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Experiences Of Maternal Care In The Gypsy, Roma, And Traveller Population In The United Kingdom: A Cultural Care Model, Sarah Englebert Crowson Apr 2026

Experiences Of Maternal Care In The Gypsy, Roma, And Traveller Population In The United Kingdom: A Cultural Care Model, Sarah Englebert Crowson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller women (GRT) in the United Kingdom face persistent maternal health disparities and show poor engagement with healthcare services. Exclusion, discrimination, and a lack of cultural competence from healthcare professionals contribute to poor health outcomes including preterm births; and GRT women have more babies born with congenital anomalies than non-GRT women in the United Kingdom. The purpose of this focused ethnographic qualitative study was to explore how self-identified GRT women living in the United Kingdom experienced maternal care and how cultural identity and social structures influenced their interactions with healthcare providers based on Madeleine Leininger’s cultural care …


Beyond Social Media: Effective Innovative Strategies For Small Cleaning Services To Engage Decision-Makers And Secure Contracts, Danielle Edwesa Gaskins Apr 2026

Beyond Social Media: Effective Innovative Strategies For Small Cleaning Services To Engage Decision-Makers And Secure Contracts, Danielle Edwesa Gaskins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small cleaning service businesses often encounter challenges when attempting to reach decision-makers and obtain commercial contracts. Small cleaning service business leaders are concerned with securing contracts because the continual acquisition of agreements underpins both business stability and growth. Grounded in the service-dominant logic, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies small cleaning business leaders use to engage decision-makers and win contracts without relying on the use of social media marketing. The participants were five leaders from small cleaning businesses in the United States who had successfully secured contracts through alternative engagement strategies. Data were gathered using …


Mapping Serial Killer Life Pathways With Behavior Sequence Analysis, Morgann Lynn Brafford Apr 2026

Mapping Serial Killer Life Pathways With Behavior Sequence Analysis, Morgann Lynn Brafford

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known to influence criminal behavior in adulthood, their potential influence on serial killer actions has not been scrutinized. This study was an investigation of how ACEs might affect serial killer actions later in life. The trauma-control model provided a conceptual framework for the investigation. Marono et al.’s research featuring behavior sequence analysis (BSA) was broadened to examine the impact of psychological abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, violence against animals, head injury, and bullying serial killer behaviors like stalking or sexual assault. The participants were 364 anonymized male serial killers from the Radford/Florida Gulf Coast …


Foster Parents' Experiences Faced With Older Foster Children During Covid-19, Tisha S. Nicholson Apr 2026

Foster Parents' Experiences Faced With Older Foster Children During Covid-19, Tisha S. Nicholson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 virus was a new virus that caused a worldwide pandemic. There was not much information about what the virus was, what caused it, or how to stop its spread. Vulnerable populations such as those in foster care were especially affected because the foster children had no place to go. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experiences of foster parents who had older foster children in their care during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a lack of research specifically on foster parents and their personal lived experiences with the foster care system and foster …


Effective Strategies For Sustaining Massage Small Businesses Beyond 5 Years, Steven Brian Glover Apr 2026

Effective Strategies For Sustaining Massage Small Businesses Beyond 5 Years, Steven Brian Glover

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective business strategies can lead to premature closure. Small business owners who struggle to develop long-term strategies may experience failure as a result. Grounded in the resource-based view and dynamic capabilities theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore practical strategies used by massage therapy small business owners to sustain their businesses for more than 5 years. The participants were 10 massage therapy small business owners who had sustained their businesses for more than 5 years. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, business documents, and public records. Through thematic analysis, six themes were …


Sociodemographic Factors And Dating Violence Among Adolescents Living In Rural Southern U.S. Communities, Kiara Patricia Sims-Thrasher Apr 2026

Sociodemographic Factors And Dating Violence Among Adolescents Living In Rural Southern U.S. Communities, Kiara Patricia Sims-Thrasher

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Adolescent dating violence (ADV) is a significant public health issue that disproportionately affects youths in southern rural communities, yet these populations remain underrepresented in research. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to examine the association between ADV and sociodemographic factors (gender, race, age, and education level), alcohol consumption, and bullying among adolescents in Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi using data from the 2021 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Guided by the social-ecological model, binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess relationships between ADV victimization and the selected predictors. Results indicated that females had significantly higher odds of reporting …


Relationship Between Hepatitis B Virus Screening, Vaccination, And Spread In Sierra Leone, Muhammed Sarmodu Mansaray Apr 2026

Relationship Between Hepatitis B Virus Screening, Vaccination, And Spread In Sierra Leone, Muhammed Sarmodu Mansaray

