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Predicting Equilibrium Moisture Content Of Some Foliar Forest Litter In The Northern Rocky Mountains, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Forest foliage that comprises much of the forest floor litter has higher equilibrium moisture content, EMC, than woody components. The EMC's at 300 degrees K were found to increase as follows: grasses < fir-spruce needles < pine-cedar needles < aspen leaves-larch needles. Equations that express Gibbs free energy associated with moisture content were used to develop regression equations that predict the EMC's from temperature and relative humidity, RH, for temperatures between 278 degrees K (40 degrees F) and 322 degrees K (120 degrees F) and RH's between 10 and 90 percent.

Incidence Of Compression Wood And Stem Eccentricity In Lodgepole Pine Of North America, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Trees 76 mm d.b.h. had higher stem-average percentage of compression wood than those 152 mm or 228 mm d.b.h. Latifolia had less compression wood (5.5 percent) than murrayana (7.7 percent). In both varieties, stem sections from 45° through 50° latitude were proportionally more free of compression wood than sections from other latitudes. Transverse stem sections typically displayed a main body of compression wood opposite an eccentrically located pith. Percentage of compression wood tended to be higher in stems that were out of round and close to ground level, and if pith was eccentric, specific gravity high, and moisture content low. …

Pine Hollow Exclosures: Effect Of Browsing On An Aspen Community Sprayed With 2, 4-D, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

The Pine Hollow aspen (Populus tremuloides) exclosures on the Ashley National Forest in eastern Utah were sampled in 1984, 19 years after they were established. The effects of 2, 4-D, wildlife, and cattle on plant succession were evaluated. Two exclosures were used to protect the sprayed area from (1) all animal use and (2) only livestock use. A third sprayed area was left open for use by all animals. The aspen overstory was killed as a result of spraying, with sufficient reproduction occurring to restock the stand. However, animal use drastically altered the aspen reproduction, as well as the understory …

Relative Corrosivity Of Currently Approved Wildland Fire Chemicals, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Wildfires

From the early stages of the development of chemicals for wildland fire control, damage from fire retardant corrosion was recognized as a serious problem. Extensive damage was done to equipment used in the handling, mixing, storing, and delivery of retardants (Davis and Phillips 1965; USDA FS 1964a). Corrosion-related damage, especially to aircraft, creates unsafe conditions. Preventing this damage reduces the potential risk of injury and death; moreover, everyone benefits from reduced expenditures for equipment repair and replacement.

Reexamination Of Rothermel's Fire Spread Equations In No-Wind And No-Slope Conditions, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Wildfires

Major revisions to Rothermel's fire spread equations include the propagating flux ratio, reaction velocity, and moisture damping coefficient. The reaction intensity is of the flames alone and specifically excludes energy derived from burning char whether or not it lies in the flaming zone. In this new formulation, moisture damping is completely divorced from fire extinction. Fire extinction is a probability function.

Assessment Of Nongame Bird Habitat Using Forest Survey Data, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Wildlife Conservation and Management

Forest Survey data have potential for use in obtaining information on the condition and diversity of the Nation's forest resources relevant to wildlife habitat that is needed for planning and monitoring at State and regional levels. In this study, Forest Survey data were used to assess nongame bird habitat potential based on food and shelter requirements on 24 plots. These assessments were then evaluated using bird numbers. Results of the analyses showed some correlation of bird numbers with tree canopy variables, and illustrate the potential for using Forest Survey data for wildlife habitat assessment, for identifying opportunities to improve habitat …

Winds In The Upper Mesosphere At Mid-Latitude: First Results Using An Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer, D Rees, A Aruliah, T J. Fuller-Rowell, Vincent B. Wickwar, R J. Sica

All Physics Faculty Publications

The first stage of a new midlatitude facility at the Hardware Ranch Observatory near Bear Lake (41.93°N, 111.42°W, 1970 M elevation), for studies of the aeronomy of the middle and upper atmosphere, was completed during early September 1989. An Imaging Fabry‐Perot interferometer (IFPI) (Rees et al., 1982; Rees et al., 1990), was commissioned with a special Imaging Photon Detector (IPD) (McWhirter et al., 1982), equipped with a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) photocathode. Wind and temperature structure can be deduced from observations of the Doppler shift and Doppler broadening of airglow and auroral emissions from the mesosphere and thermosphere. The near infra‐red …

Environmental Assessment Seminoe-Kortes Transmission Line/Substation Consolidation Project, Carbon County, Wyoming, U.S. Department Of Energy

