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Articles 2431 - 2460 of 16849
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Staff Education On Documentation For Hospice Registered Nurses, Sharon Spencer Cunningham
Staff Education On Documentation For Hospice Registered Nurses, Sharon Spencer Cunningham
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Summary Documentation is a part of a daily task that all nurses undertake. Its purpose is to provide validation of care rendered to patients. In the hospice setting, nurses’ documentation is crucial, as it supports whether a patient qualifies to receive hospice services. If proper documentation is not recorded, patients can lose services and organizations can face a loss of revenue and potential fines. At a hospice organization in the Southeast United States, there was little emphasis of the importance of documentation that adheres to guidelines set by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Therefore, nurses’ documentation lacked the …
Assessing The Influence Of Core Transformational Leadership Style On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Citizenship Behavior In A Rural Healthcare Facility, Bruce Daryl Mitchell
Assessing The Influence Of Core Transformational Leadership Style On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Citizenship Behavior In A Rural Healthcare Facility, Bruce Daryl Mitchell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The successful application of core transformational leadership (CTL) in healthcare may enhance the quality of patient care and foster a positive and optimistic workforce. As such, CTL may be linked with job satisfaction (JS) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). There was a knowledge gap in understanding CTL’s relation to JS and OCB. In this quantitative study, the influence of the predictor variable CTL on the dependent variables JS and OCB was examined. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provided a theoretical lens for the investigation. The secondary data set included data from 221 participants: 37 physicians, 111 nurses, and 73 other workforce …
The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences And Posttraumatic Symptomology In Rio Grande Valley Hispanic Adults, Timothy Hollinger
The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences And Posttraumatic Symptomology In Rio Grande Valley Hispanic Adults, Timothy Hollinger
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Childhood adversity is a known predictor of poor psychological outcomes in adulthood, yet little is known about this relationship among Hispanic adults in South Texas. This study examined whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and whether gender, marital status, or educational attainment moderate this relationship. The central research questions were: (1) What is the relationship between ACEs and PTSD symptoms among Hispanic adults in South Texas? and (2) Do gender, marital status, or education moderate this relationship? Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, this quantitative archival study used a non-experimental, correlational design. Linear …
Impact Of Nursing Home Staff Hours And Administrator Turnover On Quality Of Care Post-Covid-19 Pandemic In Texas, Kendra King
Impact Of Nursing Home Staff Hours And Administrator Turnover On Quality Of Care Post-Covid-19 Pandemic In Texas, Kendra King
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Nursing facilities experienced heightened unfavorable outcomes related to quality of care and staffing patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental, retrospective study was to determine if there was a relationship between nursing home administrator turnover, total nurse staffing (i.e., LPN, RN, and nurse aides) hours per resident per day, and the quality of care as measured by the Long Stay Quality Measure (LSQM) rating in Texas after the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023. The Donabedian model, using the elements of structure, process, and outcomes, served as the theoretical framework for this study. Structure was represented by the …
Leadership Perspectives On Clinical Staff Turnover In A Behavioral Health Organization, Carla Evans
Leadership Perspectives On Clinical Staff Turnover In A Behavioral Health Organization, Carla Evans
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Clinical staff turnover is a persistent challenge within behavioral health organizations (BHOs), impacting service continuity, staff morale, and client outcomes. The purpose of the case study was to understand the perspectives of behavioral health leaders (BHLs) regarding clinical staff turnover and their adaptive strategies and approaches to sustaining organizational continuity. The study was grounded in the Baldrige Excellence Framework criteria to examine leadership practices, core values of visionary leadership, workforce engagement, agility, and operational sustainability. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with BHLs and administrative data from a BHO located on the U.S. East Coast. Thematic analysis involved identifying patterns …
Addressing Barriers In A Domestic Violence Program For Balkan American Women, Yasmina Isa Malas
Addressing Barriers In A Domestic Violence Program For Balkan American Women, Yasmina Isa Malas
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The issue of domestic violence is a pressing concern, both globally and within specific communities, remaining a significant issue with unique implications for Balkan American women. It is important to understand the unique challenges faced by Balkan American women in accessing and benefiting from domestic violence support services and programs. The focus of this case study was a nonprofit behavioral health organization that serves a population of women who have experienced domestic violence abuse in the northeastern part of the United States. Grounded in the Baldrige Excellence Framework, the research investigated the strategies and initiatives of Organization X in reducing …
Age, Race, Religious Commitment, And Fertility Quality Of Life, Dana L. Ward