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) presents a significant public health burden in Sierra Leone. Although the estimated prevalence was 8.7% in 2021, comprehensive statistical data has been limited in general. Programmatic interventions for HBV control such as systematic screening and vaccination have remained limited as well. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between screening and vaccination practices and HBV prevalence in Sierra Leone while controlling for age, sex, education and health care access. The theoretical framework incorporated the Integrated Screening Action model, which highlights screening as a critical disease prevention strategy, and the Social Ecological …


The Association Between Advanced Technology Use And Quality Of Life Among Those With A Disability, Sarah Antus Apr 2026

The Association Between Advanced Technology Use And Quality Of Life Among Those With A Disability, Sarah Antus

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Advanced medical technology use among individuals with physical disabilities remains understudied, creating a significant gap in understanding its impact on quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes across demographic and age groups. Guided by the social ecological model, the purpose of this quantitative study was to examine associations between advanced medical technology use, disability status, demographic factors (age, gender, and race/ethnicity), and QoL outcomes using 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The sample included 9,254 individuals age 6 years and older with physical functional limitations and complete technology-use and QoL data. Advanced medical technology use was significantly associated with improved QoL (p < .001). Disability status demonstrated a statistically significant but modest association with technology use, OR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.83, 0.85], p < .001. Age-stratified analyses indicated that advanced technology use significantly predicted improved QoL among adults aged 20 years and older, OR = 6.90, 95% CI [6.89, 6.91], p < .001, but not among youths aged 6–19 years (p = .929). Gender was a significant predictor of technology use, with females having higher odds than males, OR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.06, 1.08], p < .001. Race/ethnicity was also significantly associated with technology use; compared with non-Hispanic White adults, Mexican American (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.42, 0.44], p < .001), other Hispanic (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.57, 0.59], p < .001), and non-Hispanic Black adults (OR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.78, 0.80], p < .001) had lower odds of advanced medical technology use. The study may inform health care stakeholders about strategies to promote equitable access to advanced medical assistive technologies for social change


At-Home Computational And Data Literacy For Pre-K–5 Students: A Review Of The Literature, Marc Sager, Sarah Miller, Zarek Drozda Apr 2026

At-Home Computational And Data Literacy For Pre-K–5 Students: A Review Of The Literature, Marc Sager, Sarah Miller, Zarek Drozda

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

This systematic review investigates best practices for promoting data literacy development in pre-K–5 learners, with a specific focus on caregiver involvement in at-home learning environments. A comprehensive search and screening process identified 42 studies for inclusion. The studies were analyzed to determine effective strategies for fostering early data literacy. Key findings emphasize (1) early, developmentally appropriate engagement with attention to equity; (2) core learning outcomes in computational and data literacy; (3) learning approaches integrating real-world contexts and hands-on experiences; (4) balanced use of digital tools and unplugged activities; and (5) essential parental and caregiver involvement. The review highlights integrating data …


Fast-Food Consumption And Metabolic Syndrome Risk In African Children And Adolescents, Norkinsha Willis Apr 2026

Fast-Food Consumption And Metabolic Syndrome Risk In African Children And Adolescents, Norkinsha Willis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Childhood obesity and excessive fast-food intake represent a significant public health concern among African American children. Grounded in the social-ecological model, this quantitative, cross-sectional study examined whether frequency of fast-food or pizza meal consumption and reliance on low-cost food was associated with total cholesterol (mg/dL) and waist circumference among African American children and adolescents aged 6–15 years while controlling for key sociodemographic factors (age, gender, parental education status, and annual household income). Secondary data from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed (N=184). Descriptive statistics, nonparametric analyses, and a multiple linear regression model were used to analyze …


Systemic Poverty Amongst Puerto Ricans In New Jersey, Karen M. Acevedo-Quintana Apr 2026

Systemic Poverty Amongst Puerto Ricans In New Jersey, Karen M. Acevedo-Quintana

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Puerto Ricans account for over 20% of Hispanics in New Jersey. It is estimated that 27.8% live below the poverty line. The poverty rate amongst this community is higher than the state average. Prior to this study, no known study examined what advocates for improving socioeconomic conditions amongst Puerto Ricans in New Jersey believed were the barriers to and/or facilitators of reducing poverty. The purpose of the generic qualitative study was to identify and analyze the perceptions of expert advocates regarding the current barriers to and/or facilitators of reducing poverty amongst Puerto Ricans in New Jersey using interpretivism through the …


