Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Walden University

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 1651 - 1680 of 16252

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Staff Education To Increase Knowledge About The Workflow Process, Mwikali Mutia-Lamin Sep 2025

Staff Education To Increase Knowledge About The Workflow Process, Mwikali Mutia-Lamin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was conducted to address staff’s lack of knowledge about the workflow process in an outpatient mental health setting. Evidence has shown that staff’s lack of knowledge about workflow processes creates ineffective communication and collaboration in care as well as reduces patient outreach. The practice-focused question was focused on determining whether training staff in an outpatient mental health setting about the organization’s workflow process increased their knowledge on how to use the workflow process in an effort to improve patient care and care outcomes. Thirteen of the 20 staff members participated in this educational …


Staff Education On Ethical Considerations For The Implementation Of The Mental Health Triage Scale, Patrick Dioro Sep 2025

Staff Education On Ethical Considerations For The Implementation Of The Mental Health Triage Scale, Patrick Dioro

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project, I employed the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model to develop and deliver an educational intervention for emergency department (ED) nurses, with a specific focus on the Mental Health Triage Scale (MHTS). The practice-focused question was: In an emergency room at a mental health facility, how does staff education on the MHTS impact knowledge levels, as measured through pre- and post-education assessments? A needs assessment identified existing knowledge gaps and inconsistencies in triage practices among ED nurses. To address the problem, I developed a 4-week hybrid training program that combined …


Exploring The Effective Ai Adoption And Integration Strategies Technology Firm Leaders Use To Mitigate Risks And Enhance Organizational Performance, Bona Eze Sep 2025

Exploring The Effective Ai Adoption And Integration Strategies Technology Firm Leaders Use To Mitigate Risks And Enhance Organizational Performance, Bona Eze

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance organizational performance has emerged as a fundamental focus in modern enterprises. Technology firm leaders are concerned with AI adoption and integration strategies, as poorly aligned AI approaches lead to resource wastage and the inability to achieve competitive advantages. Grounded in the technology acceptance model, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the effective AI adoption and integration strategies technology firm leaders use to mitigate risks and enhance organizational performance. The participants were 10 technology firm leaders who had implemented AI adoption and integration in their firms. Data were collected by conducting …


Strategies Of It Managers To Promote Technology Adoption In Jamaican Government Institutions, Jodie-Ann Dione Brown Sep 2025

Strategies Of It Managers To Promote Technology Adoption In Jamaican Government Institutions, Jodie-Ann Dione Brown

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The success of digital transformation depends on effective adoption of technology. Information technology (IT) managers and policymakers must develop robust tactics to achieve long-term acceptance and use of new technologies, as a lack of effective technology adoption strategies can hamper carefully designed digital transformation initiatives. Grounded in the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore the strategies used by IT managers to effectively promote technology adoption in Jamaican government institutions. The participants were four IT managers and practitioners in Jamaican government institutions. Data were collected from semistructured …


Staff Education About Cultural Awareness In A Healthcare Setting, Phylis Titty Tarawally Sep 2025

Staff Education About Cultural Awareness In A Healthcare Setting, Phylis Titty Tarawally

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Summary This quality improvement project was carried out to address a practice gap in culturally responsive care among nursing staff working in a skilled nursing facility. African-American residents often face disparities in healthcare due to staff’s limited knowledge of cultural health beliefs and confidence in engaging with diverse populations. To improve this, an educational intervention was designed using the ADDIE instructional model and evaluated to see if it could enhance staff knowledge and confidence related to African-American cultural practices. The project was guided by the practice-focused question: Will a structured African-American cultural awareness program improve staff knowledge and confidence to …


The Progressive Changes In Posttraumatic Symptoms And Posttraumatic Growth Associated With Traumatic Incident Reduction, Joseph L. Mcclory Sep 2025

The Progressive Changes In Posttraumatic Symptoms And Posttraumatic Growth Associated With Traumatic Incident Reduction, Joseph L. Mcclory

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many millions of people are suffering from symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Just in the United States, 13 million Americans had a PTSD diagnosis as of 2020. Through the theoretical lens of catharsis, analysis of variance was used to examine whether traumatic incident reduction (TIR) is associated with changes in posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth by comparing pre, mid, and post-TIR PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) scores. Regression was also used to test whether post-PCL-5 scores accounted for variance in the post-PTGI scores. Ninety-seven TIR cases from the mental health agency between 2017 and …


