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Ultrastructural Study Of Bone Formation On Synthetic Hydroxyapatite In Osteoblast Cultures, J. M. Sautier, J. R. Nefussi, N. Forest

Cells and Materials

Collagenase isolated rat calvaria cells forming a mineralized matrix in vitro were cultured in the presence of synthetic hydroxyapatite. Interactions between bone cells and hydroxyapatite biomaterial were followed by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of a granular, collagen free, electron-dense layer at the periphery of the material was noted initially. Progressively, an amorphous, granular material formed and extended between the hydroxyapatite aggregates. Osteoblastic cells then synthesized an osteoid matrix which mineralized on the first formed granular collagen free layer, following a classical pattern of calcification . Demineralization of ultrathin sections confirmed the presence of this interface between the material and …

Interactions Of Bacteria And Amoebae With Ocular Biomaterials, Thomas John

Cells and Materials

The use of biomaterials in periocular and intraocular sites has resulted in some ocular inflammations and infections which can result in vision-threatening ocular disease. This review addresses bacterial interactions with, and adherence to ocular biomaterials such as soft contact lenses, surgical suture materials, and intraocular lenses. In addition, adherence of Acanthamoeba to soft contact lenses is described, and the role of these lenses in the development of Acanthamoeba keratitis is discussed.

Evaluation Of The Images Of Specular Microscopy Of The Cells On Implanted Intraocular Lenses In Vivo, Kiyoshi Okada, Keiko Takahashi, Hiroaki Sagawa, Kuniomi Abe

Cells and Materials

Specular microscopy , an optical method to study the anterior segment of the eye, was applied to observe the cells on implanted intraocular lenses in vivo. The images from specular microscopy were evaluated by comparing the morphology of the same cells on intraocular lenses implanted in rabbit eyes by specular microscopy , light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The time lapse study in living human eyes and the optical evaluation of jts interference images were performed to elucidate its image formation.

The same giant cells, as observed in vivo by specular microscopy, proved to be multinucleated cells. It …

Stereoscopic Analysis Of Trabecular Bone Orientation In Proximal Human Tibias, K. N. Bachus, M. K. Harman, R. D. Bloebaum

Cells and Materials

The three-dimensional orientation of trabeculae is a key factor in determining the load carrying capabilities of cancellous bone. Previous biomechanical studies have shown that proximal tibias resected parallel to the articulating surface are stronger and stiffer than the contralateral tibias resected perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. However, morphologic evidence was not provided to help explain the mechanical differences.

To determine the orientation of the trabeculae in the medial condyle for both parallel cut and perpendicular cut specimens, a scanning electron microscope and stereoscopic techniques were used. Data showed that tibias cut parallel to the articular surface had …

Tissue Interactions With Dermal Sheep Collagen Implants: A Transmission Electron Microscopical Evaluation, P. B. Van Wachem, M. J. A. Van Luyn, L. Olde Damink, J. Feijen, P. Nieuwenhuis

Cells and Materials

Tissue interactions with discs of dermal sheep collagen (DSC), subcutaneously implanted in rats, were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. DSC cross-linked with hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDSC) had already been tested previously. In the present study, we compared tissue interactions of non-cross-linked DSC (NDSC) and glutaraldehyde-cross-linked DSC (GDSC) with those of HDSC. To gain more insight in the relation between basophil-like cells, foreign body multinucleate giant (FBM-G) cells derived from them, and aluminum/silicate (Al/Si)-crystals, we also implanted agarose-embedded Al/Si-crystals. GDSC induced early after implantation extensive lipid formation, cell degeneration and death, but NDSC did not have any cytotoxic effects. Basophil-like (FBM-G) cells specifically …

Mineralized Matrix Production By Osteoblasts On Solid Titanium In Vitro, B. Lowenberg, R. Chernecky, A. Shiga, J. E. Davies

Cells and Materials

Rat bone marrow cells were cultured on solid commercially pure titanium discs. Extracellular matrix (ECM) formed by the cells and the ECM/metal interface developed were examined by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ECM most intimately associated with the substratum comprised afibrillar calcium phosphate globular accretions produced by the colonizing osteoblasts. The presence of calcium and phosphorus was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. This initial layer acted as a site of anchorage for collagen fibres, produced by the osteoblasts. However, flaps of tissue elaborated during the culture period and manually reflected created a tissue division immediately above the …

