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The Interphotoreceptor Matrix And The Interphotoreceptor Space Of The Vertebrate Retina, M. H. Bernstein

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The interphotoreceptor space (IPS) of the vertebrate retina is the adult corollary of the lumen within the embryonic optic vesicle. The inner limit of the IPS is formed by the intercellular junctions of Muller cells and photoreceptors forming the external limiting membrane (ELM). The apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the outer limit of the IPS. Most of the volume of the IPS is occupied by the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors, with the microvillous processes of the RPE, and the small microvilli of the Muller cells filling lesser portions. SEM of samples fixed in …

Theoretical Considerations On Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (Exafs), Claudine Noguera

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We have investigated the following theoretical points relevant to surface EXAFS: proportionality of the signal to the absorption cross section, analysis of the oscillations with the simple EXAFS formula, accuracy in the determination of distances and coordination numbers, transferability of phase shifts and amplitude factors. We describe some of the most used techniques to record the Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (SEXAFS) oscillations, both the photon induced techniques and the electron induced ones, such as the Auger effect, the total or partial yield, the ion desorption technique, the appearance potential spectroscopy and surface reflection electron loss spectroscopy; and in …

Limits Of Quantitative Microanalysis Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Peter Williams

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The limitations on secondary ion micro-analytical performance imposed by ionization probabilities, mass spectrometer transmission, requirements for standards and sputtering artifacts have been investigated. The sensitivity of a modern magnetic mass spectrometer for sputtered B⁺ from oxidized Si is ~ 10^-2 ions detected/atom sputtered. For this sensitivity, it is shown that ion microscopy of a part-per-million impurity is limited in lateral resolution to ~ 1 μm. For a 1% impurity, lateral resolution of ~ 30 nm is achievable. Depth profile analysis at the ppm level requires sample areas ~ 10 μm². Isotope abundance determinations in volumes ~ …

Maximizing Regional Gross Output In A Constrained Setting, John E. Keith, Luis Martinez, Donald L. Snyder, Terrence F. Glover

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Most regional policy-makers have, as one of their important policy goals, some form of maximization of regional economic activity. Obtaining maximum output, employment, and income from a state's, or region's, resource base appears to be central to many planning and policy agencies. For example, the State of Utah considered limiting the sources of coal for new electrical generation plants in the state, to in-state coal fields through legislative or administrative fiat. While such a policy was not implemented, it represents the conviction that verticle integration within a region will increase that region's economic welfare. The wide-spread use of industrial revenue …

The Impact Of Cash Flow Constraints On Response Of Dairymen To Lower Milk Prices, Jay C. Andersen, Jay D. Atwood

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Many dairy farmers in Utah have invested in and incurred debt for dairy milking facilities which are significantly underutilized. Modeling these farms indicates that adding high-producing cows may provide the means to meet fixed cash flow requirements with their heavy indebtedness, even with declining milk prices.

Impacts By Big Game On The Income And Operating Expanses Of Private Landowners In The Area Of Utah's Deer Herd Unit #19, Darwin Nielsen, Denny Lytle

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The purpose of this project is to study the impact on private landowners of migrating big-game animals and to access the impact on income and operating expenses of private landowners. The results of this study will allow better estimates to be made of benefits, costs, and economic impacts of proposed management actions which change biggame animal populations.

The Status Of Utah's Agriculture And Its Contribution To The State Economy, Jay C. Andersen, Donald L. Snyder, Terrence F. Glover

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Growth in agricultural productivity and the migration of labor from agriculture to other employment has been a source of growth for the whole economy. From the times of pioneer settlement in Utah, more than 130 years ago, agricultural production has declined as a proportion of total economic activity. Employment, personal income, gross sales, and other measures can be shown to have declined as a proportion of the totals of these measures for the state. Yet, it is this very decline in dependence on workers producing food that has helped the economy to grow in size and variety both in Utah …

An Analysis Of Agriculture's Impact On Utah's Economy Using An Input -Output Modeling Approach, John E. Keith, Charles Diamond, Jay C. Andersen, Donald L. Snyder

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Any developed economy, whether national, regional, or local, is characterized by a high degree of interdependence among producing sectors. As examples, agriculture requires steel from the mineral sector, fuel from the petroleum sector, and numerous other inputs from other sectors. Likewise, outputs from the agricultural sector are used in the product; on processes of many other industries. Each economic sector is not only a producer of goods and services but also a consumer, purchasing goods and services for use invarious production processes.