Environmental Assessments (WY)

The existing switchyards at Western Area Power Administration's (WESTERN) Seminoe and Kortes facilities, located approximately 40 miles northeast of Rawlins, Carbon County, Wyoming, were constructed in 1939 and 1951, respectively. The circuit breakers at these facilities are beyond or approaching their service life and need to be replaced. In addition, the switchyards have poor access for maintenance and replacement of equipment, and their locations create potential for oil spills into the North Platte River. WESTERN is proposing to consolidate the switchyard facilities into one new substation to provide easier access, restore proper levels of system reliability, and decrease the potential …

Urban And Community Forestry: A Guide For The Interior Western United States, Craig W. Johnson, Fred A. Baker, Wayne S. Johnson, Richard Fisher, Susan Nordstrom, Gary O. Merrill, Stefan Zeglen

Elusive Documents

No abstract provided.

Cody Record Of Decision And Approved Resource Management Plan, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Land Management

Record of Decisions (WY)

This document records the decision made by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) for managing approximately 891,600 acres of public land surface and 1,508,200 acres of federal mineral estate administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the Cody Resource Area.

Decision Record And Finding Of No Significant Impacts For Off-Road Vehicle Designations For Wilderness Study Area In The Grass Creek Resource Area, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Land Management

Record of Decisions (WY)

The need for revised ORV designation decisions was confirmed through public scoping and a series of meetings of an ad hoc committee formed specifically to advise the GCRA on ORV designations. While the MFP objectives are still considered valid and appropriate, revising ORV designation decisions to meet these objectives requires an amendment to the MFP.

Anasazi Basketmaker: Papers From The 1990 Wetherill-Grand Gulch Symposium, Victoria M. Atkins, Lisa Mcclanahan

Elusive Documents

No abstract provided.

Great Divide Resource Area Record Of Decision And Approved Resource Management Plan, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Land Management

Record of Decisions (WY)

This document records the decision made by the Bureau of Land Management for managing approximately 4 million acres of public land surface and 5 million acres of federal mineral estate administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in the Great Divide Resource Area.

Monte Carlo Simulation Of Secondary Electrons In Solids And Its Application For Scanning Electron Microscopy, M. Kotera, T. Kishida, H. Suga

Scanning Microscopy

A new Monte Carlo calculation model is introduced to simulate not only the primary electron behavior but also the secondary electron cascade in a specimen bombarded with an electron beam. Either the primary or the generated electron in a specimen having energy greater than 0.1 keV is defined as a fast electron and the single scattering model is used in the simulation which employs the Mott elastic scattering cross section and the Rao Sahib-Wittry energy loss equation. The electron having energy smaller than 0.1 keV is defined as a slow electron and the cascade model is used which takes into …

Perturbations Of Gravitational Instantons, Charles G. Torre

All Physics Faculty Publications

Ashtekar's spinorial formulation of general relativity is used to study perturbations of gravitational instantons corresponding to finite-action solutions of the Euclidean Einstein equations (with a nonzero cosmological constant) possessing an anti-self-dual Weyl curvature tensor. It is shown that, with an appropriate "on-shell" form of infinitesimal gauge transformations, the space of solutions to the linearized instanton equation can be described in terms of an elliptic complex; the cohomology of the complex defines gauge-inequivalent perturbations. Using this elliptic complex we prove that there are no nontrivial solutions to the linearized instanton equation on conformally anti-self-dual Einstein spaces with a positive cosmological constant. …

The Longitude Dependence Of The Dayside F Region Trough: A Detailed Model-Observation Comparison, Jan Josef Sojka, Robert W. Schunk, J. A. Whalen

All Physics Faculty Publications

The nighttime main F region trough extends into the sunlit afternoon sector. This trough feature exhibits both a strong magnetic activity dependence and a longitude (UT) dependence. Whalen (1987), using International Geophysical Year (IGY) ionosonde data, showed that both of these effects are readily extracted from ƒ_oF₂ observations. In this study we show that the longitude effect is the same as that contained in the Utah State University time-dependent ionospheric model. It arises from the offset of the geomagnetic axis from the geographic axis. The magnetic activity dependency is associated with the westward convection in the afternoon …

On The Linearization Stability Of The Conformally (Anti-) Self-Dual Einstein Equations, Charles G. Torre