Freezing: Facts And Hypothesis, J. Dubochet, K. Richter, H.-V. Roy, A. W. Mcdowall

Scanning Microscopy

Hexagonal ice crystals formed in frozen biological specimens are large and branched. They can produce severe structural damage by solute segregation but there are also cases where they seem to cause only minor damage. When cooling is more rapid, cubic ice crystals can be formed. These are small and in general, they cause little damage. These observations can be readily explained with the hypothesis that large hexagonal ice crystals can originate from the rewarming induced transformation of a large number of cubic ice crystals. This transformation would take place without significant solute displacement.

The Ultrastructure Of Cryo-Sections And Intact Vitrified Cells - The Effects Of Cryoprotectants And Acceleration Voltage On Beam Induced Bubbling, P. M. Frederik, P. H. H. Bomans, M. C. A. Stuart

Scanning Microscopy

Chemically fixed pancreas was infiltrated with various cryoprotectants to obtain homogeneously vitrified samples upon cooling. The suitability of these samples for cryo-ultramicrotomy was tested. Contrast was hardly detectable initially in thin cryo-sections but increased upon irradiation, irrespective of the cryoprotectant (glycerol, propylene glycol, methanol) used. Contrast and beam damage were analyzed in vitrified thin films from collagen, phospholipid vesicles and various concentrations of glycerol. Glycerol increased the beam sensitivity of both collagen and phospholipid vesicles, but diminished the contrast between matrix and lipid vesicles or collagen fibers. The effects of glycerol as observed in thin films explain some of the …

Aldehyde Fixation Causes Membrane Vesiculation During Platelet Exocytosis: A Freeze-Substitution Study, E. Morgenstern

Scanning Microscopy

Despite a plethora of reports on the ultrastructure of secretory granule release by exocytosis, the release of coagulant activity from stimulated platelets is still being attributed to membrane vesiculation. Membrane vesiculation and the formation of myelin figures have been shown to be artifacts of glutaraldehyde GA fixation. Cells fixed by direct osmium or rapid freezing are free of such structures. Yet there is still doubt that rapid freezing interferes with vesiculation process. This study has addressed this issue by examining: (1) whether freezing and freeze-substitution affects membrane vesiculation, (2) whether paraformaldehyde-fixation also induces the phenomenon, and (3) whether the aldehyde …

Utah Science Vol. 52 No. 4, Winter 1991

Utah Science

128 A message to the Dairy Industry: Don’t Be Cowed by Surplus Milk

130 Cheesecake Lovers Take Heart

131 Super Sleuthing to Maintain Milk’s Purity

133 Letting milk Be Milk

134 Microbes Confer Healthful Benefits on Ice Cream and Yogurt

136 Improving the Mozzarella-Pizza Partnership

138 The Commerce of Good Ideas

139 Processing to Improve Yogurt

140 Cheesemaking: Simple Accidents Create a Complex Science

142 Developing Safer Food That Protects Itself

144 Sustainable Agriculture: A New Challenge for Land Grant Universities John E. Ikerd

150 Agricultural Research: A strategy for Success G.W. Bird

156 Trends in Chinese Agriculture Sylvan H. …

Predation Risk And The Importance Of Cover For Juvenile Rainbow Trout In Lentic Systems, R. A. Tabor, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss stocked in midelevation reservoirs in Utah inhabit shallow nearshore areas and are vulnerable to predation from piscivorous fish and birds. We determined the use and importance of nearshore habitats by (1) measuring habitat selection by, prey availability to, and feeding of juvenile rainbow trout in two reservoirs with populations of predators, and (2) measuring survival and growth rates in the presence and absence of cover in a pond experiment where adult brown trout Salmo trutta were predators. In the reservoirs juvenile rainbow trout (60–120 mm standard length) were abundant in complex inshore habitats but avoided …

