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Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah Center For Water Resources Research, A Program Overview, L. Douglas James, Donna H. Falkenborg

Reports

Organization of Prepared Material: This overview presents the water resources research program administered through the Utah Water Research Laboratory and the Utah Center for Water Resources Reserach. The document is prepared for an internal review by a faculty team organized by the Administration of Utah State university and an external review by a team organized by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of a national effort to evaluate the water research centers in every state over a 2-year period. These materials are prepared to stimulate discussion and spark innocative ideas for building an even stronger program. The UWRL/UCWRR administration sees …

Economic Evaluation Of Conservation Concepts For Municipal Water Systems, Trevor C. Hughes, Rangesan Narayanan, Mac Mckee, A. Bruce Bishop, Robert Leconte, Sumani Al-Hassan

Reports

Five concepts for conservation of municipal water supply are analyzed from an economic efficiency perspectice. They include: 1) seasonal pricing (for reduction of peak period water use), 2) dual water systems (separate high quality drinking water and untreated outdoor irrigation systems), 3) imported water transmission facility capacity optimization, 4) flow restricting devices, and 5) short-term rationing concepts. Optimization models, including generalized model generators, were developed for analysis of the first three concepts and demonstrated by applications to cities in Utah. The flow restricting device and short-term rationsing concept analyses applied approaches taken from the literature to example sites in Utah. …

Feasibility Of Incorporating Aquaculture, Solar Pond Energy, And Mineral Extraction Technologies To Control Localized Sources Of Salinity In River Systems, J. Paul Riley

Reports

Salinity poses a serious and continuing problem to the full utilization of water resources in many river basins of western U.S. A variety of management measures have been employed to mitigate the damaging effects of salinity on agricultural crops as well as on municipal and industrial uses of water. The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act illustrates the logic of addressing the problem on a basin wide basis under a strategy that give priority to those localized sources of salinity that contribute disproportionately large amounts of salt to the system. It remains then to devise control measures specific to each …

National Surface Water Survey: National Stream Survey Phase I--Pilot Survey, J. J. Messer, C. W. Ariss, R. Baker, S. K. Drouse, K. N. Eshleman, P. R. Kaufmann, R. A. Linthurst, J. M. Omernik, W. S. Overton, M. J. Sale, R. D. Schonbrod, S. M. Stambaugh, J. R. Tuschall Jr.

Reports

No abstract provided.

Appendices: Water Quality Management In Utah Mountain Watersheds, Keith R. Kimball, E. Joe Middlebrooks

Reports

No abstract provided.

Expected Effects Of In-Lake Dikes On Water Levels And Quality In The Farmington Bay And The East Shore Areas Of The Great Salt Lake, Utah, Duane G. Chadwick, J. Paul Riley, Alberta J. Seierstad, Darwin L. Sorensen, Norman E. Stauffer

Reports

Introduction: The Great Salt Lake is a terminal lake and as such is one of the major inland bodies of salt water in the world, and the largest lake of brine in the western hemisphere. Its unique features, including its mineral rich waters and interesting shores and islands, make it appealing to both industry and vacationers. Until recently, some of the great waterfowl sanctuaries in the U.S. existed along the easterly and northerly shores of the lake. However, during the past three years record breaking inflow volumes and lower than normal evaporation rates have caused an unprecidented rate of rise …

Expected Effects Of In-Lake Dikes On Water Levels And Quality In The Farmington Bay And The East Shore Areas Of The Great Salt Lake, Utah (Executive Summary), Duane G. Chadwick, J. Paul Riley, Alberta J. Seierstad, Darwin L. Sorensen, Norman E. Stauffer

Reports

Introduction: The Great Salt Lake is a terminal lake and as such is one of the major inland bodies of salt water in the world, and the largest lake of brine in the western hemisphere. Its unique features, including its mineral rich waters and interesting shores and islands, make it appealing to both industry and vacationers. Until recently, some of the great waterfowl sanctuaries in the U.S. existed along the easterly and northerly shores of the lake. However, during the past three years record breaking inflow volumes and lower than normal evaporation rates have caused an unprecidented rate of rise …

Water Quality Management In Utah Mountain Watersheds, Keith R. Kimball, E. Joe Middlebrooks

Reports

What Quality Management in Utah Mountain Streams: Several years of thorough monitoring of water quality parameters in Little Cottonwood Creek in Salt Lake County, Utah, measured the natural levels of the major water constituents, spotted significant (largely nonpoint) pollution sources, identified the pollutants deserving primary attention, and suggested the approaches to land and water management for pollution control in a mountain watershed used primarily for recreation purposes. Bacterial pollution is greater at night than during the day, on weekends than on week days, and in the summer than in the winter. Mineral content is of natural origin and largely explained …

Mechanical Properties Of Cheese, Cheese Analogues And Protein Gels In Relation To Composition And Microstructure, M. L. Green, K. R. Langley, R. J. Marshall, B. E. Brooker, A. Willis, J. F. V. Vincent