Legal-Economic Evaluation Of Indian Water Right Claims, Donald L. Snyder, Jay C. Andersen

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Indian claims for large amounts of water in the West are based on the contention that the water was intended or implied at the time the reservations were created. Courts have established broad criteria for quantifying rights. Guidelines for appropriate analysis to test these criteria are presented.

Fly Ash From Full Scale Trona Injection Studies, Raymond T. Greer, Da-Tong Zhang

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Sodium sesquicarbonate (NaHCO₃-Na2CO₃-2H₂O) and the mineral trona (NaHCO₃-Na2CO₃-2H₂O) have been utilized as effective dry sorbents for SO₂ in flue gas during fossil fuel plant full-scale injection studies conducted at the Cameo Station, Unit 1, of Public Service Company of Colorado near Grand Junction, CO. Microstructural and microchemical characterization studies of fly ash samples from these studies identify decomposition features for these carbonates that relate to the development of satisfactory reaction surface areas for combination with SO₂ from flue gas. The major features are non-sulfur bearing microspheres …

Freeze-Drying And Related Preparation Techniques For Biological Microprobe Analysis, Romuald Wróblewski, Joanna Wróblewski, Matti Anniko, Lars Edström

Scanning Electron Microscopy

An X-ray microanalytical and morphological investigation has been carried out on rapidly frozen, freeze-dried or freeze-substituted tissues. A comparison was made between different embedding and polymerisation procedures following freeze-substitution and freeze-drying. The investigation also included an analysis of specimens infiltrated, embedded and polymerised by ultraviolet irradiation at low temperatures with Lowicryl HM20. The morphological preservation of Lowicryl embedded tissue was adequate for the identification of different cell structures like nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes and different types of endoplasmic reticulum. X-ray microanalytical investigation of low temperature embedded material displayed an elemental composition of cells and organelles similar to that found in freeze-dried …

Recent Developments In Electrical Microcharacterization Using The Charge Collection Mode Of The Scanning Electron Microscope, D. B. Holt, M. Lesniak

Scanning Electron Microscopy

There are six distinguishable types of charge collection (CC) signal. Consequently specially designed CC detection systems are needed to obtain e.g. true EBIC and EBIV measurements and make quantitative electrical microcharacterization possible. EBIC and EBIV can arise from fields due to barriers such as p-n junctions or due to changes in doping e.g. p to p+. Materials, defect and device parameters are calculable from these signals. Hot-cold stages are important for temperature dependence studies of contrast, for improving signal to noise ratios and reducing leakage currents. Image processing and pattern recognition methods are vital for rapidly locating and evaluating the …

Applications Of Scanning Electron Microscopy And X-Ray Microanalysis In Inner Ear Pathology, M. Anniko, D. J. Lim, A. Sobin, R. Wróblewski

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Surface pathology of inner ear structures so far described in detail concern cochlear and vestibular hair cells and the stria vascularis. In man, surgical intervention into the inner ear is very uncommon and when performed is in general with the primary objective of destroying the diseased peripheral end organs. The vast majority of inner ear tissue available for use with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is therefore obtained from animals.