Ab Initio Study Of The Intermolecular Potential Of Ar–H2o, G. Chalasinski, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The combination of supermolecular Møller–Plesset treatment with the perturbation theory of intermolecular forces is applied in the analysis of the potential‐energy surface of Ar–H₂O. The surface is very isotropic with the lowest barrier for rotation of ∼35 cm⁻¹ above the absolute minimum. The lower bound for D_e is found to be 108 cm⁻¹ and the complex reveals a very floppy structure, with Ar moving freely from the H‐bridged structure to the coplanar and almost perpendicular arrangement of the C₂ –water axis and the Ar–O axis, ‘‘T‐shaped’’ structure. This motion is almost isoenergetic (energy change …

Studies Related To Nutrients Entering Groundwater From The Heber Valley Sewer Farm And Dairies, Roland W. Jeppson, Joan Mclean, Calvin G. Clyde, Scott Korom

Reports

Foreword: This report includes the results from a two year study in the Heber Valley to determine amounts of nutrients that are entering the groundwaters of the Heber Valley, and might ultimately enter Deer Creek Reservoir. Since Deer Creek Reservoir in Heber Valley, Utah supplies approximately 65 percent of the water distributed to Salt Lake County, the maintenance of its quality is of considerable importance. To maintain the quality of this reservoir and limit its eutrophication "best management" practices for surface water have been implemented gradually during the past decade in Heber Valley. These practices have significantly improved the qualities …

Utah Water Quality- Utah Ground Water, Howard Deer, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill

All Archived Publications

Ground water is important to the economic and physical well-being of the people of Utah. About 95% of Utah's fresh water is ground water. It provides more than 70% of the state's drinking water and is a major source of water for agriculture and irrigation.

Assessing Pesticide Contamination To Groundwater: A Rapid Approach, Majid Ehteshami, Richard C. Peralta, Hubert Eisele, Howard M. Deer, Terry Tindall

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A methodology has been developed for identifying hazardous pesticides/site combinations threatening ground-water contamination. Screening methodologies are required to determine which locations and pesticides now in use should receive the greatest attention to safeguard the public health. The presented method uses a hazard to ground-water hydrogeological screening model (DRASTIC) and employs a one-dimensional pesticide transport model ( CMLS). The method is an efficient and practical technique to identify where particular combinations of pesticides, water management practices, soils, and geology result in the greatest potential hazard to ground-water contamination. Use of the presented approach can reduce sampling needs and expense.

Life History And Demography Of The Common Mud Turtle, Kinosternon Subrubrum, In South Carolina, Nat B. Frazer, J. W. Gibbons, J. L. Greene

Environment and Society Faculty Publications

This paper presents a life table for the common mud turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum, in a fluctuating aquatic habitat on the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA, using data gathered in a 20-yr mark-recapture study. Data on survivorship and fecundity (clutch size, per capita clutch frequency) were assessed and compared to previously published life table statistics for the slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, in the same body of water and for the yellow mud turtle, K. flavescens, in Nebraska.

The annual survival rate for adult female Kinosternon (87.6%) is significantly higher than that of adult female Trachemys (77.4%). Similarly, male Kinosternon …

Satellite Remote Sensing To Predict Potential Distribution Of Dyers Woad (Isatis Tinctoria), Steven A. Dewey, Kevin P. Price, R. Douglas Ramsey

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper spectral data and field survey information were combined to identify specific land cover types associated with 1741 dyers woad infestation points on the Cache National Forest in northern Utah. Ten of 60 possible cover types were strongly associated with current dyers woad infestations, and therefore considered highly suited to establishment and survival of the weed. Non-infested land of the same "highly suited" cover types comprised an additional 24,714 ha within the 149,021-ha study area, suggesting the potential for an eventual 124-fold increase in dyers woad incidence on the forest.

A Cytochemical Scanning Electron Microscopy Study Of Non-Specific Acid Esterase And Acid Phosphatase Activities In Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes, A. Campos, E. Fernández-Segura, J. M. García-López

Scanning Microscopy

We analyzed the distribution patterns of nonspecific acid esterase and acid phosphatase activities with cytochemistry-scanning electron microscopy in backscattered and secondary electron imaging modes in isolated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes . The analysis of non-specific acid esterase activity in the backscattered electron imaging mode showed, in some cells, focal distribution with a well-defined, homogenous deposit. Two patterns of acid phosphatase activity were evident with the backscattered electron imaging mode, i.e., focal and granular. Peripheral blood lymphocytes showing focal activity of both enzymes presented a smooth surface with few scattered microvilli as seen with the secondary electron imaging mode ; …

