Digital Commons Network^™

Cytological And Molecular Analyses Of The Ns Genome In Russian Wildrye, Psathyrostachys Juncea (Fisch.), Junzhi Wei

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea Fisch. 2n=2x=14, NsNs) is an important forage grass and a potentially useful germplasm in wheat improvement. A standard C-banding karyotype of Ps. juncea has been developed based on the C-bands of chromosomes in geographically diverse materials. Although there are C-banding polymorph isms, the seven pairs of chromosomes can be distinguished from each other according to their basic banding patterns. Based on C-banded karyotype, one deletion-translocation heterozygote, four primary trisomies, one double-deletion trisomic, and two tertiary trisomies were identified. These cytogenetic stocks will be useful in genetic studies of Russian wildrye.

Genetic variations in Russian wildrye were …

Cell Death In The Embryonic Developing Limb, J. M. Hurle, M. A. Ros, V. Garcia-Martinez, D. Macias, Y. Ganan

Scanning Microscopy

In amniote vertebrates, the development of form and structure of the limb bud is accompanied by precise patterns of massive mesodermal cell death with morphological features of apoptosis. These areas of cell death appear to eliminate undifferentiated cells which are required only for a limited time period of limb development. Predictable skeletal and morphological anomalies of the limb occur when the pattern of cell death is modified in mutant species or under experimental conditions. Most evidence points to the occurrence of local triggering mechanisms to account for the establishment of the areas of cell death and the subsequent activation of …

Alterations In Mdck And Llc-Pk1 Cells Exposed To Oxalate And Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals, R. L. Hackett, P. N. Shevock, S. R. Khan

Scanning Microscopy

Structural analysis of human kidney stones reveals the presence of cellular membranes and other cell fragments. Experimentally, calcium oxalate crystallization is facilitated when an exogenous nephrotoxin is given with ethylene glycol, thus providing cellular degradation products to act as heterogenous nuclei. In this report, we tested whether oxalate alone could act as a cell toxin capable of producing damaged cells without the presence of an exogenous agent. Cultured LLC-PK₁ and MDCK cells, when exposed to 1.0 mmol KOx, a concentration at the limit of metastability for calcium oxalate nucleation, were severely damaged as measured by specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) …

In Vitro Formation Of "Urinary Stones": Generation Of Spherulites Of Calcium Phosphate In Gel And Overgrowth With Calcium Oxalate Using A New Flow Model Of Crystallization, W. Achilles, U. Jockel, A. Schaper, M. Burk, H. Riedmiller

Scanning Microscopy

Calcium phosphate (CaP) has been detected in the majority of urinary stones containing predominantly calcium oxalate (CaOx). Therefore, crystal phases of CaP might play an important role with respect to the formation of urinary calcium stones in general. Very often, CaP found in stones or tissue of human kidney occurs in the shape of small spherulites. In this paper, we report on a new flow model of crystallization (FMCG), which has been used to generate spherulites of CaP in a gel matrix of 1% agar-agar at 37°C from a supersaturated, metastable solution continuously flowing over the gel surface. Scanning electron …

Radiation Nephropathy: A Review, M. E. C. Robbins, S. M. Bonsib

Scanning Microscopy

The marked radiosensitivity of renal tissue represents a limitation on the total radiotherapeutic dose that safely can be applied to treatment volumes that include the kidneys. Radiation nephropathy is characterized by a progressive reduction in renal hemodynamics associated with a severe anemia. The latter is often normochromic normocytic in character, but can progress to a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. The pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the development of radiation nephropathy remain ill-defined. Experimental studies which allow serial determinations of functional, morphologic, and cell kinetic radiation-induced changes indicate that primarily glomerular but also tubular alterations occur in the primary stages of radiation nephropathy. …

A New Scanning Electron Microscopy Approach To The Quantification Of Bone Mineral Distribution: Backscattered Electron Image Grey-Levels Correlated To Calcium Kα-Line Intensities, P. Roschger, H. Plenk Jr., K. Klaushofer, J. Eschberger

Scanning Microscopy

The introduction of backscattered electron (BSE) imaging in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has led to new possibilities for the evaluation of mineral distributions in bone on a microscopic level. The different grey-levels seen in the BSE-images can be used as a measure for the local mineral content of bone. In order to calibrate these BSE-grey-levels (BSE-GL) and correlate them to mineral contents, various attempts, using reference samples with known weighted mean atomic number and/or using simulated bone tissues with known hydroxyapatite concentrations, have been made. In contrast, a new approach is presented here based on measurements of the X-ray intensities …

