to decreased organizational profitability and increased stress among managers and other employees. Business leaders have expressed concern about the lack of effective strategies to recruit, hire, and retain employees with disabilities, which may hinder overall organizational performance. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore the effective strategies business leaders use for recruiting, hiring, and retaining employees with disabilities to increase organizational productivity. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with six purposively sampled U.S. business …


Improving Follow-Up Adherence: A Case Study On Patient Experience Initiatives, Aaron Haley Jun 2025

Improving Follow-Up Adherence: A Case Study On Patient Experience Initiatives, Aaron Haley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Patient-centered care has become increasingly paramount in healthcare organizations (Thummak et al., 2023). A critical component of this model is patient adherence to scheduled appointments, as missed visits can negatively affect outcomes (Halladay et al., 2019), increase healthcare costs, waste resources, and disrupt workflow (Low et al., 2023). This qualitative case study investigated the factors contributing to patient nonadherence to scheduled visits in a multidisciplinary behavioral health organization (BHO) in the Southwestern United States. The study utilized data from the behavioral health leader (BHL), organizational records, and secondary sources and was guided by the Baldrige Framework of Excellence as its …


Business Sustainability Strategies Used By Small- And Medium-Sized Enterprise Owners In The Nigerian Hotel Industry, Victor Robert Uko Jun 2025

Business Sustainability Strategies Used By Small- And Medium-Sized Enterprise Owners In The Nigerian Hotel Industry, Victor Robert Uko

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners in the hotel industry face survival challenges during economic downturns, such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the 2016 oil glut crisis. SME hotel owners are concerned about addressing these challenges to ensure profitability and sustainability amid economic crises. Grounded in the resource-based view theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies SME hotel owners used to maintain business success amid economic crises. The participants were six SME hotel owners in Nigeria who had implemented strategies to remain profitable and sustainable. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and a …


Staff Education To Registered Nurses On An Inpatient Pediatric Unit Regarding Pediatric Burn Principles, Qwinnetta Janae Stokes Jun 2025

Staff Education To Registered Nurses On An Inpatient Pediatric Unit Regarding Pediatric Burn Principles, Qwinnetta Janae Stokes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this staff education project was to improve nurses’ knowledge on burn care using an educational intervention. The project site became the children's hospital designated burn unit. Children with burns were a new patient population that the project unit had never cared for, and there was no formal training or competencies for nurses caring for these patients. Nurses requested formal education before being expected to care for these patients. This project utilized a single group, pre-post design comparing knowledge of bedside surgical nurses about pediatric burn care management principles before and after the educational intervention. The intervention was …


Effective Leadership Strategies For The Implementation Of Innovative Technologies To Improve Access To Health Facilities, Nicole Aromolaran Jun 2025

Effective Leadership Strategies For The Implementation Of Innovative Technologies To Improve Access To Health Facilities, Nicole Aromolaran

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Integrating innovative healthcare technology into strategic planning and implementation has transformed how organizations address healthcare disparities through enhanced leadership strategies. Some health facility leaders are concerned about the lack of effective strategies for implementing innovative technology, as it hinders patient access and weakens organizational competitiveness. Grounded in transformational leadership theory and the technology acceptance model, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to identify and explore effective strategies that health facility leaders used to implement innovative technology to improve healthcare access and competitive advantage. The participants were four leaders within the healthcare and information technology sector, with at …


Public Relations As An Approach For Smes To Improve Business Sustainability, Nikkia Tene Mcclain Jun 2025

Public Relations As An Approach For Smes To Improve Business Sustainability, Nikkia Tene Mcclain

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often lack dedicated public relations (PR) departments, limiting their ability to build brand identity, and gain market share compared to larger firms with greater resources. Small business owners need PR departments to improve their competitive positioning to satisfy buyers. stay competitive to maintain and increase employment, and satisfy customers. Grounded in the dynamic capability theory, this qualitative multiple case study explored how the development and strategic implementation of PR functions can provide SMEs with a competitive advantage. Participants included seven SME owners in fashion, real estate, beauty, business, technology, and retail, each with experience in …


California Prison Reentry Service Providers’ Views On Rehabilitation And Its Impact On Recidivism, Kimberly A. Clisbee Jun 2025

California Prison Reentry Service Providers’ Views On Rehabilitation And Its Impact On Recidivism, Kimberly A. Clisbee

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative review used a convergent-parallel design to explore the perspectives of prison administrators and nonprofit reentry program providers regarding inmate rehabilitation iii and reentry services. In 2021, 76,000 inmates were pardoned due to changes in California legislation (Fritz, 2024, p. 1 ). According to a 2024 report, 89,898 inmates are residing in California State prisons- 119% over capacity (Morris, 2024, p. 1 ). This study investigated two key aspects: (1) What rehabilitation and reintegration services are offered to inmates in the California State prison system, and are these services provided upon release? 2. Are inmates required to participate in …