Influence Of Moral Development, Religiosity, Achieved Belongingness, And Collective Narcissism On Conspiracy Theory Beliefs, Barbara Mahoney Lee Apr 2026

Influence Of Moral Development, Religiosity, Achieved Belongingness, And Collective Narcissism On Conspiracy Theory Beliefs, Barbara Mahoney Lee

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Belief in conspiracy theories has been linked to prejudice and societal instability, underscoring the importance of understanding the psychological factors that shape such beliefs. This quantitative correlational survey research examined the extent to which moral development, religiosity, achieved belongingness, collective narcissism, and political party affiliation predict conspiracy theory beliefs. Wood’s three-tier model of conspiracy theory beliefs provided the conceptual framework for the study. Using validated quantitative measures in an anonymous, demographically stratified sample (N = 279), a stepwise regression analysis assessed how individual and group-level factors contribute to conspiratorial thinking. Although political party affiliation was not an initial focus, preliminary …


Psychosocial Experiences Of Custodial And Caregiving Grandparents With Adjudicated Violent Offending Grandchildren, Clifton George Burns Jr Apr 2026

Psychosocial Experiences Of Custodial And Caregiving Grandparents With Adjudicated Violent Offending Grandchildren, Clifton George Burns Jr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Primary caregivers of teenage violent offenders play a vital role in identifying and addressing safety concerns, providing emotional and financial support, and meeting individual developmental and psychosocial needs. As more grandparents assume the role of primary caregiver, the need for targeted interventions to support their emotional and psychosocial health continues to grow, emphasizing the increasing importance of population-specific support for grandparents caring for their grandchildren. Problems arise when grandparents take on this role without access to interventions or resources that are designed for caring for adjudicated teen violent offenders. This qualitative generic study involved exploring emotional challenges faced by custodial …


Effective Digital Presence Strategies For Certified Public Accountant Organization Leaders To Attract And Retain Clients, Ian Claude Pounall Mar 2026

Effective Digital Presence Strategies For Certified Public Accountant Organization Leaders To Attract And Retain Clients, Ian Claude Pounall

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nonprofit professional associations often face challenges in sustaining organizational excellence and member engagement within resource-limited environments. Certified public accountant (CPA) organizational leaders are concerned with identifying effective strategies to enhance performance and ensure long-term organizational service relevance. Grounded in the Baldrige Excellence Framework and resource-based view theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study research project was to identify and explore strategies that online CPA organizational leaders can use to develop a comprehensive digital presence framework to attract and retain organizational clients. The participant was a single Canadian CPA organizational leader. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and analysis …


Educating Staff Nurses On Pain Reassessment, Katie Louise Pemberton Mar 2026

Educating Staff Nurses On Pain Reassessment, Katie Louise Pemberton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Pain is one of the most common reasons that patients seek medical care, and chronic pain is a major health problem. The goal of this project was to address a lack of current, evidence-based knowledge of nurses regarding pain reassessment. The context for this project was a medical-surgical area in a rural hospital. The Doctor of Nursing Practice project attempted to answer the practice focus question on whether education improved knowledge related to improving pain reassessment. The project framework utilized in the doctoral project was the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model. An education program was designed with the …


Staff Education To Improve Mental Health Staff Knowledge On Mobile Health Applications For Medication Adherence, Chipasha Chingwengwezi Mar 2026

Staff Education To Improve Mental Health Staff Knowledge On Mobile Health Applications For Medication Adherence, Chipasha Chingwengwezi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite rising evidence supporting the efficacy of mobile health (mHealth) applications to enhance medication adherence among individuals with mental health conditions, there is little utilization of these applications within mental health facilities. This project aimed to address the issue of implementing an interactive education program to enhance the knowledge of mental health staff and skills in the application of mHealth apps to enhance medication adherence. The main objective of this project was to fill the gap between conducting research and implementing its outcomes by providing staff with the knowledge and skills to incorporate mHealth applications into their daily practice. The …


Nursing Students’ Attitudes About Correcting Health Misinformation On Social Media, Heather Ann Hill Mar 2026

Nursing Students’ Attitudes About Correcting Health Misinformation On Social Media, Heather Ann Hill

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Health misinformation on social media is a global public health concern. Research has shown that health misinformation causes significant harm in communities, especially for vulnerable populations with existing health disparities. Nurses have been urged to play a more significant role in combating health misinformation. Existing research has shown that nurses are hesitant to correct health misinformation on social media, but attitudes among current nursing students have not been examined. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore nursing students' attitudes about correcting health misinformation on social media. Guided by Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Paterson and Zderad’s …