Food Structure

Samples of commercial Cheddar cheese, experimental Cheddar cheeses made from heated, ultrafiltration-concentrated mllks, processed cheese analogues and whey protein gels of defined composition were examined microscopically and some fracture and deformation properties were determined. Surfaces of cheese prepared by critical point drying and those examined frozen were comparable in microstructure. As the concentration factor of the milk used for experimental c heesemaking increased, the cheese became more resistant to reversible deformation, the work required to cut with a wire or break wf th a hammer increased and the microstructure showed that the protein matrix was coarser. The force to deform …

The Skinned Fiber Technique As A Potential Method For Study Of Muscle As A Food, R. G. Cassens, T. J. Eddinger, R. L. Moss

Food Structure

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle cells can be skinned by physical means or a variety of chemical techniques. The skinned fibers have been used to study the molecular mechanisms of contraction and the regulation of contraction by ca++. Skinned fiber preparations are also useful for study of muscle as a food. For example, it is now possible to determine fiber type of skinned fibers following study of their physical properties.

Fixing Conditions In The Freeze Substitution Technique For Light Microscopy Observation Of Frozen Beef Tissue, M. N. Martino, N. E. Zaritzky

Food Structure

The freeze substitution histological technique allows the indirect light microscopicobservation and the quantitative evaluation of ice crystal size in frozen tissues. Theuseofchemical fixatives in substitu ting fluids improves morphological and histochemical preservation of the tissue. Fixation conditions become important since this step can introduce modifications in crystal sizes . Effects of temperature on: a) diffusion rate of fixing solution in tissue, b) recrystallization rate of ice in frozen beef and c) variations of the froze~ water fraction were ana lyzed, establishing that 1sothermal freeze fixation constitutes an appropriate method for histological observation. Fixing at temperatures lower than that of the …

Microstructure Of Mealy And Vitreous Wheat Endosperms (Triticum Durum L.) With Special Emphasis On Location And Polymorphic Behaviour Of Lipids, A. Al Saleh, D. Marion, D. J. Gallant

Food Structure

Dark inclusions observed in osmiophilic zones, already described in mature wheat endosperm using transmission electron microscopy, were confirmed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy to be lipids. The polar lipids (glycolipids, phospholipids, free fatty acides, monoglycerides) were organized in a liquid crystalline phase. The reversed hexagonal or HII phase should be the main lattice which might arise from the transition of lipids present in membranous structures as a lamellar phase. This transition was caused by dehydration occurring during maturation. It is suggested that the water-dependent lamellar hexagonal phase transitions are of considerable importance in cereal food technology.

The Structure Of Gluten Gels, A. M. Hermansson, K. Larsson

Food Structure

This paper reports on a combined electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction study of gluten gel, in which conventional gluten, a delipidized gluten sample and a storage protein fraction obtained by salt-fractionation were used. It can be concluded that the gluten gel is a continuous phase of densely packed protein units. Other structural components such as air ce lls, lipid droplets, liposomes, fiber residues, starch granules etc. are dispersed in the continuous matrix. The space available for water is strictly limited in the continuous phase due to the dense packing of protein molecules. Water that is not completely separated from the …

Features Of Food Microscopy, D. F. Lewis

Food Structure

The value of food microscopy is judged by its practical application to food handling. Hence microscopists must explain the relevance of their findings to food technologists. The food microscopist has to deal with materials that are particularly difficult to prepare for microscopy because they often contain high levels of fat, air, sugar, salt, starch or acid. Sometimes the methods used are unorthodox and could be regarded as questionable by microscopists in more traditional disciplines. This paper considers the relationship between food microscopists, food technologists and other microscopists. An approach to interpretation of images is based on the following features. 1) …

The Development Of Structure In Whipped Cream, B. E. Brooker, M. Anderson, A. T. Andrews

Food Structure

Interfacial changes occurring during the formation of whipped cream were followed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. During the initial stages of whipping, air bubbles were stabilized by adsorbed 8-casein and whey proteins with little involvement of fat globules. The adsorption of fat to a i r bubbles occurred ~.then the globule membrane coalesced with the protein a ir-water i nterface . As a res ult, fat was brought into direct contact with air but only rarely did it spread at the ai.r-fat interface. The crosslinking of fat globules adsor bed t o adjacent air bubbles by chains of coalesced …

Mucilage In Yellow Mustard (Brassica Hirta) Seeds, I. R. Siddiqui, S. H. Yiu, J. D. Jones, M. Kalab

Food Structure

Release of mucilage from yellow mustard (brassica hirta, also known as Sinapis alba) seed coats (hulls) was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs were obtained of the mucilage which had exuded from briefly moistened seeds and dried subsequently in the form of small droplets on the seed surface.