Research Integrity In The Era Of Generative Artificial Intelligence, Andrea Wilson, Cheryl Burleigh Jun 2025

Research Integrity In The Era Of Generative Artificial Intelligence, Andrea Wilson, Cheryl Burleigh

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

Protecting research integrity is crucial for maintaining trust in the scholarly record. Historically, threats to research integrity stemmed from deliberate human actions, such as data manipulation and misrepresentation. Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) is increasingly prevalent in higher education and is capable of generating research data and scholarly papers almost instantly. The immediate production of research data challenges traditional standards of academic rigor and integrity. The purpose of this study was to explore the role and impact of GAI on research integrity and the scholarly record, emphasizing the need for robust safeguards. For this study, we submitted Likert-type survey questions to …


Masculine Traits In Female Serial Killers: A Qualitative Analysis, Ashley Polk Jun 2025

Masculine Traits In Female Serial Killers: A Qualitative Analysis, Ashley Polk

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Female serial killers represent a minority in criminal statistics; their cases offer significant insights regarding broader patterns of serial killing behavior. The purpose of this study is to understand the role masculine traits play in the lives of female serial killers. This study involved using a qualitative research method to understand specific characteristics of female serial killers with common masculine traits and childhood experiences. Common masculine traits researched in this study were lack of emotions, aggression, control, dominance, and manipulation. The trauma control model and the gender scheme theory were the theoretical frameworks for this study. Data were collected by …


Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder Jun 2025

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem this quantitative study addressed was police officers’ willingness to use organizational help-seeking interventions and rely on organizational support to mitigate operational and organizational stress. Previous literature discussed how officers engaged in different maladaptive coping behaviors as a result of work related stressor or low well-being, divorce, depression, prescription drug abuse, alcoholism, and suicide. The purpose of this quantitative correlational cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and well-being among law enforcement agents and examine agents’ willingness to use organizational-based intervention services. The organizational support theory and the social exchange theory provided the theoretical framework for …


An Exploration Of The Lived Experiences Of Black Female Kinship Caregivers In Parenting Youth Aged 13-18, Tyla Wilder Jun 2025

An Exploration Of The Lived Experiences Of Black Female Kinship Caregivers In Parenting Youth Aged 13-18, Tyla Wilder

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative phenomenological study explored how the intersection of identities related to race and gender shapes the lived experiences of Black female kinship caregivers raising youth aged 13–18. Drawing on Intersectionality Theory, the study sought to understand the caregiving challenges, emotional resilience, and systemic barriers encountered by this underrepresented population. Nine participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling and engaged in in-depth semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed that cultural norms and racialized gender expectations often compelled Black females to assume caregiving roles without institutional recognition or support. Participants described emotional isolation, financial instability, and limited access to legal and …


Race, Resources, And American Adolescents’ Mental Health During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chineze Nkemeh Jun 2025

Race, Resources, And American Adolescents’ Mental Health During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chineze Nkemeh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

During the COVID-19 pandemic, African American adolescents experienced reduced access to needed resources and may have suffered poorer mental health outcomes as a result. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the association between race and the availability of mental health resources, food, medical health resources and mental health outcomes among African American adolescents in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to their White counterparts. The theoretical framework that grounded this study was the Socio Ecological Model. Secondary data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey database were analyzed. These …


Moderating Role Of Locus Of Control On The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy And Trust In Ai, Amelia Gillies Jun 2025

Moderating Role Of Locus Of Control On The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy And Trust In Ai, Amelia Gillies

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into essential sectors, including healthcare, customer services, and defense, has underscored the importance of user trust in AI systems. Psychological traits such as locus of control (the extent to which individuals attribute outcomes to internal or external factors) and self-efficacy (individuals’ confidence in their ability) have been identified as significant factors influencing trust in these automated systems. Previous studies have independently linked these psychological traits to trust in technology; however, there has been limited exploration of potential moderating effects of locus of control on the relationship between digital technology self-efficacy and trust in …


Exploring Educator Psychological Capital Through Participation In A Coordinated School Violence Prevention Approach, Stephanie Lorraine Neff Jun 2025

Exploring Educator Psychological Capital Through Participation In A Coordinated School Violence Prevention Approach, Stephanie Lorraine Neff

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study is a description of how educators’ participation in a coordinated approach to violence prevention contributed to employee wellness and school climate. Using principles of psychological capital (PsyCap) theory, archival focus group and interview data were used to describe educator experiences during implementation of a 3-year coordinated approach to school violence in a mid-sized public school district. Findings of the analysis revealed consistent references to feelings of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism throughout the study, but with slight shifts in frequency each year based on both internal (i.e. skill development, relationship-building), and external (i.e. administrative support, policy directives, broader …