Conventional And High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Biological Sectioned Material, C. Scala, G. Cenacchi, P. Preda, M. Vici, R. P. Apkarian, Gianandrea Pasquinelli

Scanning Microscopy

Intracellular structures of embedded biological tissues (rat kidney, myocardium and small intestine) were observed by conventional-scanning electron microscopy (C-SEM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) after glass knife sectioning. C-SEM of semi -thin sections of material processed the same way as conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided strong backscattered electron (BSE)-dependent, two-dimensional secondary electron images (SEI(-)) which precisely integrated and further extended previous light microscopy (LM) observation of the same specimen. In addition, the three-dimensional (3-D) arrangement of intracellular organelles was appreciated using a mixture of acetone-soluble acrylic resin in place of epoxy resin embedding. Since the identification of such …

Cytology Of Pollutant Metals In Marine Invertebrates: A Review Of Microanalytical Applications, J. A. Nott

Scanning Microscopy

X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) is customized for investigations of the metabolic and detoxification strategies of heavy metals taken by marine organisms from polluted environments. Sites of uptake, intracellular accumulation, transport and excretion are visualized, analysed and quantified . Cryopreparation techniques are required to prevent the translocation or loss from specimens of soluble metal species.

In marine invertebrates, metals are detoxified by systems of chemical binding and intracellular compartmentalization. XRMA investigations have concentrated on marine molluscs and crustaceans and even within these restricted groups there are marked inter-species differences in the biochemical and cytological processes which reduce metal bioavailability. Some detoxification systems …

Phenotypic Subpopulations Of Macrophages And Dendritic Cells In Human Spleen, Patrick J. Buckley

Scanning Microscopy

Using immunohistochemical techniques and a large number of monoclonal antibodies, the presence and distribution of phenotypic subpopulations of macrophages (Mθs) and dendritic cells in human spleen were assessed. The results of this study show that different subsets of Mθs and dendritic cells are present in the spleen and that some of these occupy discrete microanatomic locations . In the red pulp (RP) certain antigens are expressed by different proportions of uniformly distributed Mθs in the cords . On the other hand, some antigens are present on Mθs that form clusters of variable size within the red pulp . These include …

Innervation And Vascular Pharmacodynamics Of The Mouse Spleen, Frank D. Reilly

Scanning Microscopy

Neurohistochemical and in vivo and electron microscopic methods demonstrated α-and ,β-adrenergic receptors and adrenergic innervation in arterioles and "arterial" capillaries of the mouse spleen. Such innervation and receptors in venules and channels within the red pulp were sparse. Cholinergic innervation and receptors were judged to be absent in the microvasculature. Histamine elicited arteriolar dilation which was blocked by metiamide suggesting the presence of H₂ receptors. However , following blockade of H₂ receptors, histamine produced arteriolar constriction. Serotonin elicited only venular constriction. Lactic acid caused arteriolar constriction; bradykinin and prostaglandins (PG) E₂ and PGF_2α triggered arteriolar constriction, …

Ultrastructural Effects Of Ionizing Radiation On Plant Cells, Á. Keresztes, E. Kovács

Scanning Microscopy

Ultrastructural effects of ionizing irradiation were investigated on the specific constituents of plant cells, primarily in fruits, with reference to mushroom cells and comparable data in the literature. In the cell wall the dissolution of the middle lamellae, probably due to radiation damage of pectin, and irregular thickenings were found. In the vacuole the quantity of inclusions changed, or unusual aggregations appeared, presumably in connection with altered phenolic biosynthesis . In chloroplasts the senescence was inhibited, and dedifferentiation occurred into agranal state. In amyloplasts starch hydrolysis was hind ere d. These platidial effects are considered as visible signs of inhibition …

The Role Of Polar Pili In The Adherence Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa To Injured Canine Tracheal Cells: A Semiquantitative Morphologic Study, D. E. Zoutman, W. C. Hulbert, B. L. Pasloske, A. M. Joffe, K. Volpel, M. K. Trebilcock, W. Paranchych

