Digital Commons Network^™

Computerized Microtomography In Scanning Electron Microscopy, A. Yu. Sasov

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Non-destructive methods of inner object structure reconstruction in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been studied. For specimens with a size of about 1 mm a spatial resolution of 10 μm has been achieved. The reconstruction is made from a project ion in X-ray radiation. Algorithms of conventional computerized tomography are used. The application of 3-dimensional reconstruction to different types of microobjects has been shown. As an example, microtomography of organic objects (grass grain, beetle head) and inorganic objects (semiconductor diode) has been carried out.

Practical Applications Of Research: "Enough To Curdle Milk", Gary Haight Richardson

Faculty Honor Lectures

It is a privilege to be given this opportunity and a challenge to present material in a narrow discipline in a way that might be appreciated by many. I like to think I can relate to other disciplines. Although I came to Utah State University to be a music major, a concerned father foresaw that I might not earn a living in this area (he had heard me practice) and suggested an interview with A. 1. Morris before checking into the Music Department. A. 1., Head of the Dairy Manufacturing Department, was as convincing and persuasive as Tony Ernstrom is, …

Integration Of X-Ray Microanalysis And Morphometry Of Biological Material, W. C. De Bruijn

Scanning Electron Microscopy

It was investigated how to extract both morphometrical and X-ray elemental information from scanning electron microscopical (SEM) or scanning transmission electron microscopical (STEM)-images and how to integrate these two information streams either on line or off-line after storage.

Cytochemical reaction products in cell organelles in ultrathin sections are the biological structures of interest. In such organelles four different situations can be met: morphologically the structures are homomorph or heteromorph; chemically the elements are distributed either homogeneously or heterogeneously. A new program has been proposed and described, which permits determination of both the area and the mean net-intensity value of chemical …

Laverkin Springs, Utah On-Site Pretreatment And Desalting Processes Evaluations, R. J. Eisenhauer, Bureau Of Reclamation

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

During December 1979 through August 1980, pilot plants and laboratory facilities were operated at the LaVerkin Springs, Utah site to characterize the water and to evaluate various pretreatment processes and desalting processes. The pretreatment processes studied included aeration-precipitation, lime treatment, lime-soda ash treatment, and lime-ion exchange treatment. Desalting at 80 and 90 percent water recovery levels was studied with both electrodialysis and high pressure reverse osmosis process equipment. Also, a "spiractor" was evaluated at the site as a lime-soda ash reactor and as a calcium sulfate desupersaturator. Data and results obtained from the test program will be used for feasibility …

Valuing Wildlife Management: A Utah Deer Herd, John E. Keith, Kenneth S. Lyon

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Most current efforts in applying valuation methods to wildlife-related recreation have focused upon variables which are inappropriate to the majority of management decisions. Managers generally are concerned with increasing the stock of wildlife through habitat manipulation: The economic criteria for these decisions should be the value of a change in the stock of the wildlife population. An estimate of such a value was made for the Oak Creek deer herd in Utah, using a household production function approach in an optimal control framework. The value of an additional deer in the herd was estimated to be about $40.OO.

Potential Conjunctive Water Resources Use Plan For The Grand Prairie Region Of Eastern Arkansas, Ahmad Y. Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Amin Yazdanian

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The main objective of this study is to develop two conjunctive water use strategies that can satisfy maximum potential irrigation water demand in the Grand Prairie region of Arkansas. for climatically average growing seasons. To accomplish this. the potential irrigation demand in each 3 mile x 3 mile cell of the study area is first determined on a monthly and seasonal basis for average climatic conditions. The potential demand is also calculated for dry climatic conditions. although these latter demand figures are not used in developing the potential conjunctive water use strategies.

