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Microhabitat Selection And Diel Movements Of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) Introduced Into Mid-Elevation Reservoirs In Utah, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Roger Tabor

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

The distribution and movement patterns of fingerling rainbow trout stocked into reservoirs in Utah were investigated with · SCUBA observations and by vertical gill netting. For several weeks after stocking, fingerling trout (ca. 80 mm standard length) were strongly oriented to the shore, and selected habitats providing cover. During the underwater observations, no fish were seen below depths of 2 meters. Two weeks after stocking, the fingerlings were most abundant under docks near where they were planted, indicating that dispersal was relatively slow. Jacob's electivity indices for natural substrates in water 0-1.5 meter deep were in sand, gravel, cobble, boulders …

The Effect Of Temperature On Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Persistence In An Unacclimated Agricultural Soil, M. P. Coover, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on the persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) incubated in an unacclimated agricultural sandy loam soil. Soil microcosms were spiked with 16 priority pollutant PAHs and placed in incubation chambers at 10, 20, and 30°C. Triplicate sets of microcosms at each temperature were periodically removed from incubation over the 240 day study period and solvent extracted. Concentrations of PAHs in the soil were determined by HPLC analysis of the extracts. Substantial loss of three-ring compounds was observed at all temperatures whereas there was very little apparent loss of five …

Bear River Water Quality: Phosphorus Control And The Impacts Of Exchanging Water With Willard Reservoir, Darwin L. Sorensen, Craig Caupp, Kenneth W. Barker, Jean M. Ihnat

Reports

No abstract provided.

Expected Water Surface Levels For The Great Salt Lake, L. Douglas James

Reports

Flooding at the Great Slat Lake could become a major disaster through the high cost of coping with the rising level, sudden collapse of protective levees, failure of pumping to the West Desert to induce increased evaporation, or, fiscally, by a rapid drop in the lake level just after a large protective decision making in the private sector, provide for the design of hydrologically safe levees, and optimize pumping schemes for moving water within a partitioned lake. Doing so will require crossing major theoretical frontiers in the study of basin scale hydrology in an arid climate and for forecasting extreme …

Engineering Treatment Of Hazardous Wastewaters Utilizing Dye-Sensitized Photooxidation, Betty-Ann Naeger, R. Ryan Dupont, William M. Moore

Reports

Studies were conducted to determine the applicability of photooxidation for the degradation of selected hazardous and refractory organic compounds. These photochemical oxidation reactions occur through the transfer of energy from electronically excited sensitizer molecules which attain excited states by absorbing visible light energy. Optimum conditions for photooxidation were established based on sensitizer concentration and reaction pH for four polynuclear aromatic pollutants. The rate of photooxidation was found to be independent of the initial substrate concentration for methylene blue-sensitized reactions, and dependent on substrate concentration for solutions without a sensitizing dye. Photolysis of substrate mixtures established acridine and anthracene as photochemically …

Groundwater Resources Of The Virgin River Basin In Utah, Calvin G. Clyde

Reports

The Division of Water Resources is conducting a study of further water development in the Virgin River Basin. This report examines the effects of groundwater development as a part of the overall study. The study area includes about 1000 square miles in the Central Virgin River Basin east of the Hurricane Fault. The deeply incised Virgin River has cut a youthful drainage network with deep canyons and steep escarpments and drains out of southwest Utah across Arizona to Lake Mead in Nevada. A basin-wide geologic map emphasizing groundwater features has been prepared from available reports. Outcrops of the principal sedimentary …

Vibrational Frequencies And Intensities Of H-Bonded Systems. 1:1 And 1:2 Complexes Of Nh3 And Ph3 With Hfvibrational Frequencies And Intensities Of H‐Bonded Systems. 1:1 And 1:2 Complexes Of Nh3 And Ph3 With Hf, I. J. Kurnig, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Frequencies and intensities are calculated by ab initio methods for all vibrational modes of the 1:1 H₃X–HF and 1:2 H₃X–HF–HF complexes (X=N,P). The HF stretching frequencies are subject to red shifts, roughly proportional to the strength of the H bond, and to manyfold increases in intensity. Although the intramolecular frequency shifts within the proton acceptors are relatively modest, the intensities of the NH₃ stretches are magnified by several orders of magnitude as a result of H bonding (in contrast to PH₃ which exhibits little sensitivity in this regard). …

Primary And Secondary Basis Set Superposition Error At The Scf And Mp2 Levels. H3n‐‐Li+ And H2o‐‐Li+, Z. Latajka, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The primary basis set superposition error (BSSE) results from the artificial lowering of the energy of each subunit of a pair by the presence of ‘‘ghost orbitals’’ of its partner. In addition, these ghost orbitals perturb the one‐electron properties of the molecule, causing a change in the interaction energy, an effect known as secondary BSSE which is not corrected by the counterpoise procedure. The primary and secondary BSSE are calculated for the interactions of NH₃ and H₂O with Li⁺, using a variety of different basis sets. It is found that the 2° BSSE can be …