Walk A Mile: Exploring Cause-Based Charity Event Participation As A Catalyst For Increasing Physical Activity Behavior, Kimberly S. Fasczewski, Andrey A. Sanko Posada, Meg Hopkins Jun 2025

Walk A Mile: Exploring Cause-Based Charity Event Participation As A Catalyst For Increasing Physical Activity Behavior, Kimberly S. Fasczewski, Andrey A. Sanko Posada, Meg Hopkins

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Despite the known benefits of physical activity (PA), more than half of U.S. adults do not meet the American College of Sports Medicine’s PA recommendations for health, often resulting in negative health outcomes. Developing programming that increases motivation for PA participation is critical for healthcare professionals to combat physical inactivity. Previous research has demonstrated that framing disease-based PA charity fundraising events as “helping a cause” improved motivation for PA due to the individual’s emotional connection to the cause. There is currently no congruent research on motivation for participation in cause-based charity events. Behavioral economics theory posits that cognitive, emotional, and …


Managing Values-Based Purchasing In School Nutrition Programs, Laura Lee Benavidez Jun 2025

Managing Values-Based Purchasing In School Nutrition Programs, Laura Lee Benavidez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

School nutrition managers face the challenge of balancing values-based purchasing (VBP) with maintaining student participation and budgetary stability. While VBP integrates sustainability, environmental impact, and animal safety, these priorities may sometimes compete with traditional goals, such as cost efficiency and meal accessibility. Grounded in program evaluation theory, the purpose of this mixed methods explanatory sequential study was to examine how school food service managers implement VPB, integrating procurement and nutrition transparency while managing participation and costs. The quantitative phase focused on participation trends, cost structures, and procurement metrics across diverse school districts to establish a foundation for understanding VBP’s measurable …


Alternatively Certified Early Childhood Special Education Teachers' Perspectives On Remaining In The Classroom, Sena Victoria Ann Belgard Dever Jun 2025

Alternatively Certified Early Childhood Special Education Teachers' Perspectives On Remaining In The Classroom, Sena Victoria Ann Belgard Dever

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Alternative teacher certification programs are used nationwide to address the critical teacher shortage in special education. There is a gap in knowledge regarding the challenges that early childhood special education teachers experience, which make them leave the profession at twice the rate of general education teachers. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore alternatively certified early childhood special education teachers’ perspectives on remaining in their teaching positions and the support they need to continue teaching. The study framework was comprised of Day and Gu’s teacher resilience theory. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 10 prekindergarten to …


Effective Strategies For Improving Hospital Safety And Profitability Through Reducing Hospital-Acquired Conditions, Quennise Giles Jun 2025

Effective Strategies For Improving Hospital Safety And Profitability Through Reducing Hospital-Acquired Conditions, Quennise Giles

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The incidence of hospital acquired conditions (HACs) has been a persistent problem in the United States that has negatively affected patient safety, care outcomes, and hospital costs and profitability. Effective strategies to reduce HACs and improve compliance with Hospital-Acquired Condition Reduction Program (HACRP) requirements are important for hospital leaders. Grounded in the total quality management conceptual framework, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore how six hospital leaders in the Southeast United States successfully reduced HACs and improved HACRP compliance. Data were collected through personal interviews and publicly available documents. Yin’s 5-step process was used for data …


Lived Experiences Of Sex Offenders On Probation With Housing And Employment, Katheryn Winslow Jun 2025

Lived Experiences Of Sex Offenders On Probation With Housing And Employment, Katheryn Winslow

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Lived Experiences of Sex Offenders on Probation with Housing and Employment by Katheryn Winslow MA, South University, 2013 BS, University of Central Florida, 2010 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University May 2025


Association Between Health Insurance, Antiretroviral Treatment, And Hiv Preexposure Prophylaxis In Men Aged 20–85 In Virginia, Lauren Elizabeth Maxwell Jun 2025

Association Between Health Insurance, Antiretroviral Treatment, And Hiv Preexposure Prophylaxis In Men Aged 20–85 In Virginia, Lauren Elizabeth Maxwell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

HIV prevention and treatment disparities persist among men in Virginia, particularly in racial and ethnic minority groups. This study examined how insurance type and demographic factors influence prescriptions for antiretroviral treatment (ART) and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Addressing these disparities is critical to advancing public health equity and reducing HIV rates. The purpose was to assess whether age, race, ethnicity, region, and insurance type are associated with the type of oral HIV medication prescribed. Guided by the HIV prevention and care cascade frameworks, the study focused on access and adherence. Using a cross-sectional quantitative design, the study analyzed secondary data from …