Utah Science Vol. 56 No. 1, Spring 1995

Utah Science

2 WILDERNESS DESIGNATION AND RURAL ECONOMIES

7 IMPROVING BEEF CATTLE NUTRITION

12 HIGH-TECH LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

14 THE CLASH OVER PINYON-JUNIPER LANDS

22 WHEAT PLANTS IN SPACE

25 ALFALFA WEEVI L CONTROL

Considering Ecological Constraints While Optimizing Sustained Groundwater Yield, Pahvant Valley, Utah, Getachew Belaineh, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Concern for groundwater quality and availability is increasing in Pahvant Valley. Ground-water levels are declining due to intense groundwater extraction for irrigation; water having high total dissolved solids concentration is flowing from the southwest toward the pumping sites; and discharge from natural springs in a wildlife refuge is declining. Transient simulation of aquifer response to 20 years of the 1985 pumping rates (beginning with 1985 groundwater level) predicted that spring discharge would decrease by as much as 87% from 1985 rates. Presented are preliminary pumping strategies that maximize sustainable, steady-state groundwater extraction without unacceptably reducing discharge from the springs. A …

Preliminary Pumping Strategy Analyses For Southeastern Cache Valley, Utah And River Baseflow Impacts, Shyamal B. Chowdhury, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

US/REMAX, a linear optimization model for groundwater management, is used to compute preliminary optimal sustained groundwater pumping increases for southeastern Cache Valley. US/REMAX employs the response matrix method of representing system response to stimuli as constraint equations within an optimization problem. The management objective is to maximize groundwater extraction at four specified locations subject to constrai~ts on aquifer potentiometric head, aquifer/river interflow, and the water level in the uppermost aquifer layer. Four scenarios (constraint sets) are presented. The results are most sensitive to the aquifer/river interflow constraints. Interflow is deemed important because baseflows are crucial to satisfying fish, aquatic life, …

Optimizing Irrigation Management For Pollution Control And Sustainable Crop Yield, Ghassan R. Musharrafieh, Richard C. Peralta, Lynn M. Dudley, Ronald J. Hanks

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Irrigation strategies which maximize crop yield while preventing salt from leaching to the groundwater or undesirable salt increases in the root zone are computed by using a one-dimensional simulation/optimization management model. The included constraint equations maintain a water volume balance and salt transport in the unsaturated zone. Implicit finite difference forms of the unsaturated water flow equation (Richards' equation), the diffusion-convection solute transport equation, functions describing the hydraulic properties of the medium, a root extraction function, and other constraints are used. The model uses a large discretization in time. A cyclic prediction and correction type of approach is adopted to …

Maximizing Tce Removal From A Contaminated Aquifer, Richard C. Peralta, Alaa H. Aly

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A methodology for developing pumping strategies to maximize contaminant extraction is presented. The methodology consists of approximating the mass removal integral using a quadrature rule. Contaminant mass extraction is expressed as a function of the extraction rates. The relation of contaminant extraction to pumping rates is used as one of several constraints within a simulation/optimization model. The implementation and application of the methodology are described. The result is a set of pumping rates which are optimal in the sense that they maximize the mass of contaminant removed by the extraction system for a posed management scenario.

Us/Remax (Vs 2.70): Software For Optimizing Management Of Stream/Aquifer Systems Using The Response Matrix And Related Methods, Richard C. Peralta, Alaa H. Aly

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

US/REMAX is designed to assist water managers in developing optimal groundwater and/or surface water strategies for a wide range of management problems. US/REMAX uses the response matrix method, which assumes that physical system response to stimuli is linear. However, US/REMAX can also address nonlinear systems via cycling. In one application, a strategy computed using US/REMAX required 40% less pumping than one obtained via a normal simulation model. US/REMAX also easily computes tradeoffs for multiobjective problems.

Modeling For Optimal Management Of Agricultural And Domestic Wastewater Loading To Streams, Muhammad Shafqat Ejaz, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A simulation/optimization (S/0) model to aid managing multiobjective wastewater loading to streams while maintaining adequate downstream water quality is presented. The conflicting objectives are to maximize the human and dairy cattle populations from which treated wastewater can be discharged to the river system. Nonindustrial municipal (domestic) wastewater undergoes primary and secondary treatment by a sewage treatment plant (STP) before entering as a steady point source. Dairy wastewater is treated by overland flow (OLF) land treatment before entering the stream as a controlled steady diffuse source. Maximum dual-source loading strategies which do not degrade downstream water quality beyond specified limits are …

Gold Coating Of Respiratory Cilia For Scanning Electron Microscopy, E. Toskala, J. Nuutinen, M. Rautiainen, A. Pelttari

