Digital Commons Network^™

Early Development Of The Vertebrate Limb: An Introduction To Morphogenetic Tissue Interactions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Robert O. Kelley

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The developing limbs of most vertebrates serve as a model system for studies of morphogenesis, pattern formation, cell and tissue interactions and cell differentiation. Mesoderm in the flank of the embryo induces overlying ectoderm to form a thickened, stratified or pseudo-stratified epithelium which becomes the highly specialized apical ectodermal ridge. In turn, the apical ridge specifies individual limb parts (first from structures proximal to the body axis, then to more distal components) and is required for those elements to form. If the ridge is removed, subsequent limb development ceases and no further limb parts appear. The series of ectodermal-mesodermal interactions …

Progress In High Resolution Scanning Ion Microscopy And Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging Microanalysis, R. Levi-Setti, G. Crow, Y. L. Wang

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The performance of a new high resolution scanning ion microprobe (SIM) is elucidated with regard to imaging capabilities using the ion-induced secondary electron (ISE) or secondary ion (ISI) signals, and the mass-resolved signal from a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) system. The new instrument focuses a beam extracted from a liquid metal ion source (LMIS) to a range of spot sizes reaching the 20 nm level. The probe current (1.6 pA) available at this level of lateral resolution, which approaches the theoretical resolution limits of the SIMS method, is still adequate to obtain detailed isotopic maps for surfaces rich in …

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Technique For Three-Dimensional Visualization Of The Spatial Arrangement Of Metaphase, Anaphase And Telophase Chromatids, David A. Welter, Lon D. Hodge

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Chromosome and chromatid alignment in mitotic configurations remains a topic of interest because there is little precise information. For example, reconstruction of mitotic configurations from serial sections collected with transmission electron microscopy has proven to be neither practical nor a sensitive method for conceptualizing these arrangements. Similarly light microscopy has been even more unsatisfactory because of its limited resolution and lack of three-dimensional capabilities. These limitations conceivably could be overcome by visualization of mitotic configurations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, SEM has its limitations, of which the most obvious with regard to visualization of mitotic configurations, is that such …

The Use Of The Scanning Electron Microscope In Studying The Heat Treatment Of Prehistoric Lithic Artifacts From The North Florida Weeden Island Period Mckeithen Site, G. Michael Johnson

Scanning Electron Microscopy

In this paper, I discuss a study in which I attempted to determine whether or not the inhabitants of the McKeithen site, a Weeden Island Period mound and village complex in what is today northern Florida, employed heat treatment as part of their lithic reduction technology, and if so, at what point in the reduction sequence it was conducted. I used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to photograph raw and heat treated control samples of northern Florida chert, then debitage and tools of chert and silicified coral from the McKeithen site which represented the range of colors and luster present …

Analysis Of Minerals Using Specimen Isolated Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, J. B. Metson, G. M. Bancroft, H. W. Nesbitt

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Considerably improved suppression of molecular ions in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) spectra of nonconductor minerals has been obtained using a CAMECA IMS-3f ion microscope with unconventional operating conditions [so-called specimen isolated (SI) conditions]. In a zircon spectrum close to forty elements are positively identified and molecular ions such as oxides and hydrides have very low intensities. Thus, with a ²⁸Si⁺ intensity of 10⁶ cps, the Si⁺/Si0⁺ ratio is 10⁵, and the ³⁰SiH⁺ intensity is low enough to enable quantitative analysis using ³¹P⁺ down to 0.01 wt % …

Microprobe Analysis In Human Pathology, D. Baker, K. G. Kupke, P. Ingram, V. L. Roggli, J. D. Shelburne

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This tutorial paper reviews the literature on the application of microprobe analysis to practical problems in diagnostic human pathology. The goal is to allow the reader ready access to the literature on specific clinical problems. Specimen preparation and commonly encountered artifacts are also considered. It is concluded that energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis and backscattered electron imaging are at present the most generally useful microprobe techniques for clinical work, and are no longer solely research tools. The findings often have diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or legal implications.

Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis In The Rat: Is It A Model For Human Stone Disease? A Review Of Recent Literature, S. R. Khan, R. L. Hackett

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Calcium oxalate stone disease is the most common human urinary stone disease in the Western Hemisphere. To understand different aspects of the disease, calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the rat is used as a model. Spontaneous calcium oxalate urolithiasis is very rare in rats. Thus the disease is experimentally induced and the rats are generally made hyperoxaluric either by administration of excess oxalate, exposure to the toxin ethylene glycol, or various nutritional manipulations. All the experimental models show renal injury associated with crystal deposition. Calcium oxalate crystals are in most cases intraluminal in renal tubules and often attached to the basal …

Electrical Surface Breakdown: Secondary Electron Emission And Electron Spectroscopy Of Insulators, J. P. Vigouroux, C. Le Gressus, J. P. Duraud

Scanning Electron Microscopy

These results question the usual scheme of flashover. They lead to a different interpretation based on classical concepts in solid state physics which can be verified at every step. An ionizing cascade in the bands, rather than a cascade of electron multiplication on the insulating surface, could explain the flashover, the conditioning and the deconditioning of high voltage generators through the building of a surface charge. As in the usual model the positive charge is responsible for the flashover, in this new model the building of this charge is the basis of the conditioning. The ionizing cascade in the bands …

A Generic And Subgeneric Revision Of The Heriades Genus-Group (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), Terry Griswold

Biology

This study presents the first part of a projected worldwide revision of the osmiine bees (Family Megachilidae). Based on a cladistic analysis of the Megachilidae, the osmiines are considered a monophyletic group and are accorded formal rank as the Tribe Osmiini in the Subfamily Megachilinae. The Heriades Genus-group is recognized as an informal group of related genera within the Osmiini. Eight genera are recognized within the Heriades Genus-group: Afroheriades Peters (=Archeriades Peters, new synonymy), new status, Heriades Spinola, Hofferia Tkalcu, Noteriades Cockerell, Protosmia Ducke, Pseudoheriades Peters, Stenoheriades Tkalcu, new status, and Xeroheriades Griswold. Two new subgenera of Heriades, …

The Effects Of Fluoride On Chloroplast And Tonoplast Biochemical Functions, John L. Giannini

Biology

The exposure of isolated chloroplast and tonoplast vesicles to solutions containing soluble fluoride compounds results in reduced rates of photochemical activity. These reductions can be related to fluoride's effects on the chemistry of these structures. In the chloroplast, photophosphorylation was inhibited. This inhibition was due to binding of fluoride to the chloroplast ATPase (CF₁). Other major functions (Calvin cycle, PSI, PSII, NADP+ reductase) were not affected. The tonoplast was inhibited in two ways. The tonoplast ATPase shows decreases in activity at high fluoride concentrations above 30 mM. At concentrations lower than 30 mM the ATPase is not affected …

Wireworms (Coleoptera:Elateridae) Affecting Wheat And Barley In Cache County, Utah, Alexander Gordon Liki

Biology

Elaterid, or wireworm, larvae occur commonly in farms around Logan, Cache County, Utah. Farmers have reported damage to crops such as wheat, barley, corn and vegetables. Field observations have verified the presence of wireworms on many crops. Wirewarms affecting wheat and barley were studied during two seasons. The major wireworm activity occurred during May and June. Wireworms occurring in wheat and barley fields were sampled and evaluated during 1981 and 1982. Nearly all species were Aeolus mellillus or Limonius infuscatus. Larger larvae of both these species inflicted damage to crops, mostly during May. Aeolus mellillus larvae predominated in wheat …

The Water Economy Of Nestling Swainson's Hawks (Buteo Swainsoni), John S. Kirkley