Structure, Energetics, And Vibrational Spectrum Of H2o–Hcl, Z. Latajka, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

H₂O–HCl is studied using a number of basis sets including 6‐31G∗∗ and variants which are augmented by a diffuse sp shell and a second set of d functions on O and Cl. Optimization of the geometry of the complex is carried out including explicitly electron correlation and counterpoise correction of the basis set superposition error (BSSE) at both the SCF and correlated levels. Correlation strengthens and shortens the H bond while BSSE correction leads to an opposite trend; these two effects are of different magnitude and hence cancel one another only partially. ΔH°(298 K) is …

A Mathematical Model For The Fate Of Hazardous Substances In Soil: Model Description And Experimental Results, W. Greeney, C. Caupp, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

A mathematical model (VIP) was developed and implemented for evaluating the fate of a hazardous substance in the unsaturated zone of the soil. The model simulates vadose zone processes including volatilization, degradation, adsorption/desorption, advection, and dispersion. Four physical phases in the vadose zone are considered including water, oil, soil grains, and soil-pore air (unsaturated pore space). The Vadose Zone Interactive Processes (VIP) model is appropriate for sites under RCRA and CERCLA (Superfund) categorization since site-specific soil-waste processes affecting transport of hazardous chemicals through the vadose zone are incorporated in the model. A RCRA land treatment system was chosen as the …

Human Health Effects Assays, Ronald C. Sims, J. L. Sims, R. R. Dupont

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Health risk assessment of individual environmental chemicals, risks of drinking water supplies, methods for evaluating toxicity, and structure-activity relationships and response-surface methodology represent the focus for 1986. A report of the Steering Committee on Identification of Toxic and Potentially Toxic Chemicals for Consideration by the National Toxicology Pro gram found that, for the majority of substances they examined, data essential for human health hazard assessment were lacking.¹ Milestone publications concerning human health effects aspects include works by Mortelmans et al,² Busch et al,³ Hartman et al,⁴ Rein,⁵ Gentile,⁶ Hodgson,⁷ and Tagashira and Omura. …

Analysis Of Primate Dental Microwear Using Image Processing Techniques, Richard F. Kay

Scanning Microscopy

This paper introduces Fourier transformation as a rapid, replicable means for characterizing and distinguishing patterns of microscopic wear on primate teeth. The two-dimensional power spectra obtained from numerical Fourier transformation are shown to be different between two test patterns, one of which is composed of linear features and the other of randomly-spaced dots. A comparison is made, using Fourier transformation, of dental microwear patterns of small samples of two primate species, Ateles geoffroyi, the spider monkey, and Chiropotes satanas, the bearded saki. Ateles, with a scratch-dominated pattern of microwear, has a Fourier transform resembling that of the …

Nature And Properties Of Cardiovascular Deposits, B. B. Tomazic, E. S. Etz, W. E. Brown

Scanning Microscopy

Mineral deposits from human aortas and bioprosthetic devices implanted in experimental animals show close similarities in chemical composition, solubility and structural characteristics. Chemical analyses show compositions corresponding to a Na, Mg, CO₃ substituted apatitic calcium phosphate. Synergistic XRO, FT-IR and Raman Mi crop robe spectroscopic data provided coherent indication of Type-B CO₃^2- incorporation. Microscopic and electron microprobe microanalyses, however, indicate substantial morphological and spatial heterogeneity in the deposits.

Solubility and kinetic dissolution data of the mineral fraction of deposits can be compared with the corresponding data of octacalcium phosphate (OCP). This may indicate that OCP is a …

Environmental Concerns And Natural Resource Scarcity: The Case Of Coal, Soumendra N. Ghosh, Donald L. Snyder

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

An increasing awareness of environmental pollution and its relative impact on mankind have elicited normative and positive economic models that address particular trade-offs between material objects and the maintenance of the environment. The existing literature has primarily been concerned with identifying the optimal amount of socially desirable pollution. However, the issue of natural respurce scarcity, when viewed in conjunction with the availability of environmental resources or related amenities, seems to have attracted only minimal attention thus far. Leading natural resource economists like V. K. Smith (1981), John V. Krutilla and Anthony C. Fisher (1975), and Anthony C. Fisher (1979) have …

Surveying Battery Cell Sections To Determine The Composition And Spatial Distribution Of Discharge Products Using An Automated Microprobe, B. M. England, M. T. Frost, I. R. Harrowfield, C. M. Macrae, D. A. J. Swinkels, K. E. Turner, C. B. Ward