All Physics Faculty Publications

The Einstein equations with a cosmological constant, when restricted to Euclidean space‐times with anti‐self‐dual Weyl tensor, can be replaced by a quadratic condition on the curvature of an SU(2) (spin) connection. As has been shown elsewhere, when the cosmological constant is positive and the space‐time is compact, the moduli space of gauge‐inequivalent solutions to this equation is discrete, i.e., zero dimensional; when the cosmological constant is negative, the dimension of the moduli space is essentially controlled by the Atiyah–Singer index theorem provided the field equations are linearization stable. It is shown that linearization instability occurs whenever the unperturbed geometry possesses …

Plasmons In Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Electron Spectra, R. H. Ritchie, A. Howie, P. M. Echenique, G. J. Basbas, T. L. Ferrell, J. C. Ashley

Scanning Microscopy

A general self-energy formulation of the interaction between an electron in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and a localized target is given. We prove a theorem relating the probability of energy transfer to that calculated classically. Local dielectric theory of target excitation for various geometries is discussed. The problem of localization of initially unlocalized excitations in the valence band of solids is treated by transforming cross sections differential in momentum transfer into dependence on an impact parameter variable. We are thereby able to account for experimental data in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that show high spatial resolution.

Simulation Of A Penetrometric Test On Apples Using Voronoi-Delaunay Tessellation, Alain-Claude Roudot, Francois Duprat, Eric Pietri

Food Structure

A penetrometer is very useful for evaluating fruit firmness, but no systematic study yet exists on the physical significance attributed to the curve variations. A tissue model, based on computer graphic methods, allows the simulation of penetrometric tests on apples. There are varying physical factors such as intercellular space, cell arrangement, cell stiffness and tissue cohesion. The real forward limit of the plunger may take, and curve fluctuations are due to the periodic evacuation of those cells. The most influential factor in a penetrometric measurement is individual cell stiffness, its variation with depth can be evaluated with the curve mean …

Microscopic Measurement Of Apple Bruise, N. K. Kim, Y. C. Hung

Food Structure

Microstructural differences between unbruised and bruised apple tissues were evaluated. Cell connections appeared to be looser in bruised tissue than in unbruised tissue. Bruised tissue exhibited more empty regions which are not occupied by cells than unbruised tissue. Empty reg ions in unbruised and bruised tissues were about 0.7 and 2.4 per mm2, respectively, comprising 0.7% and 2.7% of the respective total volume. Stereology is a body of mathematical methods relating three-dimensional parameters defining a structure to two- dimensional measurements. Two methods based on a stereological principle were also used to quantify the fraction of total volume occupied by cells. …

Aspen Environmental Consultants, Inc; Report Of Tests: Preliminary Evaluation Of Three Erosion Control Products, Gilberto Urroz, C. Earl Israelsen

Reports

Introduction: Controlling the erosion of soil is a growing concern in the developed countries of the world, and continuing attempts are being made to develop new and better erosion control products. Only by careful comparative testing of such products under similar conditions is it possible to determine their relative merits. in the test facility at the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL), the variables of wind, sunlight, soil, hillslope, and rainfall rate and duration can all be independently controlled, thus providing an ideal location for determining the actual effectiveness or various kinds of erosion control products. Aspen Environmental Constultants, Inc. contracted …

Product Evaluation For Soil Erosion Control And Plant Growth Enhancement, C. Earl Isrealsen, Gilberto Urroz

Reports

Introduction: Manufacturers in the developed countries of the world continue to formulate new and better products for controlling soil erosion. Only by careful comparative testing of such products is it possible to determine their relative merits. In the test facility at the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL), the variables of wind, sunlight, soil, hillslope, and rainfall rate and duration can all be independently controlled, thus providing an ideal location for determining the actual effectiveness of various kinds of erosion control products. Many companies are availing themselves of the opportunity to accurately compare their products at the UWRL with other similar …

Pipe Network Simulation Analysis Computer Program - Netwk, Roland W. Jeppson

Reports

This manual describes the data that a versatile computer program USU-NETWK requires to complete a time dependent solution of flowrates and pressures throughout a pipe network. This program can be used for steady-state analysis and design, as well as simulation solutions through some period of time. In fact, unless specified otherwise, a steady-state solution is assumed.