Near Edge Fine Structures On Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Core Loss Edges, C. Colliex, T. Manoubi, M. Gasgnier, L. M. Brown

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Core edges recorded in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) display a large variety of profiles. We have investigated several specific aspects concerning Energy Loss Near Edge Structures (ELNES) and emphasize the interest in a careful edge shape analysis to obtain refined microanalytical information, such as local symmetry. After indicating the general impact of EELS fine structures as compared to EDX and Auger spectroscopies we discuss the instrumental conditions required for recording satisfactory spectra and consider the theoretical problems which are involved in data interpretation. The major portion of this paper presents results for selected K, L23, M45 and N45 core …

Measurement Of Factors Affecting Crop Production, Terrence F. Glover

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

This paper is concerned with characterizing the effect that environmental and induced factors have on crop yields. In this sense, a framework is outlined which can be used to estimate the characteristics of the probability distribution function (pdf) of crop yields which may not be normal or log-normal as usually is assumed. The paper is methodological in nature, but several pieces of empirical work are being done under the sponsorship of the Utah Experiment Station, particularly modeling alfalfa yield response to changes in pest control and environmental factors which influence alfalfa yields. The methodological framework developed here is in the …

Safety Evaluation Report Related To The Renewal Of The Operating License For The Triga Training And Research Reactor At The University Of Utah, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office Of Nuclear Reactor Regulations

Radioactive Materials

This Safety Evaluation Report for the application filed by the University of Utah (UU) for a renewal of operating license R-126 to continue to operate a training and research reactor facility has been prepared by the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The facility is owned and operated by the University of Utah and is located on its campus in Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah. The staff concludes that this training reactor facility can continue to be operated by UU without endangering the health and safety of the public.

Money-Income Causality: Further Empirical Evidence, Basudeb Biswas, Peter J. Saunders

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Theoretical discussion involving the relationship between stock of money and nominal income has dominated the field of monetary economics for many years. Within this relationship the question of exogeneity of money is critical. Theoretically, two major views concerning this subject can be readily identified: the monetarist view (based on the postulates of the Quantity Theory of Money) and the Keynesian or income expenditure view. Proponents of the endogeneity approach claim that since the stock of money is endogeneously determined, the causal flow from money to nominal income cannot be established. Consequently, any attempt to control the stock of money is …

Big Bend National Park Biosphere Reserve: A History Of Scientific Study - Volume I: A Narrative Description Of Scientific Study, John A. Bissonette, John W. Ault Iii

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

In 1971 the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) created the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program for the purpose of promoting rational use of the earth's resources. Formal involvement by the U.S. began in 1974. By 1976, 28 biosphere reserves had been selected in the U.S., including Big Bend National Park (BBNP) (Fig. 1). The purpose of this 2-volume report was to provide an interdisciplinary reference volume of literature citations for BBNP and the surrounding Chihuahuan Desert, and to provide a synopsis of research completed at BBNP.

Theoretical Considerations On Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (Exafs), Claudine Noguera

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We have investigated the following theoretical points relevant to surface EXAFS: proportionality of the signal to the absorption cross section, analysis of the oscillations with the simple EXAFS formula, accuracy in the determination of distances and coordination numbers, transferability of phase shifts and amplitude factors. We describe some of the most used techniques to record the Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (SEXAFS) oscillations, both the photon induced techniques and the electron induced ones, such as the Auger effect, the total or partial yield, the ion desorption technique, the appearance potential spectroscopy and surface reflection electron loss spectroscopy; and in …

Maximizing Regional Gross Output In A Constrained Setting, John E. Keith, Luis Martinez, Donald L. Snyder, Terrence F. Glover

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Most regional policy-makers have, as one of their important policy goals, some form of maximization of regional economic activity. Obtaining maximum output, employment, and income from a state's, or region's, resource base appears to be central to many planning and policy agencies. For example, the State of Utah considered limiting the sources of coal for new electrical generation plants in the state, to in-state coal fields through legislative or administrative fiat. While such a policy was not implemented, it represents the conviction that verticle integration within a region will increase that region's economic welfare. The wide-spread use of industrial revenue …

Soil Water And Temperature In Harvested And Nonharvested Pinyon-Juniper Stands, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Tree harvesting increased soil water content, but the effect diminished over 4 years. The mean increase in soil water content was 2 to 4 percent the first year following harvest and 0 to 3 percent after 4 years. Although tree harvesting released soil water previously used by tree species, other biotic and abiotic demands increased. We speculate postharvest increases in wind and solar energy at the ground surface and increased understory transpiration in part explain the decline in soil water content differences between harvested and nonharvested plots over time.