Scanning Microscopy

The optimal thickness of gold coating of cilia for scanning electron microscopy was studied using respiratory mucosa obtained from pigs. We tested 8 different coating times, from 10 seconds to 4 minutes, which resulted in gold layer thicknesses varying from 16 ± 1 nm to 100 ± 3 nm. The thickness of the gold layer with a coating time of 60 seconds and voltage of 2.5 kV was 43 ± 5 nm. This thickness of gold layer gave good image quality without causing any electric charging. With thinner gold films, the amount of electric charging increased. When the coating time …

Early Elemental And Ionic Changes In Cultured Cells After Stimulation With Epidermal Growth Factor, Julian E. Beesley, Simon R. Hall, Martin J. Page, Karen Affleck

Scanning Microscopy

Stimulation of A43 l cells (a human vulval epidermal cell line) with 50 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the presence of 1. 7 mM extracellular calcium produced a sharp and sustained rise in intracellular ionic Ca2+, increased elemental Na, decreased K and a rise in Ca. In the absence of extracellular calcium, the initial Ca2+ rise remained but the sustained elevation of intracellular Ca2+ was abolished, Na and K fluxes were variable and the Ca did not change. Increased Na and decreased K was marked at 2 minutes and returned to the control value after 60 minutes. The …

Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation Of Dark Cells After Streptomycin Perfusion Of The Vestibule In Guinea Pigs, Xianxi Ge, John J. Shea Jr.

Scanning Microscopy

Hearing has been stabilized in the majority of patients studied in the treatment of Meniere's disease with streptomycin. This observation suggests that effects of streptomycin may ameliorate endolymphatic hydrops, possibly by attenuating the activity of secretory tissue. The purpose of this study is to observe the dark cells of the utricle in guinea pigs after streptomycin perfusion of the vestibule. Twelve pigmented guinea pigs weighing 250-350 grams were used in this study. The vestibules in five guinea pigs were perfused monolaterally with 150 μg of streptomycin in artificial perilymph and, in seven, the vestibules were perfused only with artificial perilymph …

The Effects Of Diethyldithiocarbamate (Ddc) On The Astrocytic Cytoskeleton, Mary F. Mcmanus, Louis D. Trombetta

Scanning Microscopy

The dithiocarbamates are a group of compounds that are used extensively in industry, agriculture and medicine. Exposure to these compounds has caused deleterious effects to both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Cultured rat hippocampal astroglia treated with 35 μg/ml diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) in media were studied for alterations to the cytoskeleton. Examination by both immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy revealed disruption of the cytoskeletal elements. This occurred in a progressive time-dependent manner. Electrophoretic patterns demonstrated two cytoskeletal protein alterations. The microtubular protein, β-tubulin, appeared to have an altered mobility while the major intermediate filament protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GF …

Gold, Electron Microscopy, And Cancer Therapy, James F. Hainfeld

Scanning Microscopy

Radioactive gold has properties suitable for radiotherapy and can provide lethal irradiation to cells. If the gold is conjugated to a targeting molecule, such as an antibody, it may be possible to specifically deliver the dose to tumor cells. Various gold particles are possible candidates and include gold colloids with adsorption of antibodies or gold clusters with covalent attachment. Different sizes of gold particles are available and some may be preferred for certain situations. Problems with intravenous injection and in vivo delivery are numerous, and a more tractable application is the direct instillation into the urinary bladder of radiogold immunoconjugates …

Swift Heavy Ion Induced Electron Emission From Solids, Hermann Rothard

Scanning Microscopy

Quite a number of experiments have been performed on electron emission from solids induced by slow (projectile velocity Vp < 1 atomic unit) or medium velocity heavy ions (projectile energy Ep < 1 MeV/u). Only a few experiments have been made with fast heavy ions (projectile atomic number Zp > 8, Ep > 2 MeV/u) concerning either electron emission yields -y, or double differential electron energy spectra d2n(0)/dEd0 as a function of the observation angle 0. We present the results obtained so far on electron emission induced by fast (Ep > 2 MeV/u) heavy ions (Zp ~ 6). Topics discussed include experimental results for electron yields, -energy and -angular distributions and channelling phenomena as well as the theoretical approaches. We also present new results from recent studies on the evolution of electron yields …

Semiquantitative Analysis By Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Cochlear Hair Cell Damage By Ototoxic Drugs, Takehisa Saito, Yasuhiro Manabe, Noriyuki Honda, Takechiyo Yamada, Takehito Yamamoto, Hitoshi Saito

Scanning Microscopy

The ototoxicity of cisplatin and carboplatin in the organ of Corti of the guinea pig was evaluated semiquantitatively. Damage of the stereocilia of outer hair cells (OHCs) observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was classified into normal, grade 1 (10-50% loss of stereocilia), grade 2 (less than 50% remaining stereocilia), or grade 3 (missing stereocilia). The OHCs observed by light microscopy (LM) were classified as remaining or missing cells. Fifty OHCs of each row in the middle part of each turn of the cochlea were counted (a total of 150 cells per turn). Guinea pigs were administered 5 mg/kg of …