Age, Race, Religious Commitment, And Fertility Quality Of Life, Dana L. Ward
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Infertility is a major health issue that impacts an individual’s physical, social and mental well-being. Women who are childless due to infertility experience a reduced fertility quality of life. Quality of life is directly related to an individual’s overall well-being and happiness. Using family systems theory, this quantitative research study aimed to answer how age, race, and religious commitment influence the fertility quality of life in women aged 25 to 50 who are involuntarily childless due to infertility. Data were collected from 132 participants using a demographic survey, The Religious Commitment Inventory (RCI-10), and the Fertility Quality of Life Survey …
Leadership Strategies To Decrease Resistance To Structural Changes Within A Healthcare Organization, Alicia J. Myers
Leadership Strategies To Decrease Resistance To Structural Changes Within A Healthcare Organization, Alicia J. Myers
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This single case study is an exploration of the necessary leadership skills to reduce resistance to organizational changes. Behavioral health leaders (BHLs) frequently implement changes, and poor execution can result in employee burnout, increased turnover, and decreased productivity. The participant population in this study included five BHLs in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The study included the use of the Baldrige excellence framework as an evidenced-based model to evaluate organizational systems. Data were collected primarily through semistructured interviews and were supplemented by information collected in organizational documents. When the data were analyzed, the emerging themes were communication gaps, …
Staff Education On Importance Of Medication Adherence For Patients Living With Schizophrenia, Sonia Obehi Okojie
Staff Education On Importance Of Medication Adherence For Patients Living With Schizophrenia, Sonia Obehi Okojie
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This DNP project aimed to address the lack of staff knowledge regarding medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia to better support these patients and to address a critical organizational knowledge gap. Schizophrenia is a chronic illness that impacts quality of life and medication noncompliance, often causing relapses and hospitalization. Evidence has shown that medication compliance improves symptoms, reduces hospital visits, and leads to better overall disease outcomes. A review on the project site indicated a wide knowledge deficit for the staff on interventions to enhance compliance to medication regimens by schizophrenia patients. It is an important issue to address in …
Servant Leaders’ Humility, Active Listening, And Trust-Building On Employee Engagement In U.S. Private Financial Organizations, Sunny M. Sung
Servant Leaders’ Humility, Active Listening, And Trust-Building On Employee Engagement In U.S. Private Financial Organizations, Sunny M. Sung
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Ineffective leadership characteristics hinder employee engagement in the financial industry, leading to negative organizational outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between servant leaders’ humility, active listening, and trust-building for employee engagement in U.S. private financial organizations. The servant leadership theory of serving followers and the social exchange theory of reciprocity grounded this study. Using simple random sampling, the participants comprised 190 employees from private financial organizations in the United States. They completed the Servant Leadership Scale-7, Servant Leadership Assessment Instrument factors six and seven, hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding (HURIER) …
Increasing Depression Risk Screening In Hospice And Palliative Care Patients, Elizabeth Kanini Michaels
Increasing Depression Risk Screening In Hospice And Palliative Care Patients, Elizabeth Kanini Michaels
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This doctoral project was conducted as a staff education project. The practice problem involved inconsistent depression risk screening in hospice and palliative care patients. It was crucial to address this, as depression can be pervasive in this population. The practice-focused question was, For registered nurses who work in a palliative or hospice care unit, does education on depression risk screening increase depression screening rates as compared 12 weeks before to 12 after the education? The project aimed to improve depression risk screening rates through staff education. The Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice model was used to assess 13 supporting articles …
Prearrival Phone Call Initiative To Decrease Procedural Cancellations And Delays, Fazali Nkoloma
Prearrival Phone Call Initiative To Decrease Procedural Cancellations And Delays, Fazali Nkoloma
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This doctor of nursing practice project evaluation of an organizational quality improvement initiative focused on evaluating the effectiveness of implementing a prearrival phone call process for interventional radiology patients scheduled for procedures requiring moderate sedation or anesthesia. Adherence to NPO guidelines is crucial for patient safety before moderate sedation and anesthesia. The practice problem identified was the number of procedures that were canceled or delayed because of patient nonadherence with NPO guidelines. The practice-focused question that guided this project was, Can the implementation of prearrival phone calls in the preprocedural radiology surgical services help improve patient adherence with NPO protocol …
Staff Education To Improve Patient Outcomes And Treatment Compliance Through Use Of Motivational Interviewing In The Mental Health Setting, Rachel Nardi