Staff Education To Pediatric Healthcare Providers On How To Prevent Unintentional Childhood Injuries., Peter Cleveland Collins Sep 2025

Staff Education To Pediatric Healthcare Providers On How To Prevent Unintentional Childhood Injuries., Peter Cleveland Collins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This staff education quality improvement Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was focused on teaching pediatric healthcare providers how to provide education during wellness visits to prevent unintentional childhood injury. The practice problem at the clinic was that pediatric providers lacked knowledge about injury prevention. A literature review showed that unintentional childhood injuries are the leading cause of death in this population. The practice-focused question determined was to determine if, after educating providers, they have improved knowledge and intent to educate their patients. I used the analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation (ADDIE) model to guide this project. The participants …


Strategies To Improve Work–Life Balance Among Remote Millennials To Increase Employee Productivity, Paige Frost Sep 2025

Strategies To Improve Work–Life Balance Among Remote Millennials To Increase Employee Productivity, Paige Frost

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A lack of effective strategies to improve work-life balance for remote millennial employees is a concern for healthcare leaders. Without such strategies, organizations may struggle to remain competitive and ensure sustainability. Grounded in Homans’s social exchange theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry identified and explored the effective strategies healthcare leaders use to improve work-life balance for remote millennial employees to increase productivity. Participants were six leaders of healthcare organizations located in the southeastern United States with at least 2 years of leadership experience managing remote employees. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis. …


Strategies Broadband Industry Leaders Use To Retain Customers, Anthony Lester Carter Sep 2025

Strategies Broadband Industry Leaders Use To Retain Customers, Anthony Lester Carter

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Disparities in broadband access and the reliability of services are still a major issue for communities throughout the United States. Broadband information technology (IT) managers often lack effective customer retention strategies, which can seriously impact their organization's growth and profitability. This pragmatic qualitative project, grounded in Morgan and Hunt’s commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing, was to explore strategies employed by IT managers at broadband companies to retain customers and ensure financial viability and sustainability. The study included semistructured interviews with 10 IT managers from broadband providers in the Philadelphia region of the United States who possessed relevant expertise involving customer …


Improving Communication And Collaboration: How Using A Communication App Improves The Online Student Learning Experience, Gina L. Solano, Jennifer Miller Sep 2025

Improving Communication And Collaboration: How Using A Communication App Improves The Online Student Learning Experience, Gina L. Solano, Jennifer Miller

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

Due to the isolation of asynchronous learning, online university students face challenges that can impact performance, increase anxiety, and lead to dropout. This study explores the use of communication apps, such as WhatsApp, Nectir, and GroupMe, to enhance engagement, peer socialization, and learning in graduate-level online courses across New York from Spring 2022 to Spring 2023. Data from purposeful sampling reveals that these tools reduced anxiety, improved confidence in asking questions, and provided timely support for assignments. The qualitative study aimed to identify strategies to boost student success, constructive dialogue, and motivation. Results suggest that communication apps effectively mitigate isolation …


How Medical Mistrust Serves As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In The African American Community, Nicholas Young Sep 2025

How Medical Mistrust Serves As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In The African American Community, Nicholas Young

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Throughout history, research has depicted the notion that African Americans do not make use of mental health treatment, even when their mental health status may deem it clinically necessary. One of the most prevalent deterrents to African Americans seeking treatment is the mistrust of the medical system. In the African American community, medical mistrust has a longstanding history that stems from the discrimination, racism, lack of representation in the field, and medical mistreatment that African Americans received as test subjects by the medical community over time. Various instances, throughout history, of African Americans being unjustly treated— for the sake of …


Radio And Television Media And Health-Seeking Behavior Among Women In Rural Northern Nigeria, Olufolake Akeju Sep 2025

Radio And Television Media And Health-Seeking Behavior Among Women In Rural Northern Nigeria, Olufolake Akeju

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Poor maternal health-seeking behavior (MHSB) has contributed to persistently high maternal mortality in rural northern Nigeria. Despite increasing access to health information via media platforms, little is known about the association between media exposure and MHSB in this region. In this study, the association between mass media exposure (radio and television) and MHSB was investigated using institutional delivery as a proxy. The health belief model was applied as the theoretical framework for this study and sought to answer two key questions focused on whether there is an association between media exposure and MHSB in rural northern Nigeria and what the …