In this user's manual there is no attempt to describe the methods used in USU-NETWK to provide solutions to either analysis or design problems. Rather this user's manual is devoted exclusive to describing the input data, and the use of USU-NETWK in solving various …

Development Of Mountain Climate Generator And Snowpack Model For Erosion Predictions In The Western United States Using Wepp, Progress Report No. 2, David S. Bowles, Gail E. Bingham, Upmanu Lall, David G. Tarboton, Mohammed Al Adhami, Donald T. Jensen, Greg D. Mccurdy

Reports

Executive Summary: This report summarizes work conducted during the funding period (July 1 through September 30, 1990) of a Cooperative Agreement between the United States Forest Service (USFS) and the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL), Utah State University. The purpose of the agreement is to develop a Western Mountain Climate Generator (MCLIGEN) similar in function to the existing Climate Generator (CLIGEN), which is part of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) procedure. Also, we are developing a Western U.S. snowpack simulation model for inclusion in WEPP. In the Western U.S., few meteorological observations exist in high elevation areas where Forest …

Development Of Mountain Climate Generator And Snowpack Model For Erosion Predictions In The Western United States Using Wepp, Progress Report No. 1, David S. Bowles, Gail E. Bingham, Upmanu Lall, David L. Martens, Greg D. Mccurdy, David G. Tarboton

Reports

Executive Summary: This report summarizes work conducted during the initial funding period (November 1, 1989 through June 30, 1990) of a Cooperative Agreement between the United States Forest Service (USFS) and the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL), Utah State University. The purpose of the agreement is to develop a procedure for incorporating western mountain climate into the existing Climate Generator (CLIGEN), which is part of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) procedure. In the Western U.S., few meteorological observations exist in high elevation areas where Forest Service properties are located. Therefore, a procedure for estimating climatological variables in mountainous areas …

Development Of Mountain Climate Generator And Snowpack Model For Erosion Predictions In The Western United States Using Wepp, Reserach Completion Report For Phase Ii, David S. Bowles, Gail E. Bingham, Upmanu Lall, David G. Tarboton, Mohammed Al Adhami, Donald T. Jensen, Greg D. Mccurdy

Reports

Executive Summary: This report summarizes work conducted during the funding period (July 1 through September 30, 1990) of a Cooperative Agreement between the United States Forest Service (USFS) and the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL), Utah State University. The purpose of the agreement is to develop a Western Mountain Climate Generator (MCLIGEN) similar in function to the existing Climate Generator (CLIGEN), which is part of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) procedure. Also, we are developing a Western U.S. snowpack simulation model for inclusion in WEPP. In the Western U.S., few meteorological observations exist in high elecation areas where Forest …

Pep Property Estimation Program And Chemical Property Database, William J. Doucette, Mark S. Holt

Reports

PEP Overview

A property Estimation Program (PEP), utilizing MCI-property, TSA-property and property correlations and UNIFAC-derived activity coefficients, has been developed for the Apple Macintosh microcomputer to provide the user with several approaches to estimate S, Kow, Pv, H, Koc, and BCF depending on the information available.

Structural information required for the MCi and UNIFAC calculation routines can be entered using either Simplified Molecular Identification and Line Entry System (SMILES) notation or connection tables generated with commercially available two-dimensional drawing programs. The TSA module accepts 3-D atomic coordinates entered manually or directly reads coordinate files generated by molecular modeling software. The …

General Catalog 1990-1992, Utah State University

University Catalogs

Contains course descriptions, University college calendar, and college administration.

New Product Performance Evaluation Under Simulated Rain, C. Earl Israelsen, Gilberto Urroz

Reports

Introduction: Manufacturers are continually seeking ways of improving the effectiveness of their erosion control products. Products currently in use include chemical as well as organic materials, and they are applied with varying degrees of success. The Fibers Division of the CONWED Corporation, one of the nation's most progressive producers of erosion control products, requested the comparative testing of some of their new products with those of some leading competitors. This report contains results of those tests.

Intermolecular Potential Of The Methane Dimer And Trimer, M. M. Szczesniak, G. Chalansinski, S. M. Cybulski, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The Heitler–London (HL) exchange energy is responsible for the anisotropy of the pair potential in methane. The equilibrium dimer structure is that which minimizes steric repulsion between hydrogens belonging to opposite subsystems. Dispersion energy, which represents a dominating attractive contribution, displays an orientation dependence which is the mirror image of that for HL exchange. The three‐body correction to the pair potential is a superposition of HL and second‐order exchange nonadditivities combined with the Axilrod–Teller dispersion nonadditivity. A great deal of cancellation between these terms results in near additivity of methane interactions in the long and intermediate regions.