The present paper reviews the progression of surface pathology caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics, acoustic overstimulation and in a guinea pig strain with genetic inner ear disease. The primary site of onset …

Cell Movement And Contraction In Somite Development, Ellen A. G. Chernoff

Scanning Electron Microscopy

During somite formation the segmental plate mesoderm, lying on either side of the axial organs, reorganizes into roughly spherical pairs of epithelial structures. This segmentation process includes changes in cell shape and position, cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesive properties and accumulation of extracellular matrix material which proceed down the anterior-posterior axis. Later in somite development the sclerotome region "disperses", migrating around the spinal cord where it produces the cartilage model of the vertebral column. Experimental manipulation of segmentation and sclerotome dispersal with drugs affecting microfilaments, microtubules and calcium-dependent contraction suggest that cells migrate into position, elongate, and undergo apical contraction as …

Ultrastructural Studies Of Crystal-Organic Matrix Relations In Renal Stones, P. -T. Cheng, A. D. Reid, K. P. H. Pritzker

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Biochemically the organic matrix of kidney stones contains mucoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, inorganic material and bound water. Morphologically, the organic matrix exists as either amorphous or fibrous forms. We have attempted to critically evaluate results from analytical and morphological studies on stone matrices using light microscopy, histochemistry, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction.

On the surface of calcium oxalate stones, there are usually large masses of randomly deposited calcium oxalate crystals each coated with organic matrix. Transmission electron microscopy shows these large surface crystals are composed of rows of smaller crystallites …

Electron Beam Induced Damage On Passivated Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices, S. Görlich, E. Kubalek

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Electron beam testing of integrated circuits (IC) is currently based on the electron beam induced conductivity in insulators to short the passivation layer and to enable a voltage measurement at covered conductor tracks. However, applying this technique to passivated MOS devices causes severe radiation damage, which was at first explained by primary electrons penetrating into the deep-lying gate oxide. Nondestructive electron beam testing was expected by using low electron energies that do not allow the primary electrons to reach into the gate oxide.

Therefore here the influence of nonpenetrating electron irradiation on the characteristics of passivated NMOS transistors has been …

Food Microstructure

Food Structure

No abstract provided.

In Vivo Light Microscopy Of Organs, Robert S. Mccuskey

Scanning Electron Microscopy

High resolution, brightfield and fluorescence, light microscopic methods have been developed for examining living organs in situ. The methods permit study of the rate, duration, magnitude and direction of dynamic histologic, pathologic, physiologic and pharmacologic events. In addition, morphometric analyses of such living preparations can provide basic information needed to evaluate alterations induced by fixation and processing of these organs for electron microscopy. Most organs are amenable to such investigations. In anesthetized animals, the selected organ is trans-and/or epi-illuminated with selected wavelengths of monochromatic light, imaged with water immersion objectives and the resulting monochromatic optical images televised using silicon …

Physics Of The Preparation And Observation Of Specimens That Involve Cryoprocedures, E. Kellenberger, E. Carlemalm, W. Villiger

Scanning Electron Microscopy

With this introductory chapter we attempt a synthesis of old and new knowledge of the physical principles that govern cryomethods. Interface phenomena determine the increase or decrease of the number of particles observed in frozen-hydrated suspensions because they occupy the air-liquid interface according to their specific balance of hydrophobic versus hydrophilic properties. Biological macromolecules are surrounded by organised water, the hydration shell, that prevents them from sticking to each other. Partial or complete removal of these hydration shells by freeze-drying or freeze-substitution leads to collapses or aggregations. The solvent-induced aggregation is usually decreased by prior cross-linking with adequate chemical fixatives. …

On The Application And Possibilities Of In Vivo Microscopy In Liver Research, E. Wisse, R. S. Mccuskey

Scanning Electron Microscopy

In vivo microscopy (IVM) provides a valuable method for studying the histophysiology of the living liver. The method allows observation of living cells in the intact organ of an anesthetized animal with an undisturbed microcirculation, at a magnification and a resolution comparable to normal light microscopy of sectioned material. Due to the absence of preparative procedures, the image differs substantially from histological sections, but it has the advantage of providing us with a reference preparation free of artifacts. In the case of the liver, we have the opportunity to observe directly such details as bile capillaries, intracellular fat droplets, lysosomes, …

Soil Water And Temperature In Harvested And Nonharvested Pinyon-Juniper Stands, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Tree harvesting increased soil water content, but the effect diminished over 4 years. The mean increase in soil water content was 2 to 4 percent the first year following harvest and 0 to 3 percent after 4 years. Although tree harvesting released soil water previously used by tree species, other biotic and abiotic demands increased. We speculate postharvest increases in wind and solar energy at the ground surface and increased understory transpiration in part explain the decline in soil water content differences between harvested and nonharvested plots over time.