The Moderating Influence Of Generation On Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave Among Child Welfare Workers, Kelly Cavanaugh Sep 2025

The Moderating Influence Of Generation On Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave Among Child Welfare Workers, Kelly Cavanaugh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The declining retention rate among U.S. child welfare workers is a significant concern. Research suggested that as millennials enter the workforce, adopting leadership styles that best meet the needs of each generation and/or facilitate congruence between organizational goals and the distinct work values of both the younger and older generations will help increase retention. Specifically, supervisors needed to identify a leadership style that best satisfied the needs of millennials who are stereotypically less loyal to organizations and exhibit higher job mobility than older generations. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the extent to which generational cohort moderated …


Staff Education On Mindfulness-Based Therapy To Address Compassion Fatigue, Samson Ajibola Omowumi Sep 2025

Staff Education On Mindfulness-Based Therapy To Address Compassion Fatigue, Samson Ajibola Omowumi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The nature of nursing practice—persistent exposure to patient suffering—often results in compassion fatigue for staff. Compassion/emotional fatigue can affect nurses’ mental well-being, which can manifest in burnout, decreased empathy, and emotional numbness. These outcomes can eventually reduce job satisfaction for nurses and nursing assistants, increase errors during patient care, and lead to poorer patient outcomes. Prioritizing caregivers' mental health may improve the quality of nursing care. Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) is an approach that may ensure the mental health and emotional stability of those who care for patients while also being a comparatively easy, accessible, and affordable tool. The goal of …


Strategies To Increase The Number Of Black, Indigenous, And People Of Color (Bipoc) Employees In Senior-Level Positions, Renée Michele Collins Sep 2025

Strategies To Increase The Number Of Black, Indigenous, And People Of Color (Bipoc) Employees In Senior-Level Positions, Renée Michele Collins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective strategies to increase the number of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) employees in senior-level positions can negatively impact financial performance. Some business leaders lack strategies to increase the number of BIPOC employees in senior-level positions and positively impact financial performance, which could increase risk of business instability. Grounded in multidimensional cultural competency framework; equity, diversity, and inclusion theory; and change management theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was conducted to identify and explore effective strategies business leaders use to increase the number of BIPOC employees in senior-level positions and positively impact financial performance. The participants were eight business …


Exploration Of How Study District-Wide Stakeholders Achieved Reading Success For Students With Disabilities, Kisha Hairston Sep 2025

Exploration Of How Study District-Wide Stakeholders Achieved Reading Success For Students With Disabilities, Kisha Hairston

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that this study addressed is that students with disabilities (SWDs) demonstrated low reading achievement in U.S. public schools as shown by annual state standardized scores. The study district achieved the anomaly of more than 50% of SWDs achieving Proficient and Advanced on the state reading assessment. The gap in practice was that it was unknown how the study district stakeholders achieved such success in SWDs’ reading achievement. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to investigate how archival data supports and how teachers and administrators explain the successful reading achievement of SWDs in the study school district. …


Education For Home Infusion Nurses, Ann Marie Wilson Sep 2025

Education For Home Infusion Nurses, Ann Marie Wilson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This document presents an executive summary of a staff education initiative designed for home infusion nurses, submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the Doctor of Nursing Practice at Walden University. The project aims to address the specialized educational needs of nurses in the home infusion setting, where evolving clinical procedures and patient safety standards demand advanced competency and knowledge. Through the development and implementation of targeted educational strategies, the project seeks to enhance nurses' skills, promote best practices in infusion therapy, and improve health outcomes for patients receiving infusion care at home. Key objectives include identifying gaps in current education, …


Social Service Supervisors' Perceptions Of Professional Development Training, Jaida Elaine Patterson Sep 2025

Social Service Supervisors' Perceptions Of Professional Development Training, Jaida Elaine Patterson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Chafee Independent Living Skills and Goals Program (CILSGP) is a federally mandated program for public child welfare organizations that provide services to adolescents and young adults in the foster care system. The problem that was addressed through this study was that program administrators are unsure of the additional professional development (PD) needs of the social service supervisors at the study site, a foster care independent living program for youth. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to investigate social service supervisors’ perceptions on the PD they receive; the influence the PD has on their self-concept as a learner, their …


Staff Education To Implement The Phq-9 For Depression Screening, Lydia Emuobosa Opara Sep 2025