Alignment Of Projects With Business Strategy, Lyndon Leathan Martin Mar 2026

Alignment Of Projects With Business Strategy, Lyndon Leathan Martin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some organizations lack strategies to ensure that project outcomes are aligned with organizational objectives. Business leaders are concerned when project outcomes are misaligned with organizational objectives, as this can lead to decreased profitability and a loss of competitive advantage. Grounded in Porter’s Five Forces model, the purpose of this qualitative, pragmatic inquiry was to explore the strategies business leaders use to ensure project outcomes are profitable and aligned with organizational objectives. The participants were six executive leaders of real estate and development companies in the Caribbean, purposefully selected because their organizations had successfully fulfilled organizational objectives through project outcomes. Data …


The Experiences Of Faith-Based Non-Profit Human Services Professionals In The Implementation Of Parental Resources For Homeless Mothers, Latasha Sublett Mar 2026

The Experiences Of Faith-Based Non-Profit Human Services Professionals In The Implementation Of Parental Resources For Homeless Mothers, Latasha Sublett

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Homelessness is a worldwide, complex social problem that has impacted groups like women and children. In recent studies, researchers have demonstrated that homeless mothers can face mental health challenges and stressors related to parenting, while homeless children can experience emotional and physical difficulties. Parental resources have been cited as a tool to help homeless families address stress and development in distinct settings in current research; however, there was limited research on how faith-based non-profits utilize parental resources to help homeless mothers. The purpose of the generic qualitative study was to learn the perceptions and experiences of faith-based non-profit human services …


Coping Strategies, Barriers, And Supports Of Female Nurses And Veterans With A Work-Related Traumatic Exacerbation Of An Existing Respiratory Disorder, Joanna Lynn Phillips Mar 2026

Coping Strategies, Barriers, And Supports Of Female Nurses And Veterans With A Work-Related Traumatic Exacerbation Of An Existing Respiratory Disorder, Joanna Lynn Phillips

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The United States Department of Defense and Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated that female veterans and nurses experience work-related trauma at rates of 51% or higher. While many studies have examined their mental health outcomes, posttraumatic worsening of physical health has been less studied in this population. This generic qualitative inquiry was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the subjective lived experiences of female nurses and veterans' work-related traumatic exacerbation of an existing respiratory disorder. The coping strategies developed, the potential barriers they overcame, and the support systems used were examined. The theoretical framework that grounded this study was …


Hr Strategies Used To Reduce Employee Turnover And Employee Replacement Costs, Karlita Mcclinton Mar 2026

Hr Strategies Used To Reduce Employee Turnover And Employee Replacement Costs, Karlita Mcclinton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective employee well-being strategies can contribute to elevated levels of voluntary turnover, resulting in increased employee replacement costs, lost organizational knowledge, and operational disruption. Human resource (HR) leaders who do not successfully develop employee well-being strategies may find their organization facing operational disruptions as a result. Grounded in social sustainability and the European corporate sustainability frameworks, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore effective employee well-being strategies used by HR leaders to reduce employee turnover and employee replacement costs. The participants were 10 HR leaders who had implemented effective employee well-being strategies. Data …


Teachers And Administrators’ Perspectives Of Teacher Retention Rates During The First 5 Years Of Employment, Seth Hay Mar 2026

Teachers And Administrators’ Perspectives Of Teacher Retention Rates During The First 5 Years Of Employment, Seth Hay

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study was the high percentage of novice teachers leaving the profession during the first 5 years of teaching in a Southwestern state. Grounded in Mitchell et al.'s job embeddedness theory, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore K-12 teachers’ perspectives on factors influencing their decision to remain in the education profession, as well as K-12 administrators’ perspectives on influencing novice teachers’ decisions to persist in the education profession in a Southwestern state. For this basic qualitative design, data were collected from 10 teachers and three administrators and analyzed using Braun and …


The Experiences Of Faith-Based Non-Profit Human Services Professionals In The Implementation Of Parental Resources For Homeless Mothers, Latasha Sublett Mar 2026

The Experiences Of Faith-Based Non-Profit Human Services Professionals In The Implementation Of Parental Resources For Homeless Mothers, Latasha Sublett

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Perspectives Of Elementary Teachers On The Challenges Of Implementing Reading Technology, Hajirah Abdullah Mar 2026

Perspectives Of Elementary Teachers On The Challenges Of Implementing Reading Technology, Hajirah Abdullah