The mucilage collected from the seed surface and mucilage isolated on a larger scale from seed hulls was hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid and the hydrolyzates were analyzed for sugar composition. Galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid were found to be major components and mannose, arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose were minor components. …

Relationship Between Microstructure And Susceptibility To Syneresis In Yoghurt Made From Reconstituted Nonfat Dry Milk, V. R. Harwalkar, Miloslav Kalab

Food Structure

Increase in the density of protein matrices i n yoghurt samples conta ining 10 to 30% total milk sol ids was studied by scanning electron micros copy and was corr e lated with a decrease in syneresis. Casein particles which formed chains and clusters in the protein matrix were largest in the 10% total solids yoghurt and their dimensions were decreased as the total solids contents were increased. This observation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections. An attempt has been made to explain the discrepancy between results on syneresis obtained by a drainage and a centrifugation method …

Silviculture Of Aspen In The Central Rocky Mountains And Southwest, Wayne D. Shepperd

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Aspnorm: A Normal Diameter Distribution Growth And Yield Model For Aspen In The Central Rocky Mountains, H.T. Mowrer

Aspen Bibliography

Development of a normal diameter distribution growth and yield model for pure, even-aged, unthinned clones of aspen in the central Rocky Mountains is described, including testing for normality of diameter distributions, development of regression estimators for stand parameters, model validation, and model application.

Aspen Community Types Of Utah, Walter F. Mueggler, R.B. Campbell

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Vertical Migration Of Onychiurus Subtenuis (Collembola) In Relation To Rainfall And Microbial Activity, M. Hassall, S. Visser, D. Parkinson

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Leaf Morphology Plasticity In Response To Light Environment In Deciduous Tree Species And Its Implication On Forest Succession, F. Goulet, P. Bellefleur

Aspen Bibliography

Sun leaves of five deciduous tree species were shaded, while shade leaves of the same species were exposed to direct rays of the sun prior to budbreak and during leaf expansion. Thickness, area, and density thickness (fresh weight per unit area) were measured and compared with sun and shade leaves that were used as a control. These parameters showed a considerable differentiation in leaf structure both for the control and treated leaves, particularly with very tolerant (American beech and sugar maple) and intermediate (yellow birch) species; this was apparently associated with the prevailing light conditions around a particular leaf from …

Greenhouse Production Of Quaking Aspen Seedlings, K.E. Burr

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Aspen Regeneration In 6- To 10-Year-Old Clearcuts In Southwestern Colorado, Glenn L. Crouch

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Streamline Herbicide Release Of Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa), L.S. Brooks, B.S. Jones

Aspen Bibliography

Conifer management in the lake States requires the land manager have a diverse set of tools to accomplish the task of plantation establishment and survival. Methods are almost as variable as the soils of the region, which as remnants of ancient seas, volcanos and more recent glaciers. Terrain, soil profile, drainage, aspect and climate are some of the basic factors contributing to the diversity of sites and management regimes practices in the region. Herbicides are an important part of successful conifer management regimes. Approximately 70M forested acres are treated annually in MN, WI and the Upper Peninsula of MI.

Appraising Fuels And Flammability In Western Aspen: A Prescribed Fire Guide, J.K. Brown, D.G. Simmerman

Aspen Bibliography

Describes a method for appraising fuels and fire behavior potential in aspen forests to guide the use of prescribed fire and preparation of fire prescriptions. Includes an illustrated classification of aspen fuels; appraisals of fireline intensity, rate of spread, adjective ratings for fire behavior and probability of burn success; and evaluations of seasonal change in live fuel moisture contents.

Relationships Among Aspen, Fungi, And Ungulate Browsing In Colorado And Wyoming, John H. Hart

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Snakes, Terry A. Messmer, E. Cleary

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Potential Energy Surface Of (Nh3)2, Z. Latajka, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Ab initio calculations at the SCF and correlated levels are carried out to characterize the potential energy surface of the NH₃ dimer. The two basis sets used are 4‐31G∗ and a larger one containing two sets of d‐functions on N centers, 6‐31G∗∗ (1p, 2d). The only minimum occurring on the surface is a cyclic C_2h structure in which the two H‐bonding protons are displaced 42° from the N‐‐N axis. The surface contains a very shallow valley along the direction leading from this geometry to a single linear H bond although …

Correction Of The Basis Set Superposition Error In Scf And Mp2 Interaction Energies. The Water Dimer, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

There has been some discussion concerning whether basis set superposition error is more correctly evaluated using the full set of ghost orbitals of the partner molecule or some subset thereof. A formal treatment is presented, arguing that the full set is required at the Møller–Plesset level. Numerical support for this position is provided by calculation of the interaction energy between a pair of water molecules, using a series of moderate sized basis sets ranging from 6‐31G∗∗ to the [432/21] contraction suggested by Clementi and Habitz. These energies, at both the SCF and MP2 levels, behave erratically with respect to changes …