An Application Of Discrete Optimization For Developing Economically Efficient Multiple-Use Projects, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

A discrete version of the continuous joint production model in economic theory is presented for use in designing multiple-use projects and identifying efficient management prescriptions for forest planning. Data requirements are less demanding than the continuous theoretical model, yet some of the more important features are maintained. Models can be formulated graphically or as mixed-integer programming problems that are easily solved via computerized routines.

Permit Values Of Federal Grazing In The West, E. Bruce Godfrey, Darwin B. Nielsen, Denny Lytle

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Grazing permits are the authorization to graze livestock on federally administered 1 and. In the early 1900s, grazing permits were first observed to have value to the rancher over and above the grazing fee charges by the government. Ranchers were willing to pay the fee plus an additional amount to gain access to the permit. It was reported that during this period the privilege to graze federal land became so valuable that it figured in sales contracts for lands adjacent to the forest whose owners held grazing permits. The control of grazing privileges on federal land has been valued by …

Fruit Canning Methods, Georgia C. Lauritzen

Archived Food and Health Publications

Publication gives instructions for canning various different types of fruit.

Food Microstructure

Food Structure

No abstract provided.

Attaining Visual Quality Objectives In Timber Harvest Areas - Landscape Architects' Evaluation, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

When management activities such as timber harvest are undertaken on National Forest lands, landscape architects establish plans and guidelines so the project will meet a desired level of visual quality. This visual quality objective (VQO) for a given project is based on forest conditions, topography, and the type of viewing that is anticipated (viewing distance, number and type of visitors, etc.). Although landscape architects provide criteria and guidelines to achieve these visual objectives, there is no direct feedback mechanism with which to monitor the public's reaction or ascertain the extent to which visual objectives are met.

Response Of Grass Species To Tree Harvesting In Singleleaf Pinyon-Utah Juniper Stands, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Cover, yield, and nutrient concentrations of grasses were sampled on tree-harvested and nonharvested plots on north, west, and south aspects of a singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla)-Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) stand. Grass cover increased rapidly the first 2 years following tree harvest, but the rate of increase declined over the next 2 years. Grass yield varied among aspects and soil microsites on tree-harvested plots but not on the nonharvested plots where tree competition masked aspect and microsite effects. All grass species had greater yield and greater percentage nitrogen and phosphorus on harvested than on nonharvested plots. Low digestibility of some species …

An Analysis Of Public Range Lands Grazing Fee And Factors Contributing To Fee Differences, Donald L. Snyder, Darwin Nielsen

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The data on which this analysis is based were obtained from the Bureau of Land Management (8LM), U.S. Department of Interior. They were taken from the listing of leases found in the Westwide appraisal study and represent those leases classified as "sub leases", where federal permittees leased their federal grazing allotment to another party. The data cover fourteen western states including Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The number of observations included in the analysis varied by state as shown in Figure 1. Several states had a minimal number of sub …

Archaic And Late Prehistoric Adaptation In Southwestern Wyoming: The Frontier Pipeline Excavations, Alan R. Schroedl

Elusive Documents

No abstract provided.

Glutaraldehyde Fixation Chemistry A Scheme For Rapid Crosslinking And Evidence For Rapid Oxygen Consumption, Timothy J. A. Johnson

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The chemical literature suggests that pyridine derivatives are the major reaction products of amine-aldehyde reactions. A scheme is proposed for pyridine synthesis which is derived from a classic synthesis of pyridines from one amine molecule and 3 aldehyde molecules. The pyridine polymers are considered as a major class of cross-links in glutaraldehyde fixed cells. This scheme for pyridine synthesis accounts for the following observations of amine-glutaraldehyde react ions: 1) large quantities of acid are rapidly produced, 2) oxygen uptake occurs at a high rate, 3) a variety of products distinguished by molecular size are rapidly and irreversibly synthesized, and 4) …