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Reading skills in elementary school students continue to decline despite the efforts of teachers and lawmakers. The problem addressed through this study was that although teachers at ABC Elementary School (pseudonym) had access to 30 different software/apps for technology literacy programs that could help improve student achievement on state assessments, district data showed that very few teachers were using the technology with students. The purpose of this qualitative project study was to explore the perspectives of elementary teachers on the challenges of implementing reading technology and ways to better support its use in classroom instruction at ABC Elementary School. The …


Exploring The Lived Experiences Of African American Women In Counseling For Body Dysmorphia, Sitonja Valenzuela Mar 2026

Exploring The Lived Experiences Of African American Women In Counseling For Body Dysmorphia, Sitonja Valenzuela

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

African American women may experience body dysmorphia differently due to cultural, racial, and societal influences that shape their body perceptions and counseling experiences. Guided by a Heideggerian theoretical foundation, this hermeneutic phenomenological study aimed to explore how African American women experience receiving counseling for body dysmorphia in the United States. The guiding research question was: How do African American women with body dysmorphia experience receiving help in counseling? Eight African American women participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and data analytic procedures were analyzed using the hermeneutic circle. Key findings revealed body dysmorphia as a persistent, embodied experience shaped by racialized …


Exploring The Process Of Using Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy To Treat Anxiety, Danica Yates Mar 2026

Exploring The Process Of Using Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy To Treat Anxiety, Danica Yates

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Anxiety is the most rapidly growing mental health problem globally, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Mental health clinicians need effective integrative health treatment strategies to address the anxiety epidemic. The purpose of this qualitative generic study was to explore the perspectives of clinicians on the process of using equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) to treat adolescents and young adults with anxiety through the lens of a somatic theory, bioenergetics. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 12 EAP clinicians and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: 1. The process of EAP is highly effective because energetic …


Transitions Of Growth And Partner Responsiveness In Late Adolescent Marriage, Terrell Ka-Seem Pugh Mar 2026

Transitions Of Growth And Partner Responsiveness In Late Adolescent Marriage, Terrell Ka-Seem Pugh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

During the stage of late adolescence, marriage presents unique challenges, with partners navigating several developmental tasks in tandem with forming and maintaining marital relationships. Partner responsiveness has been consistently identified as a key factor for personal wellbeing and relationship satisfaction. Limited research has explored how late adolescent married individuals describe this dynamic. The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to explore lived experiences of late adolescent married individuals between 18 and 20 who described their experiences with partner responsiveness during this transitional period. This study was grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory in order to explore how relational …


Decision Making Processes Of Adolescent Women About Entering Intimate, Long-Term Romantic Relationships, Jeannie Miller Mar 2026

Decision Making Processes Of Adolescent Women About Entering Intimate, Long-Term Romantic Relationships, Jeannie Miller

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is a high rate of women in their late 20s and early 30s that are in destructive relationships, many because of decisions that were made during adolescence . Little research has focused on understanding the decision making process of entering intimate, long-term romantic relationships from the viewpoint of adult women in their late 20s through 30s who made that decision during adolescence. This phenomenological study allowed for a greater understanding of adolescent decision making, specifically about entering intimate, long-term romantic relationships. The research questions were (a) What are the lived experiences of young women as they enter intimate, long-term …


Effective Marketing Strategies Of Private Entities For Leading The United States Military Armed Forces, Harry B. Willis Iii Mar 2026

Effective Marketing Strategies Of Private Entities For Leading The United States Military Armed Forces, Harry B. Willis Iii

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective marketing strategies contribute to lower retention outcomes by failing to communicate the value of training programs and build sustained community engagement. Training managers must implement intentional marketing strategies that strengthen community engagement and improve participant retention. Grounded in organization theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the successful marketing strategies used by training managers of private organizations in the United States to increase military numbers. The participants were six training managers from the Southwest United States. Data were collected from semistructured interviews. Through thematic analysis, four themes emerged: (a) marketing strategies, (b) training managers, (c) …


Evaluation Of Nurses' Leadership Self-Efficacy In Belize, Ruth Rosalee Reina Jones Mar 2026

Evaluation Of Nurses' Leadership Self-Efficacy In Belize, Ruth Rosalee Reina Jones

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nursing leadership in Belize is lacking but crucial to the well-being of patients, families, and the healthcare team. The purpose of this non-experimental, descriptive, comparative study was to a) determine the difference in leadership self-efficacy for current nurse leaders with three years or less of leadership experience compared to current nurse leaders with more than three years of leadership experience in Belize, and b) examine the differences in leadership self-efficacy between nurses in a leadership position and nurses not in a leadership position in Belize. The theories supporting the study were Burns’ transformational leadership theory and leadership self-efficacy, based on …