Scanning Microscopy

Pseudomonas aeruginosa adheres to respiratory epithelial cells in a highly specific fashion. In order to study the role of P. aeruginosa polar pili in the adherence process we conducted a quantitative morphological electron microscopic examination of P. aeruginosa adherence to SO₂ injured canine tracheal cells in vitro. A pilin lacking background strain of P. aeruginosa PAK (BLP2) was constructed using a gene replacement and it in turn was engineered to express either the pilin gene of P. aeruginosa PAO, PAK , or no pilin gene . After 30 minutes incubation of these bacterial strains with injured canine tracheal …

Diapause In The Earthworm, Aporrectodea Longa: Morphological And Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Of Cryosectioned Chloragogenous Tissue, A. J. Morgan, C. Winters

Scanning Microscopy

The earthworm, Aporrectodea longa, which experiences an apparent obligatory physiological resting state (“diapause”) in the temperate Summer, was collected monthly from February through to October. Morphological examination of the chloragocytes, and quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis of their constituent chloragosome granules prepared by cryoultramicrotomy and air-dried/smearing, were undertaken over this period. Worms entered diapause in May, and emerged from it between August and September. The long-term energy stores in the form of lipid, in addition to the more usual polysaccharide (glycogen) reserves, were accumulated by early diapause; the lipid was gradually consumed during diapause. In addition, the structure and composition …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of Pulp Stones In Human Permanent Teeth, O. Le May, J. C. Kaqueler

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine pulp stones which are small calcified formations found in the coronal and/or radicular part of the dental pulp. Pulp stones range considerably in size and shape. Most are round or oval but others can be irregular and may correspond to a reduced duplicate of the pulp chamber anatany. Both free and attached pulp stones were observed. The surface aspect was variable and frequently exhibited large resorption zones. Three characteristic features were observed on fractures a) no characteristic organization where the mineralized mass is compact and hanogeneous, b) a concentric architecture around an initiating …

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of The Morphology Of Scyphidia Physarum Lachmann, 1856 (Ciliophora: Peritrichida), A. Warren

Scanning Microscopy

The morphology of Scyphidia physarum was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both contracted and uncontracted zooids were examined. The pellicular striations encircled the body at mean intervals of 1.1 µm. Pores were randomly distributed over the body surface with a mean density of 21 pores per 100 µm 2. The telotroch band was represented by three closely spaced striations. The adoral ciliature consisted of a single row of cilia in the haplokinety and three rows in the polykinety. The two sets of cilia were separated by a pellicular ridge. At the end of each row of cilia was a …

Aids: Implications To Society And Approaches To Control, Robert W. Sidwell

Faculty Honor Lectures

It is perhaps a measure of today's society that a new disease of potentially world-wide implication does not gain national or international attention until a famous person contracts it. This was particularly seen with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) when it became known that Rock Hudson of movie and TV acclaim was dying of it. By the time the celebrated pianist and entertainer Liberace died of AIDS, the various public health agencies around the world had begun to focus on the problem, and enormous sums of money were being committed toward its control. Today, more U.s. dollars are budgeted for AIDS …

Crystal-Induced Inflammation: Studies Of The Mechanism Of Crystal-Membrane Interactions, Helen M. Burt, John K. Jackson, Wendy Wu

Scanning Microscopy

Studies of the interactions of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystals and calcium Pyrophosphate dihydrate triclinic (CPPD) crystals with biomembranes have been reviewed. Crystalmembrane binding and crystal-induced membranolysis have been studied using human erythrocytes as a model membrane system. The extent of MSUM-membrane binding was determined by incorporating a hydrophobic, fluorescent probe into the membranes, centrifugation to separate free membranes from membranes with bound crystals and quantitation of free membranes by measuring the total fluorescence intensity. The ability of MSUM and CPPD to hemolyse red cells was used as a measure of the membranolytic potential of the crystals. Fluorescence polarization studies …

Changes In Sodium Concentration In Cardiac Myocytes From Diabetic Rats, Alice Warley

Scanning Microscopy

The effects of streptozotocin induced diabetes on rats were studied. The animals showed an increase in blood glucose concentration and a loss of weight from both the body and the heart. Loss of weight from the heart was less severe leading to an increased heart to body weight ratio. Study of element concentrations by X-ray microanalysis showed that there was an increase in intracellular Na concentration in cardiac myocytes from the diabetic animals, but no change in Mg. These results agree with studies which show changes in Na/K ATPase after the onset of diabetes.