Staff Education To Implement The Phq-9 For Depression Screening, Lydia Emuobosa Opara

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Depression is common yet frequently underdiagnosed in group home settings serving adult and geriatric residents. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project aimed to improve staff knowledge and promote routine use of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a validated depression screening tool, through an evidence-based educational intervention. A practice gap was identified at the project site due to inconsistent use and documentation of the PHQ-9, primarily linked to staff knowledge deficits. The project explored whether educating staff on PHQ-9 administration, scoring, and documentation would lead to improved knowledge, as measured by pre- and post-intervention assessments. Guided by the ADDIE instructional …


First-Generation College Students' Perceptions Of Undergraduate Degree Completion, Melinda Dianna Howard Sep 2025

First-Generation College Students' Perceptions Of Undergraduate Degree Completion, Melinda Dianna Howard

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem explored in this study was the low graduation rate of first-generation college students at the university study site. Using Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore first-generation college graduates’ beliefs about their educational experience as students upon entering a bachelor’s degree program, identify obstacles, and understand ways to master those obstacles to successfully graduate. Six first-generation college graduates from the study site were recruited from FIRST, an on-campus support organization, for semistructured interviews using purposeful sampling. Due to COVID and the closing of the university study site at the time of recruitment, …


Understanding White-Collar Worker Experiences In Using Worksite Wellness Programs To Achieve Weight Loss, Anna Nicole Hermanson Hartwig Sep 2025

Understanding White-Collar Worker Experiences In Using Worksite Wellness Programs To Achieve Weight Loss, Anna Nicole Hermanson Hartwig

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Adult obesity rates have increased from approximately 15% in 1980 to more than 40% of adults in 2018, and the rates continue to increase. White-collar workers are disproportionately impacted as a result of the sedentary work performed in a white-collar work environment. Increased levels of obesity result in elevated levels of psychological stress, chronic health conditions, and increased organizational costs. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to understand the lived experiences of the obese white-collar worker who has used a worksite wellness program to lose weight and to understand what additional support was needed to achieve weight loss. …


Understanding The Impact Of Patient Engagement In Effective Management Of Chronic Conditions, Tracey Phillips Sep 2025

Understanding The Impact Of Patient Engagement In Effective Management Of Chronic Conditions, Tracey Phillips

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study was developed to address the partner site's need for an evidence-based approach to improving patient engagement among elderly individuals managing chronic diseases. Low engagement, often driven by poor provider–patient communication, non-compliance, and limited use of healthcare technology, was identified as a barrier to effective self-management and optimal health outcomes. Guided by the social cognitive theory, behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors influencing engagement and self-efficacy were examined. Two practice-focused questions examined: identifying barriers to engagement and the impact of the provider–patient relationship on outcomes. The purpose of the project was to develop an evidence-based approach to enhance patient engagement. …


The Impact Of Social Support On Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective And Risk Factors, Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson Sep 2025

The Impact Of Social Support On Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective And Risk Factors, Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Impact of Social Support on Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective and Risk Factors by Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson MSW, University of Ibadan, 2007 BSc, University of Ilorin, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University August 2025   Camouflaging strategies used by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to mask or compensate for autistic traits are often linked to adverse mental health out-comes. This quantitative correlational study investigated the relationship between perceived social support and camouflaging behaviors in young adults with autism. Grounded …


Effective Strategies Nonprofit Leaders Use To Enhance Volunteer Recruitment, Noelle Lauren Pollack Sep 2025

Effective Strategies Nonprofit Leaders Use To Enhance Volunteer Recruitment, Noelle Lauren Pollack

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Human aid nonprofit organizations across the United States face significant challenges in recruiting volunteers, which impacts their ability to deliver essential services to vulnerable populations. The issue is important to nonprofit leaders because a lack of volunteers threatens organizational operations and sustainability. The purpose of this qualitative research project, grounded in self-determination theory, was to explore successful strategies nonprofit leaders use to enhance volunteer recruitment. The study was guided by a pragmatic inquiry design and included semistructured interviews with seven nonprofit leaders in Nashville, Tennessee who held roles responsible for volunteer recruitment. Data were collected through interviews and volunteer program …


The Impact Of A Major Educational Shift On Cognitive Load: A Cross-Sectional Study Of Uae University Students, Yousef Aljawarneh, Hasan Al-Omari Sep 2025