An Application Of Discrete Optimization For Developing Economically Efficient Multiple-Use Projects, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

A discrete version of the continuous joint production model in economic theory is presented for use in designing multiple-use projects and identifying efficient management prescriptions for forest planning. Data requirements are less demanding than the continuous theoretical model, yet some of the more important features are maintained. Models can be formulated graphically or as mixed-integer programming problems that are easily solved via computerized routines.

Attaining Visual Quality Objectives In Timber Harvest Areas - Landscape Architects' Evaluation, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

When management activities such as timber harvest are undertaken on National Forest lands, landscape architects establish plans and guidelines so the project will meet a desired level of visual quality. This visual quality objective (VQO) for a given project is based on forest conditions, topography, and the type of viewing that is anticipated (viewing distance, number and type of visitors, etc.). Although landscape architects provide criteria and guidelines to achieve these visual objectives, there is no direct feedback mechanism with which to monitor the public's reaction or ascertain the extent to which visual objectives are met.

Response Of Grass Species To Tree Harvesting In Singleleaf Pinyon-Utah Juniper Stands, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Cover, yield, and nutrient concentrations of grasses were sampled on tree-harvested and nonharvested plots on north, west, and south aspects of a singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla)-Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) stand. Grass cover increased rapidly the first 2 years following tree harvest, but the rate of increase declined over the next 2 years. Grass yield varied among aspects and soil microsites on tree-harvested plots but not on the nonharvested plots where tree competition masked aspect and microsite effects. All grass species had greater yield and greater percentage nitrogen and phosphorus on harvested than on nonharvested plots. Low digestibility of some species …

Archaic And Late Prehistoric Adaptation In Southwestern Wyoming: The Frontier Pipeline Excavations, Alan R. Schroedl

Elusive Documents

No abstract provided.

Theoretical Study Of Anomalously High F Region Peak Altitudes In The Polar Ionosphere, Jan Josef Sojka, Robert W. Schunk

All Physics Faculty Publications

During the last solar maximum period several observations of anomalously high F region peak altitudes have been made by the high latitude incoherent scatter radars. The observations indicate that there are several distinctive features associated with these high h_mF₂ ionospheric profiles: (1) they are observed near midnight with the plasma flowing out of the polar cap, (2) N_mF₂ ranges from 105 to 106 cm−3, (3) h_mF₂ ranges from 400 to 500 km, (4) below 300 km the profile is devoid of ionization, and (5) the observations are for solar maximum conditions. …

A Theoretical Study Of The Global F Region For June Solstice, Summer Maximum, And Low Magnetic Activity, Jan Josef Sojka, Robert W. Schunk

All Physics Faculty Publications

We constructed a time-dependent, three-dimensional, multi-ion numerical model of the global ionosphere at F region altitudes. The model takes account of all the processes included in the existing regional models of the ionosphere. The inputs needed for our global model are the neutral temperature, composition, and wind; the magnetospheric and equatorial electric field distributions; the auroral precipitation pattern; the solar EUV spectrum; and a magnetic field model. The model produces ion (NO⁺, O₂⁺, N₂⁺, N⁺, O⁺, He⁺) density distributions as a function of time. For our …

Preliminary Geologic Map Of The Nephi 30' By 60' Quadrangle, Carbon, Emery, Juab, Sanpete, Utah, And Wasatch Counties, Utah, United States Geological Survey

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The U.S. Geological Survey is engaged in a program of field studies designed to present the geologic framework of the United States on easily read topographic maps. The maps selected as a base for these geologic data are part of the Army Map Service (AMS) series of 1° by 2° quadrangles at a scale of 1:250,000. The Price, Utah AMS 1:250,000 quadrangle is one of these maps (fig.1). For certain areas, however, chiefly those sectors of the country involved in the Geological Survey's coal exploration program, the geologic data are being compiled on newly developed base maps at a scale …

Bedrock Aquifers Of Eastern San Juan County, Utah, United States Geological Survey

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This study is one of a series of studies appraising the water-bearing properties of the Navajo Sandstone and associated formations in southern Utah. The study area is about 4,600 square miles, extending from the Utah-Arizona State line northward to the San Juan-Grand County line and westward from the Utah-Colorado State line to the longitude of about 109 degrees 50 minutes.