Biology

The six major components of the water economy of nestling Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) were quantified and incorporated into water budget scenarios demonstrating the effects of heat stress and dietary composition on water balance. Four consecutive 1-week food trials were conducted on each of 16 nestlings to measure rates of food consumption, growth, energy utilization, excrement production and pellet production. Rates of evaporative water loss and CO2 production were measured gravimetrically on 28 nestlings under 4 thermal conditions (25°C, 35°C, 42°C, and 30°C plus sunlight) using an open flow indirect calorimetry system. Water utilization components ( i.e., water …

Costs, Benefits And The Optimal Rotation Of Standing Forests, Donald L. Snyder, Rabindra N. Bhattacharyya

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The Faustmann model has played a key role in the determination of optimal forest rotations. Faustmann introduced a simple and deterministic competitive economic model, the objective of which was to maximize the present value of perpetual returns to the fixed factor of production, a unit of timber land. The optimal rotation problem, as viewed by him, is a timber management problem abstracting from the important multiple use characteristics of forest land. Hartman (1976) and Strang (1983) developed a modified Faustmann model where the forest resource stock 'per se' is assumed to have consumptive value in the form of "recreation", a …

Dispersal Of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi In A Disturbed Arid Ecosystem: The Potential Roles Of Biotic And Abiotic Agents, Nancy J. Warner

Biology

An evaluation of wind, small mammals and grasshoppers as dispersal agents of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was conducted in a shrub-steppe community disturbed by strip-mining in southwestern Wyoming. The capacity of each type of dispersal agent to move spores was assessed through survey and experimental sampling techniques. The collection of air samples, grasshoppers and rodent and grasshopper feces revealed that all agents studied carry VAM spores, especially in late summer. This pattern correlates well with the sporulation phenology of VAM fungi. While some spores recovered from rodent feces were germinable, those obtained from grasshoppers were not under the conditions tested. …

Effects Of Dietary Levels Of Essential Fatty Acids On Rotaviral Gastroenteritis In Infant Mice, Kamyar Abolhassan Zahedi

Biology

Effects of dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) on rotaviral gastroenteritis were studied using the infant mouse as the model animal. Female mice were placed on diets devoid of EFA (0%) for 30 days. Nine days prior to breeding they were divided into three groups receiving 25%, 100% and 200% of the normally recommended quantity of dietary EFAs and were kept on this diet throughout the studies. Two-day-old offspring were infected orally with cesium chloride-purified murine rotavirus (MRV) and the extent of infection was determined. The severity of diarrhea, as exhibited by greater ratios of intestinal weight to whole …

Studies On The Proteinase Negative Lactic Streptococci, Craig J. Oberg

Biology

Cheddar cheese was manufactured with a proteinase negative strain of Streptococcus cremoris and from a proteinase positive commercial blend, Cheese curing was measured for one year. Soluble nitrogen as a percent of total nitrogen was analyzed at 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days of age. Five expert cheese graders judged the cheese at 15, 60, 90, 180, and 365 days of age. All of the cheese graded in the superior range for the six grading catagories; flavor, body, texture, total cheese grade, curdiness, and cheese flavor intensity. The cheese made with proteinase negative cultures graded best in overall texture …

Aphids And Their Predators Associated With Wheat In Northern Utah, Mauaid Kalifa Khidher

Biology

Four wheat fields in northern Utah were sampled sequentially during 1982 and 1983 for aphid species and their predators. Feeding tests were conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory using two aphid species and lygus bug nymphs as prey with six different predator species. Three dominant aphid species were collected in both winter and spring wheat. They were: the English grain aphid Macrosiphum avenae (Fabr.), the greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and the rose grass aphid Acyrthosiphum dirhodum (Walker). Four other aphid species were collected in relatively small numbers during the summer. They were: the western wheat aphid Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), the …

Growth And Development Of The Black Grass Bug (Labops Hesperius Uhler) In The State Of Utah, Eric M. Coombs