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Summary: Treatment noncompliance is a significant problem within the realm of mental health care. Recurrent noncompliance increases symptom severity, the likelihood of a crisis, and the burden placed on mental health care resources. Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based practice (EBP) demonstrated through extensive research to positively affect patient outcomes. Teaching MI to mental health care providers is one option organizational leaders can choose to address treatment noncompliance. In order for MI to become standard nursing practice, a method of education must be developed and implemented. This necessitates the identification of effective education delivery methods. A staff education project was …
Staff Educational Program On The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Depression Screening Tool In A Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic, Chinwe Genevive Nwaigwe
Staff Educational Program On The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Depression Screening Tool In A Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic, Chinwe Genevive Nwaigwe
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) staff education project focused on improving the knowledge and confidence of psychiatric outpatient clinic staff in administering and interpreting the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a critical tool for depression screening. Given the high prevalence of depression and disparities in mental health care, inconsistent PHQ-9 use can lead to delayed diagnoses and unequal access to treatment. Addressing this gap is both a clinical priority and a matter of social justice. I delivered a 2-hour educational program for 17 staff members to improve screening practices. The session included a PowerPoint presentation, role playing, and an interactive …
School Principals’ Perceptions Of Hiring School Counselors, Wendy Carol Vaughn
School Principals’ Perceptions Of Hiring School Counselors, Wendy Carol Vaughn
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
School principals are the primary hiring authorities in U.S. K-12 public schools when employing school counselors. Despite the expansion and diversification of schools’ qualifications, characteristics, and roles, there is a gap in knowledge about principals’ hiring perspectives, priorities, and specific criteria. These elements provide vital information for school counseling educational programs and organizational advocacy for hiring school counselors based on current standards and qualifications. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the perceptions of school principals regarding the hiring of school counselors. Targeting the research question “What are the perceptions of principals interviewing and hiring school counselors …
Strategic Practices Of Muslim-Led Nonprofits Operating Successfully Beyond 4 Years, Tayyab Yunus
Strategic Practices Of Muslim-Led Nonprofits Operating Successfully Beyond 4 Years, Tayyab Yunus
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Muslim-led nonprofit organizations experience high levels of organizational failure during the startup phase, often failing to operate beyond 4 years of existence. Muslim nonprofit founders, funders, and community leaders are concerned with this lack of sustainability, often attributed to strategic planning and talent management missteps. Grounded in the entrepreneurial value creation theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry explored strategies successful Muslim-led nonprofit organizations used to sustain operations beyond 4 years. Data collection occurred through semistructured interviews with six expert consultants who have supported Muslim-led nonprofits operating across the United States. Data were triangulated with publicly accessible U.S. Muslim-led nonprofit website data …
Public Policy And Homeless Youth In Kansas, Esther Abigail Andrew
Public Policy And Homeless Youth In Kansas, Esther Abigail Andrew
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Youth homelessness rose in Johnson County, Kansas, by 37 percent, partly due to family conflict and socioeconomic challenges. The lack of guidance, social support, and resources can create a domino effect. While existing literature has examined youth homelessness at the national level and in other sub-national locations, the impact of federal and state policies related to homelessness among youth in Johnson County, Kansas, has not been explored. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions and practices of administrators in homeless services who manage federal and state funding guided by public policies for homeless youth, based …
Development Of A Training Module For High School Teachers To Recognize And Assist Students Who Are In Non-Permanent Housing, Damian Michael Wilson
Development Of A Training Module For High School Teachers To Recognize And Assist Students Who Are In Non-Permanent Housing, Damian Michael Wilson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Student homelessness is an issue affecting Polk County Public Schools in Central Florida. It is important to address this problem to equip teachers with the skills necessary to recognize its signs. The practice-focused questions included: How familiar are teachers with student homelessness, and what should be done to help those students? The purpose of this administrative study was to explore teachers’ awareness of student homelessness and identify strategies to support affected students. The conceptual design for this study was based on environmental scanning, needs assessment, and strategic planning. A survey was sent out through email to over 100 teachers at …
Clinical Practice Guideline For Wound Care Management In Primary Healthcare Settings Across The British Virgin Islands To Minimize Clinical Practice Variations, Trorisia Shanika John
Clinical Practice Guideline For Wound Care Management In Primary Healthcare Settings Across The British Virgin Islands To Minimize Clinical Practice Variations, Trorisia Shanika John