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Determining the spatial distribution and composition of hydrohetaerolite in polished sections of discharged Leclanché cells requires the measurement of oxygen concentrations on microcrystalline material. This can be done if the composition of the mounting medium is included in the matrix correction of raw intensities. The method of Pouchou and Pichoir (PAP) is used initially to correct raw intensities obtained from surveys of microcrystalline standard material. Mean analyses agree well with the known compositions provided a correction is made for the oxygen content of the mounting medium. The same correction is then applied to the raw data collected when surveying cell …

Otoconia As Test Masses In Biological Accelerometers: What Can We Learn About Their Formation From Evolutionary Studies And From Work In Microgravity?, Muriel D. Ross, Kathleen M. Donovan

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper reviews previous findings and introduces new material about otolith end organs that help us to understand their functioning and development. In particular, we consider the end organs as biological accelerometers. The otoconia are dealt with as test masses whose substructure and evolutionary trend toward calcite may prove significant in understanding formation requirements. Space-flight helps illuminate the influence of gravity, while right-left asymmetry is suggested by study of certain rat strains.

Symmetric Solutions To The Maximally Gauss-Bonnet Extended Einsteinequations, James Thomas Wheeler

All Physics Faculty Publications

The most general gravitational lagrangian which can be constructed from the curvature two-form, the vielbein one-form, and tensors invariant in the tangent space is a linear combination of dimensionally extended Euler characteristics. Several recent studies indicate that superstring lagrangians include such terms. In an arbitrary number of dimensions, with arbitrary torsion, we show that in the most general such extended theory the only static, spherically symmetric, massive solutions to the variational equations of motion contain gravitational singularities. The existence of an event horizon is proved for certain cases, and a bound on the location of singularities is found. A certain …

Water Management: Making Sure Everyone Gets A "Reasonable" Share, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Biomineralization In Social Wasps (Vespinae): The Presence Of Statoliths, J. S. Ishay, T. Shimony, L. Arcan

Scanning Electron Microscopy

In social wasps granular aggregates occur mainly in the head region and the body integument. In the former location they are present both on the outer and inner side of the frons. On the outer side of the frons, in a groove traversing its center, there is a deep pit surrounded by a membrane which forms a cyst-like sac. In the pit of the hornet Vespa orientalis (Linne, 1771), there are aggregates comprising silicon (Sl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe), which are arranged in morula-like fashion. A granular material is secreted at the base of sensory hairs …

On The Kinetics Of Thermal Donor Formation In Silicon, J T. Borenstein, J W. Corbett, David Peak

All Physics Faculty Publications

A model for the kinetic growth of oxygen-related thermal donors in Czochralski silicon at about 450°C is presented. The model, which is based on the work of Suezawa and Sumino, derives forward reaction rates for the electrically active species by comparing analytic expressions for the early-time annealing kinetics with the infrared electronic absorption data. The analytic expressions, which are independent of the chemical structure of each species, result from three assumptions: (1) the donor defects beyond the first donor species (TD-1) are chemically stable at the donor formation temperature, (2) the reactions for the TD-1 and those electrically inactive clusters …

A Finite Element Method For The Computation Of Magnetic Electron Lenses, Bohumila Lencová, Michal Lenc

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The success of computer-aided design in electron optics is no longer limited by computing facilities but by our understanding of numerical methods and underlying physical laws used for the computation. This paper deals mainly with the computation of vector potential in rotationally symmetric magnetic lenses. The finite element method, as introduced by Munro in 1971, seems to be the best tool for this purpose, and we aim to show in this paper how it is possible to improve it without losing the original clarity. Therefore we discuss the suitable choice of mesh and the calculation of the coefficients of the …

Gene And Teratogen Induced Defects Of Early Central Nervous System Development, K. S. O'Shea

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The events involved in the histogenesis of the primitive nervous system involve precise control over cell shape changes, cellular migrations, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The coordinated procession of these events results in the elevation of the neural folds, and their apposition and fusion in the dorsal midline, forming the primary neural tube. This is followed by a second series of cellular migrations and rearrangements (collectively called secondary neurulation) which result in lengthening of the caudal neural tube. After a brief consideration of the mechanisms involved in neurulation, the effects of gene or teratogen induced perturbations of these events are …

Theoretical Considerations On The Effect Of Ion Formation Conditions On The Transmission Through A Laser Microprobe Mass Analyzer, M. De Wolf, T. Mauney, E. Michiels, R. Gijbels

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A theoretical study on the ion transmission through the laser microprobe mass analyzer LAMMA 500 was made using ray-tracing computer programs. The calculations reveal that the ion transmission is strongly affected by the initial conditions of ion formation. Chromatic and spherical aberrations give rise to considerable discrimination in the univoltage lens.

A correlation is attempted between measured and theoretical transmission curves. For the latter a physically plausible plasma model was initially assumed to generate the input parameters, i.e., locus of ion formation and angular and energy distributions of the ions (atomic and cluster ions).