Predicting Duff And Woody Fuel Consumed By Prescribed Fire In The Northern Rocky Mountains, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

This paper presents numerical relationships of known precision for predicting duff consumption. They were established by assembling and analyzing data from three previous prescribed fire investigations and then testing them against other published data. Fuel loadings by diameter classes that differed among the studies were converted to a common set of diameter classes. The purpose of assimilating data from several studies was to develop predictive models that could be easily used by practitioners and that would apply over a wide range of conditions.

Woodland Tree Volume Estimation: A Visual Segmentation Technique, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Visual segmentation, a technique for estimating cubic foot volume of woodland tree species, was compared with actual volume measurement. Comparison was made during a forest inventory of pinyon-juniper woodlands in Nevada and Utah. The visual technique's accuracy, its usefulness in developing volume equations, and applicability to volume inventory were studied. This study indicated visual segmentation is not reliable for estimating volume for a single tree. However, a sample of visually estimated volumes proved adequate for developing volume equations. In an application, a bias of 0 to -9 percent of the mean cubic foot volume per acre resulted from summary of …

Measurement Of Field Resistance, Rust Hazard, And Deployment Of Blister Rust-Resistant Western White Pine, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Three white pine plantations, composed of materials of several levels of resistance from early generations of the blister rust resistance breeding program, were compared on the basis of annual infection and mortality rates. The sites varied in blister rust hazard; resistant materials were consistent in their performance, and the infection data behaved as one would expect if the genetic and environmental assumptions of the simple interest disease progress model were violated. Presumably, the resistant populations violate the genetic assumptions to the extent of their resistance, and any assessment of resistance performance must take into account both environmental as well as …

Release Of A Thinned Budworm-Infested Douglas-Fir/Ponderosa Pine Stand, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Current and past defoliation by western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) in an 80-year-old predominantly Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco) stand thinned to 14 by 14 feet was significantly lower than in a nearby untreated stand of similar age, species, and site conditions. Analysis of periodic radial growth ratios indicated that prior to thinning, Douglas-fir had been heavily defoliated by budworm and growth was seriously depressed. Following thinning, the host leave trees developed dense crowns and 10-year radial growth increased an average of 57 percent: meanwhile, radial growth of nonhost ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) increased 38 percent. …

Costs Of Managing Nontimber Resources When Harvesting Timber In The Northern Rockies, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

When National Forest Timber is sold, land managers are required to protect other forest resources such as wildlife, soil and water, and scenic qualities. Measures taken to protect nontimber resources can raise administrative costs, lower the quantity of timber sold, and can reduce stumpage receipts. The costs of sale administration and the reduction in timber harvested can be readily derived from accounting and planning records. But little information is available on how much nontimber resources cost in terms of stumpage receipts. To provide such information, some 187 timber sales were studied on seven National Forests in the Northern Region between …

Applying Height Growth And Site Index Curves For Inland Douglas-Fir, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Methods for estimating both site index and dominant height growth for inland Douglas-fir in the Northern Rocky Mountains are presented and discussed. The methods should be applicable over a wide range of stand conditions because no restrictions were placed on species composition, stand density, spacing, or age structure in the original stem analysis sample. Increased accuracy can be obtained if habitat type is considered, because the shape of the site index curves varied with respect to three major habitat series groupings. Results are summarized in the form of equations, tables, and graphs. Precision curves are used to illustrate the relationship …

Effects Of Bifenox, Dcpa, And Napropamide On Ectomycorrhizal Development Of Conifer Seedlings In Central And Northern Rocky Mountain Nurseries, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Postseeding and postgermination treatments with three weed control herbicides (Bifenox, DCPA, Napropamide) at two rates of application caused little reduction of ectomycorrhizal development on 1- and 2-year-old conifer seedlings in Central or Northern Rocky Mountain nurseries. In many cases, herbicide treatment increased ectomycorrhizal development, particularly with DCPA. In general, herbicide treatment effects on ectomycorrhizal development were species and nursery specific.

Pinyon-Juniper Volume Equations For The Central Rocky Mountain States, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Gross cubic foot volume equations are now available for pinyon-juniper and several other woodland species in Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota. The volume equations are based on data collected as a subsample of woodland inventories conducted by Federal and State land management agencies. In these inventories, volumes of 4,705 trees were estimated by a visual sampling method.