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This quality improvement (QI) initiative in a British Virgin Islands (BVI) primary healthcare setting involved the problem of inconsistent wound care management among registered nurses, which was a concern that was identified in a 2023 audit. The BVI Health Service Authority (HSA)’s diverse nursing staff, which is recruited across the Caribbean, contributed to varied wound care approaches, negatively impacting healthcare delivery and quality. These inconsistencies led to unequal resource access, increased infection and complication risks, and potential financial and legal liabilities. Furthermore, it could negatively affect staff and patient perceptions, potentially decreasing patient satisfaction, highlighting the urgent need for standardized …
Workplace Mobbing, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave The Information Technology Industry, Sherry Elaine Baker-Thompson
Workplace Mobbing, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave The Information Technology Industry, Sherry Elaine Baker-Thompson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some information technology leaders are increasingly concerned about employees’ intent to leave their organizations, as it contributes to higher turnover rates, increased recruitment costs, and potential disruptions to project continuity and service delivery. Grounded in affective events theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between workplace mobbing, job satisfaction, and the intent to leave the information technology industry. The study surveyed 101 information technology employees residing in the United States who had experienced workplace mobbing. The participants completed the Negative Acts Questionnaire, the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Turnover Intention Questionnaire. Results from a …
Staff Education On Gad-7 Screening Tool Implementation, Sandra Oghomwen Osemwonta
Staff Education On Gad-7 Screening Tool Implementation, Sandra Oghomwen Osemwonta
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
As a staff educational project, I addressed a critical issue in nursing practice. In many clinical settings, medical personnel are unprepared to use screening instruments such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) tool because they do not possess the requisite expertise, which often leads to missed or delayed identification of anxiety symptoms. Timely and accurate mental health assessments are essential for effective patient care and improved clinical outcomes. Does an educational program of a Psychiatric outpatient clinic increase staff knowledge and confidence in using the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) tool, compared to baseline knowledge before training? was the central …
Staff Education To Improve Oncology Nurses' Cultural Competency Literacy, Sharon Taziwa
Staff Education To Improve Oncology Nurses' Cultural Competency Literacy, Sharon Taziwa
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Executive Summary: Staff Education Project Staff Education to Improve Oncology Nurses' Cultural Competency Literacy by Sharon Taziwa MSN, Walden University, 2023 BSN, University of Texas at Arlington, 2015 Executive Summary Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University May 2025 Summary A staff education project was implemented at a comprehensive cancer center in the Southwest United States. The nurses at the comprehensive cancer center faced challenges in delivering culturally competent care to a diverse patient population, necessitating enhanced training in cultural knowledge, skills, and awareness. The lack of consistent cultural competence …
Comorbidities, Therapy And Health System Factors Associated With Treatment Interruption Among Males With Tuberculosis In Nairobi County, Kenya, Lorraine Nkirote Mugambi-Nyaboga
Comorbidities, Therapy And Health System Factors Associated With Treatment Interruption Among Males With Tuberculosis In Nairobi County, Kenya, Lorraine Nkirote Mugambi-Nyaboga
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
While males are recognized as key drivers of tuberculosis (TB) transmission, the association between comorbidities (i.e., diabetes and malnutrition), adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and health system factors (i.e., frequency of drug refills) with TB treatment interruption, remains unclear. I aimed to determine the association between these factors and TB treatment interruption among males diagnosed with TB in Nairobi County, Kenya controlling for age, sub-county of residence, alcohol use, HIV co-infection, type of TB and presence of treatment supporter. Guided by WHO’s framework on adherence to long-term therapies, a quantitative, case-control study was conducted using secondary analysis of Kenya’s TB surveillance …
Staff Education To Improve Staff Knowledge Of Medication Adherence Strategies For Mood Disorders, Samnang Son Oeur
Staff Education To Improve Staff Knowledge Of Medication Adherence Strategies For Mood Disorders, Samnang Son Oeur
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Executive Summary: Staff Education Project Staff Education to Improve Staff Knowledge of Medication Adherence Strategies for Mood Disorders by Samnang Oeur MS, University of California, San Francisco, 2019 BS, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 2009 Executive Summary Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University August 2025
Intersectional Analysis Of Vaccination Inequity Among Individuals With Disabilities In The United States During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Philip Ndoki, Heba M. Athar, David O. Anderson
Intersectional Analysis Of Vaccination Inequity Among Individuals With Disabilities In The United States During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Philip Ndoki, Heba M. Athar, David O. Anderson
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