Biology

The growth and development of the black grass bug Labops hesperius Uhler was observed to be a definitive process highly correlated with the accumulation of thermal energy units; chill units and growing degree hours. Development of a laboratory model demonstrated that there were considerable variations due to abiotic and biotic factors in the field that resulted in the field to laboratory growing degree hour and chill unit ratios to average about 0.55, with a base temperature of 4.5 C. Chill requirements to break egg diapause in 90 percent of the grass bug eggs tested required 1100 chill units in the …

Habit Reversal Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa, Ken Small

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Although several writers have emphasized the habit-like characteristics of bulimia nervosa, no study has investigated the extent to which bulimia responds to treatment specifically for habit disorders. Habit reversal is a general treatment plan which teaches individuals to regain lost awareness of all aspects of a habit. The habit is then interrupted at the earliest movement in the chain by a physically competing response. Habit reversal (Azrin & Nunn, 1973) has been effective in treating other habits (e.g., stuttering, tics, bruxism). In the present study, habit reversal was adapted for the treatment of bulimia.

In response to newspaper advertisements, ten …

Decisions Of Pregnant Adolescents As They Affect Later Well-Being, Myra Lynch

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of family life presently experienced by women who were premaritally pregnant as teenagers. Self-esteem and general life satisfaction were measured in order to evaluate the results of pregnancy decisions made five to 10 years earlier. A survey design was used to (1) obtain demographic data, (2) analyze the relationships between these women and their parents, (3) determine the level and type of education completed by the women, (4) compare mothers who married before the birth of the child, single mothers, and mothers releasing their children for adoption on many variables …

A Comparison Between Desensitization And Relaxation Training In The Treatment Of Primary Dysmenorrhea, Susan Myrna Jones Carcelli

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The use of relaxation, desensitization, and relaxation plus desensitization in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea was investigated in this study. Subjects were 45 university women who experienced either congestive or spasmodic dysmenorrhea. Each subject was individually treated in four, one-hour sessions during the first 20 days of her menstrual cycle. Subjects were divided into three groups: Group 1 obtained four hours of progressive relaxation training, group 2 was asked to self-relax while being administered scenes from a standardized menstrual hierarchy, and group 3 obtained both relaxation training and desensitization. Type of dysmenorrhea was assessed by the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ). …

The Relationship Of Type A And Type B Coronary Behavior Patterns And Achievement Striving, Jolene Lowry Adams

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic replication of the experiment of Burnam, Pennebaker, and Glass (1973) using an adult population and the Jenkins Activity Survey. Additionally, this study attempted to address the issue of whether the previous results would be substantiated when a non-college sample was used.

The subjects consisted of40 females and 40 males who volunteered to participate in the study. All subjects were given the Jenkins Activity Survey and randomly assigned to Condition I, the No Deadline condition, or Condition II, the Deadline condition. The subjects in the No Deadline condition were given arithmetic …

Production Of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific For The Microgametocytes Of Eimeria Tenella, Marc A. Laxer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The objective of this study was to produce a monoclonal antibody specific for the microgametocytes of Eimeria tenella, examine the site and stage specificity of the antibody, and investigate the immunopotency of the antibody. BALB/c mice were immunized with antigen containing Eimeria tenella microgametocytes isolated from in vitro systems. After three intraperitoneal immunizations with the antigen and one booster immunization administered by tail vein injection, the mice were sacrificed and their spleen cells fused with SP2/0 mouse myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol as a fusing agent. Resultant hybridomas were screened by immunoelectrophoresis, indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay, and immunoelectron microscopy …

A Comparison Of Eight Selected Sports Bras: Biomechanical Support, Overall Comfort Ratings And Overall Support Ratings, Lajean R. Lawson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate eight currently marketed sports bras for differences in control of vertical displacement of the breast, overall comfort scores, and overall support scores for A, B, C and D cup sizes. An additional goal was to determine and compare differences in the vertical displacement of the nude breast among the four cup size groups. To determine differences in vertical displacement, subjects were filmed while jogging on a treadmill, and film data were analyzed frame by frame. To determine differences in overall comfort and support ratings, subjects tested each of the eight bra styles …