The model needs correction for aberration …

Surface-Reconstruction-Induced Changes In Free-Carrier Scattering From The W(100) Surface: Aninfrared Surface-Electromagnetic-Wave Study, D. Mark Riffe, L. M. Hanssen, A. J. Sievers

All Physics Faculty Publications

Using the infrared-absorption technique of surface-electromagnetic-wave spectroscopy (SEWS) we have studied the effects of H₂ and D₂ chemisorption on the SEW attenuation coefficient α in the 10-μm region between 165 and 350 K. The change in α at room temperature has also been measured for N₂, O₂, and CO adsorption. The coverage (CTHETA) dependence of α for N₂, O₂, and CO is fairly simple [either a monotonic increase (N₂) or a peak at some intermediate coverage (O₂, CO)] and points to changes in free-carrier (FC) surface …

Mechanisms Of Crustal Deformation In The Western United States, United States, National Aeronautics And Space Administration

Geology

The basic purpose of the research carried out under this grant was to obtain a better understanding of deformation processes in the western United States. The research considered both deterministic models and random or statistical models. One important aspect of deformation is the rheology of the lithosphere. We have been one of the leading proponents of an intracrustal asthenosphere. This is a soft zone at mid-crustal depths that has an important effect on a variety of tectonic phenomena.

Utah Science Vol. 47 No. 2, Summer 1986

Utah Science

30 "CONSIDER THE LILIES OF THE FIELD ... " R. J. Shaw and M. C. Williams A review of the distribution. attributes. and hazards of the naturally occurring Iiles in Utah.

36 IMPROVING PROFITS FOR UTAH DAIRY FARMS: A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES D. Bailey. J. c. Andersen and G. L. Helms Economists say feeding balanced rations. altering the crop mix. and herd expansion could help increase profits in dairying.

41 GLOBEMALLOWS: FORBS FOR UTAH RANGELANDS B. M. Pendery and M. D. Rumbaugh Gooseberry-leaf globemallow and Munro globe mallow and Munro globemallow show potential as forages for Utah's rangelands. …

The Use Of A Line Scan Ratemeter For The X-Ray Microanalytic Evaluation Of Membrane-Bound Histochemical Endproducts, Imre Zs.-Nagy, Valéria Zs.-Nagy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Although X-ray microanalysis represents a useful tool for identifying electron dense histochemical end-products, quantitative microanalytic measurements are seriously hampered in the case of the activities of certain membrane-bound enzymes. For example, the electron histochemical methods revealing K⁺-dependent pNPPase activity result in a very fine, granular reaction product of lead phosphate. Therefore microanalytic, densitometric or similar evaluations of the reaction, even in semiquantitative terms are not practical by the usual procedures.

This paper describes a method of X-ray microanalysis of thick sections (0.5 μm) processed for K⁺-pNPPase, where a sufficient amount of lead is present for X-ray …

High Resolution Scanning Auger Microscopy Of Mineral Surfaces, M. F. Hochella Jr., A. M. Turner, D. W. Harris

Scanning Electron Microscopy

There are a number of cases where scanning Auger microscopy can be used to determine the near-surface composition of minerals with extremely high lateral resolution. This involves collecting Auger spectra with reasonable signal to noise ratios without encountering significant beam induced charging or surface degradation, even if the beam is impinging on a grain less than 1μm in diameter. We typically use a 3 keV beam with less than 10 nA beam current on a sample surface that is tilted (to increase backscattered and secondary electron emission efficiency) and relatively flat. To further minimize surface degradation, vacuum levels are kept …

Data Collection And Presentation Procedures For The U.S. Army's Chemical Hazard Assessment Warning System (Chaws), Michael H. Merry

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This report describes the basic procedures and references more detailed documents for the operation of meteorological and air quality sensing instrumentation, data depiction and analysis systems for an incinerator pilot plant located at the Tooele Army Depot site near Salt Lake City, Utah. It discusses the site topography and climatology, sensor configuration, calibration, quality assurance and data reporting procedures for the monitoring system and demonstrates their compliance with applicable environmental regulations of United States Federal Government and the State of Utah.

Simulating A Large Wasatch Front, Utah, Earthquake Using Small Earthquake Recordings As Green's Functions, United States Department Of Defense, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory

Geology

Several earthquake recordings at Golden, Colorado in the magnitude range 4-6, were digitized and were used to investigate the feasibility of adding them together to simulate a larger earthquake (magnitude 7.0-7.5). The test path of the Wasatch Front, Utah to the WWSSN station at Golden was selected (distance=400-500 km). The hypothetical causative fault was given dimensions on the order of 45 km long by 20 km wide and was divided into "cells," representative in size to the "seed" events rupture dimensions and with other variations. The results were evaluated by total energy and amplitude criteria. The final waveforms were judged …