We investigated how disability status, types, sociodemographic indicators, and reasons for not receiving vaccinations influenced COVID-19 vaccination rates among individuals with disabilities in the United States. Despite efforts, vaccination disparities persisted, necessitating a nuanced understanding of the barriers to vaccination. Using intersectionality theory and the social determinants of health framework, we examined the impact of marginalized identities and structural inequalities. Key questions included the association between disability status and vaccination uptake, differences among disability types moderated by sociodemographic factors, and the interaction between disability status and reasons for not vaccinating. We used Household Pulse Survey data from the U.S. Census …
Relationship Between Job Satisfaction, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, Accessibility (Deia) Issues, And Turnover Intention, Mica Hunter
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Federal leaders are concerned about rising turnover intentions and low job satisfaction among employees, particularly in relation to diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) issues. These challenges pose a threat to organizational stability, reduce productivity, and hinder the federal government’s ability to retain diverse talent and fulfill its mission effectively. Grounded in Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory, the purpose of this quantitative ex post facto correlational study was to examine the relationship between job satisfaction, DEIA issues, and turnover intention within federal agencies. The participants were 254 federal employees who completed the 2023 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey. The results of the …
Employee Engagement Within The E-Commerce Industry, Kwami Seyram Dzahini
Employee Engagement Within The E-Commerce Industry, Kwami Seyram Dzahini
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Employee engagement poses a significant challenge for human resources (HR) managers in the e-commerce industry. Employees experiencing engagement issues may demonstrate lower commitment and heightened workplace incivility, ultimately affecting business profitability. Grounded in the employee engagement theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between work-life balance, professional growth, and employee engagement initiatives within U.S. e-commerce companies. The study involved 72 HR managers and full-time employees from the Eastern U.S. region, who participated in an online survey. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results were statistically significant, F(2, 69) = 12.475, p < .001, R² = .266, indicating that the model accounted for 26.6% of the variance in employee engagement. Professional growth emerged as a significant predictor of employee engagement, t = 2.62, p = .011, ß = 0.36. A key recommendation for e-commerce HR managers is to monitor engagement levels through surveys, feedback sessions, and performance indicators. Analyzing trends in employee retention, absenteeism, and productivity can allow leadership to make data-driven decisions and adjust strategies as needed. The implications for positive social change include the potential for HR leaders to enhance the value and satisfaction of employees, improve retention, and foster a more productive workforce that contributes positively to the overall health of the e-commerce industry and broader economy.
Staff Education Program On Smoking Cessation Strategies, Justina Ugorji
Staff Education Program On Smoking Cessation Strategies, Justina Ugorji
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This doctoral project implemented a staff education program to enhance smoking cessation knowledge in a mental-health care setting. Despite the well-documented risks, smoking cessation efforts remain insufficient, often due to providers’ limited knowledge and confidence in delivering effective interventions. The practice-focused question for this project was: Will implementing a staff education program improve health care providers’ knowledge of smoking cessation strategies as compared pre- to posteducation? The purpose was to equip providers with evidence-based techniques to enhance patient smoking cessation. A comprehensive literature review using the Johns Hopkins evidence-based practice model was performed, and 20 relevant articles were identified supporting …
The Association Between Neighborhood Environment, Social Relations, And The Prevalence Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Negin Iranfar
The Association Between Neighborhood Environment, Social Relations, And The Prevalence Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Negin Iranfar
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of gut-brain interaction influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Stress and socioeconomic influences on IBS have been studied, however few studies have explored the impact of neighborhood and social environments across racial and ethnic groups and sex at birth. The biopsychosocial framework was used to examine whether built environment and social context contribute to IBS prevalence. A cross-sectional analysis of 80,874 participants from the All of Us Research Program was conducted to assess the associations between IBS and six neighborhood and social factors: safety, structure, cohesion, supportive relationships, social relationships, and perceived …
Early Childhood Teachers’ Perspectives On The Challenges Of Closing The African American Achievement Gap, Cherie Mcelroy-Burch
Early Childhood Teachers’ Perspectives On The Challenges Of Closing The African American Achievement Gap, Cherie Mcelroy-Burch
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
There is a persistent academic achievement gap between African American students and their White peers in Grades 1–3. Federal and state governments have made numerous efforts, implemented policy changes, and allocated more resources to struggling school districts, yet the disparity in academic achievement persists. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore early childhood teachers’ perspectives on the challenges of closing the achievement gap between African American students and their White peers in Grades 1–3. The conceptual framework for this study was based on Coll and Lamberty’s model of developmental competencies in minority children. The research question for …