The Impact Of A Major Educational Shift On Cognitive Load: A Cross-Sectional Study Of Uae University Students, Yousef Aljawarneh, Hasan Al-Omari

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

The shift to remote learning has significantly influenced cognitive load among university students, impacting their ability to learn and comprehend effectively. In this study, we assessed cognitive load among students at the Higher Colleges of Technology (HCT) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a cross-sectional descriptive design, we collected data from 2,085 students via self-administered questionnaires between February and May of 2021. The sample was predominantly female (78.5%) and single (91.3%). The Cognitive Load Scale (subscale range: 0-40) revealed moderate mean scores of 19.59 for intrinsic load (ICL) and 16.69 for extraneous load (ECL), with …


Impact Of Retaining Midlevel Managers At A U.S. Bank Branch, Sharlene Marie Malcolm Sep 2025

Impact Of Retaining Midlevel Managers At A U.S. Bank Branch, Sharlene Marie Malcolm

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee retention is essential for sustaining organizational stability and performance, particularly in the financial services industry, where turnover disrupts client relationships and reduces productivity. This challenge matters to bank leaders seeking efficiency, employees pursuing career stability, clients depending on consistent service, and communities relying on strong financial institutions. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to explore strategies that midlevel bank managers in U.S. branches used to reduce employee turnover. Guided by Herzberg’s two-factor theory, the study examined how intrinsic motivators, growth opportunities, autonomy, appreciation, and work–life balance shaped loyalty and commitment. Data were collected through semistructured interviews …


Strategies Used By Tribal Chairpersons Within The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe To Enhance Internal Controls And Integrate Modern Technologies, Luke Aaron Warnsholz Sep 2025

Strategies Used By Tribal Chairpersons Within The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe To Enhance Internal Controls And Integrate Modern Technologies, Luke Aaron Warnsholz

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Strategies Used by Tribal Chairpersons Within the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe to Enhance Internal Controls and Integrate Modern Technologies by Luke Warnsholz MBA, Bemidji State University, 2021 BS, Rasmussen University, 2020 Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration Walden University August 2025 Operational inefficiencies and increased risk exposure within the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe have been linked to outdated internal controls and limited technological modernization. This issue is important to tribal governments because it affects financial oversight, service delivery, and long-term sustainability in tribal governance. This qualitative pragmatic inquiry capstone research project …


Educating Staff To Use The Teach-Back Method For Patient Education Toward Increasing Adherence To Psychotropic Medication In A Mental Health Setting, Robert Kalugo Sep 2025

Educating Staff To Use The Teach-Back Method For Patient Education Toward Increasing Adherence To Psychotropic Medication In A Mental Health Setting, Robert Kalugo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Educating Staff to Use the Teach-Back Method for Patient Education Toward Increasing Adherence to Psychotropic Medication in a Mental Health Setting by Robert Kalugo MS, Walden University, 2024 BS, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2016 Executive Summary Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University August 2025


Access Barriers To Early Childhood Development Surveillance And Screenings: Insights From Pediatric Office Providers, Pamela Russell Ledesma Sep 2025

Access Barriers To Early Childhood Development Surveillance And Screenings: Insights From Pediatric Office Providers, Pamela Russell Ledesma

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Scholarly literature review found a gap in the identification of barriers experienced by pediatric office providers (POPs) for the provision of early childhood development (ECD) surveillance among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) children under the age of three years. The barriers may inhibit access to recommended screenings at defined milestones during the state of neurogenesis, whereby a child’s life trajectory may be negatively impacted and further handicap society at large. This qualitative study aimed to explore the access barriers and remedial strategies identified in the reconstructed narratives of southeast Florida POPs. The research design was premised on the behavioral model …


Preparation And Support For Leadership Role In A Jamaican University, Tracy-Ann Keisha Dacres Sep 2025

Preparation And Support For Leadership Role In A Jamaican University, Tracy-Ann Keisha Dacres

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study is that academic leaders receive limited preparation and support at a Jamaican university, which poses challenges to effective leadership, teaching quality, and institutional success. Based on Katz’s three-skilled model, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore academic leaders’ perceptions of their preparation and support to carry out their leadership roles in a Jamaican university. Semistructured interviews were conducted with eight purposefully selected academic leaders with a minimum of 4 years of experience. Through axial and thematic coding, the following nine themes emerged: (a) leaders rely on different pathways for …