Comparison Of Cell Sediment And Surface Grown "Test Plaque" Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, S. M. Mccormack, C. M. D. Maran, K. M. Scott-Anne, D. T. Zero

Scanning Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare the morphology, integrity and distribution of bacterial cells in a test plaque grown on the surface of enamel with that of the cell sediment plaque routinely used in a short-term intraoral caries model. Cultures of S. mutans IB-1600 or S. sobrinus 6715-13 were grown in complex media supplemented with either 2.0% sucrose (glucan plaque) or 0.2 % glucose (non-glucan plaque). Cell sediment (CS) plaque was prepared by centrifuging the cultures after incubation, recovering the cell sediment, and spreading it on Metricel membrane filter paper. Surface grown (SG) plaque was prepared by suspending saliva-coated …

Effect Of Sodium Saccharin On The Neonatal Rat Bladder, Samuel M. Cohen, Martin Cano, Margaret K. St. John, Emily M. Garland, Mohamad Khachab, Leon B. Ellwein

Scanning Microscopy

In a two-generation bioassay, high doses of dietary sodium saccharin (NaSac) produce bladder carcinoma in rats, whereas acid saccharin (HSac) does not effect the urothelium. NaSac and HSac administered as 5% of the diet to F0 Sprague-Dawley (SD) and F344 rats, continued through to the weaned male rats for ten additional weeks. Control 3H-thymidine labeling index (LI) was high prior to and at birth (approximately 11%), declining rapidly by weaning (to < 0.2). Neither NaSac nor HSac increased proliferation through 7 days of age. NaSac increased the proliferation rate at later times, whereas HSac did not. The LI decreased to control levels in NaSac-fed rats switched to control diet after weaning and increased in control-fed rats switched to NaSac after birth or weaning. In a second experiment, 5% NaSac did not affect urothelial morphology of SD rats through 7 days. By 21 days post-birth, urothelial hyperplasia occurred in NaSac-fed rat. The LI in treated versus control was similar through gestation, with a slight difference by 7 days. LI was significantly different by 21 days post-birth, but was similar between males and females. These results provide additional evidence for the increased cell proliferative effects of NaSac during the neonatal period, but not during gestation.

Three-Dimensional Configuration Of Crypts Of Different Types Of Colorectal Adenomas, Keijiro Araki, Takuro Ogata

Scanning Microscopy

The three-dimensional configuration of isolated crypts of normal human colonic mucosa and colorectal adenomas was examined by scanning electron microscopy. For isolation of the crypts, the digestion method with HCl was used for formalin fixed tissues, and the separation method with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDT A) following ultrasonication was applied to fresh tissues. In a comparative study, the NaOH cell-maceration method, which visualized the sub-basal laminal collagen sheath, was applied. The isolated crypts from the normal colon were visualized as a single straight tubule resembling a test tube. Most isolated crypts of the tubular adenomas were visualized as elongated fan-like structures …

Cell Surface Changes Of Hemopoietic Cells During Normal And Leukemic Differentiation: An Immuno-Scanning Electron Microscopy Study, D. Soligo, E. P. De Harven, N. Quirici, L. Caneva, G. Lambertenghi Deliliers

Scanning Microscopy

Hemopoietic cells display a wide range of cell surface antigens which are either lineage specific or acquired during differentiation. Monoclonal antibodies can be used, in conjunction with colloidal gold markers, to identify under the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the single cell level, specific lineage or maturation stages in the hemopoietic bone marrow. Normal bone marrow cells, either gradient separated or purified by immuno-magnetic methods and leukemic cell samples, which can be considered as "frozen" stages of hemopoietic differentiation, have been studied with this method. Typical cell surface morphologies, which characterize immature progenitor cells and cells committed or differentiated towards …

Etiology Of Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis In Rats. I. Can This Be A Model For Human Stone Formation?, W. C. De Bruijn, E. R. Boevé, P. R. W. A. Van Run, P. P. M. C. Van Miert, R. De Water, J. C. Romijn, C. F. Verkoelen, L. C. Cao, F. H. Schröder

Scanning Microscopy

Crystal retention is studied in a rat-model system as a possible mechanism for the etiology of human nephrolithiasis. A crystal-inducing diet (CID) of ethylene glycol plus NH₄Cl in their drinking-water is offered to healthy rats to generate intratubular crystals. Subsequently, the fate of retained crystals is investigated by allowing the rats a tissue recovery/crystalluria phase for three, five and ten days, respectively, on normal drinking water.

The process of exotubulosis is observed in cortex and medulla of aldehyde-fixed kidneys after three days recovery. After five days, crystals are predominantly seen there in the interstitium. After ten days, cortex …