Energetics Of The American Kestrel (Falco Sparverius) During Three Seasons In Northern Utah, Lucinda Haggas

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Behavioral activities and predatory behavior of 18 American Kestrels (Falco sparverius, 9 males and 9 females) were observed for 350+ hours during 3 seasons (nonbreeding = Jan-Feb , breeding = mid-Mar-Apr, and postbreeding = late-Aug-Sept) in northern Utah. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) of male and female kestrels was estimated with a model that incorporated flight activity data from free-living birds and laboratory measurements on daytime and nighttime metabolic rates and energy costs of tissue production derived from captive kestrels. Production costs were included in the DEE for breeding and postbreeding kestrels.

The energy cost of gonadal growth for males (0.02 …

Factors Affecting Feeding Injury To Grasses By Adult Billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Dale C. Nielson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Factors associated with feeding injury to grass plants by two species of adult billbugs, Sphenophorus gentilis and S. parvulus, were evaluated. Early season tests utilized adult bluegrass billbugs while later studies involved wildrye billbugs. Types of feeding injury were determined and preferred feeding locations on host plants were identified for each billbug species. Greenhouse and field studies compared different species of grasses, individual plants within a species, and plants from different locations, for billbug susceptibility. The effect of grass plant age and stem size were also tested using bluegrass billbugs.

Using analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests, significant …

Cellular Immunity In Children With Down Syndrome (Trisomy-21), Roger Lee Noble

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Individuals with Down syndrome (US) suffer from increased incidence of respiratory infections and lymphoblastic leukemia, and a death rate that is particularly high in the first 5 years of life. Relatively few studies have probed immune parameters in young US children. Primary immune defects in DS may be masked by a degree of immune maturity in adults, and hygienic factors may have an effect on immune capability throughout the years. A study of young children can give clearer evidence of the actual primary immune defects in DS.

Blood samples were drawn from 20 DS children under 6 years old and …

Slow Rate Sand Filtration With And Without Clinoptilolite: A Comparison Of Water Quality And Filtration Economics, Gordon P. Foreman

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Slow rate sand filtration (SSF) amended with a 20 cm surface layer of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, was compared to SSF with no amendment in a field scale SSF facility treating 85 m³/d of water. Parameters examined included turbidity, coliforms, and ammonium removal. The control filter with sand and the experimental filter amended with the zeolite were also compared with respect to duration of filter cycle, cold weather operation, and economics.

Amended and unamended filters were approximately equivalent with respect to ammonium and coliform removal at 10° C. The zeolite amended cell was superior to the unamended cell …

Growth And Water Relations Of Mountain Big Sagebrush On Reclaimed Mine Soils In Southwestern Wyoming, Alan T. Carpenter

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Mined-land reclamation practices in shrub-steppe ecosystems can be augmented by planting seedlings of locally dominant shrubs, e.g., mountain big sagebrush. Dispersion pattern could affect sagebrush performance by influencing amounts of windborne snow, soil and litter which accumulate around shrubs and by influencing water withdrawal by roots. Mountain big sagebrush seedlings were planted in plots on a reclaimed coal strip mine in two dispersion patterns: singly and in clumps of four at the same overall density.

Performance of mountain big sagebrush was monitored during two growing seasons. Measures included plant survival, end-of-growing season aboveground biomass, leaf water potential components, soil water …

Chemical Weathering Of Pyrite In Soils, Aaron D. Brown

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The products of pyrite oxidation, including solution phase Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, S₂O₃^2-, S₄O₆^2-, SO₃^2- and SO₄^2- and solid phase Fe(OH)₃, were measured under controlled conditions in order to investigate the behavior of pyrite in calcareous and alkaline soils.

The distribution of sulfur oxidation products is pH dependent and can be interpreted in terms of metastable equilibrium among thiosulfate, disulfane disulfonate and sulfite. Thiosulfate and sulfite predominate in the pH range greater than about pH 7 or 8. Sulfane disulfonates are more …