Digital Commons Network^™

Utah Science Vol. 50 No. 1, Spring 1989

Utah Science

2 FOOD, NUTRITION AND HEALTH R. G. Hansen An overview of some issues concerning diet and health.

6 PATTERNS OF FAT AND CHOLESTEROL CONSUMPTION OF AMERICAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN C. T. Windham Classifying people according to their eating habits will improve nutritional recommendations.

13 HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION: A NUTRITIONAL SCORECARD N. B. Schvaneveldt For almost a decade, federal agencies have sought to help Americans prevent disease by improving nutrition. Some of the objectives have been met

18 ADEQUATE NUTRITION: AN EDGE FOR THE COLLEGIATE GYMNAST K. A. Gabel An educational program helps USU gymnasts eat and perform well. …

Ionization From Soft Electron Precipitation In The Auroral F Region, J. Labelle, R. J. Sica, C. Kletzing, G. D. Earle, M. C. Kelley, D. Lummerzheim, R. B. Torbert, K. D. Baker, G. Berg

Space Dynamics Laboratory Publications

Rocket-bornein strumentationl,a unchedin to the mornings ectora uroralz onef rom SondreS tromfjord, Greenlandd, etectse lectrond ensitye nhancementcso rrelatedw ith enhancementisn thef lux of soft( lesst han 1 keV) downgoinge lectronsT. hesee lectrond ensitye nhancementsse emm ostl ikely to haveb eeng enerated by directp roductiono f ionizationa t F regiona ltitudesM. odel calculationos f thee lectronim pacti onization rate, basedo n the measurede lectrons pectruml,e nd supportt o this hypothesis

The Vascularization Of The Skin Of The Atlantic Hagfish, Myxine Glutinosa L. As Revealed By Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Vascular Corrosion Casts, A. Lametschwandtner, T. Weiger, U. Lametschwandtner, V. Georgieva-Hanson, R. A. Patzner, H. Adam

Scanning Microscopy

The vascularization of three different (A, B, C) skin regions (from the level of the heart to the cloaca including dorsal, lateral and ventral skin areas) of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa L. was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Vessel variables were measured either from semithin sections (diameters) or from vascular corrosion casts (diameters, lengths) and total blood capacities as well as vessel surfaces per unit skin area (mm²) were calculated. There are no significant differences in the number of subepidermal capillary meshes (ranging from 164 to 185 meshes per micrograph) in areas A, …

Modular Detector System For Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, A. V. Jones, M. Haider

Scanning Microscopy

This paper describes a multiple detector system based on a high-dispersion highly-corrected spectrometer close-coupled to a high-excitation objective lens. The design enables all post-specimen detectors (including the elastic dark-field detector) to be transferred to the post-spectrometer region.

This in turn makes possible the simultaneous acquisition of filtered bright-field, elastic dark-field and inelastic images.

The associated data acquisition system has provision for up to four simultaneous inputs and is based on a 32-bit microprocessor with 2 Mbytes of memory and 85 Mbytes of local disk storage. Images can be archived locally (cassette tape) or transferred via Ethernet to the laboratory central …

Determination Of Protein, R. Reichelt, A. Engel

Scanning Microscopy

Elastic and inelastic dark-field micrographs simultaneously recorded by the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provide structural and quantitative chemical information at a spatial resolution of some nanometers. Simultaneous acquisition is essential as it warrants: (i) the geometrical identity of picture elements (pixels) in these micrographs, and (ii) the identity of recording conditions (focus, electron dose) for the elastic and inelastic images. Suitable off-line processing of such multichannel images allows the concentration of protein or nucleic acid within embedding material to be evaluated. In addition, location and number of chemical elements such as phosphorus can be determined. Theoretical sensitivity is a …

Determination Of Sulfur And Iron Valence By Microprobe, H. Kucha, R. Wouters, O. Arkens

Scanning Microscopy

SKα, SKβ and FeKβ valence related wavelength changes are large enough to be measured with microprobe spectrometers. The relative difference between S^2- and S⁶⁺ is measured as 1.27 eV for the SKα line and 1.66 eV for the SKβ line. This SKα and SKβ peak shift is function of the valence. Accurate microprobe measurement of the peak shift allows the determination of the sulfur valence in a microarea. The relative difference between Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ for the FeKβ line is 0.94 eV. Considering the achieved accuracy of measurements, this peak can only be used for an …

'Spot The Difference': Finding Small Differences Between Closely Similar Images, A. A. Mills

Scanning Microscopy

Small differences between two complex and closely-similar photographs may be located by viewing the uniformly illuminated pair with a stereoscope. Provided the observer possesses normal stereoscopic vision, any non-common elements will appear to stand above the general picture plane provided by the fused common background. It is emphasised that the images being examined are not a conventional stereo-pair, although the left- or right-eye member of such a pair may be so compared with its counterpart in a subsequent stereopair. This stereoscopic technique was found preferable to the alternative 'blink' method for most scanning microscope images, although it is advantageous to …

Analyses Of Dental Pulp In Restored Teeth, D. L. Lentz, J. T. Buchanan, D. R. Basinger

Scanning Microscopy

Restored teeth were extracted from test animals at four time intervals (1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 3 months) following amalgam insertion. Extracted teeth were frozen in liquid nitrogen, cryo-fractured so as to expose the pulps and then freeze-dried. Pulps were analyzed for mercury content by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Mercury levels appeared below the detection limits of EDS but could be detected by AAS which showed the highest readings seven days after amalgam insertion.

X-Ray Microanalysis Of Calcium Containing Organelles In Resin Embedded Tissue, G. Nicaise, I. Gillot, A. K. Julliard, E. Keicher, S. Blaineau, J. Amsellem, J. C. Meyran, M. L. Hernandez-Nicaise, B. Ciapa, C. Gleyzal

Scanning Microscopy

The localization of calcium in cell organelles at the electron microscope level is often achieved through cytochemical techniques, and verified by X-ray microanalysis. Various methods have been used to cytochemically detect calcium or calcium-binding sites : calcium loading, calcium substitution by strontium, barium, or even lead, and calcium precipitation by oxalate, phosphate, fluoride, or pyroantimonate. Their results may have heuristic value, particularly in preliminary studies of poorly known cell types. A complementary and more physiological approach is offered by quantitative measurement of the total calcium content of organelles after cryofixation.

Resin embedding is less demanding than cryomicrotomy and gives better …

Nature Of Carbon-Carbon Bonding In Evaporated And Ion-Sputtered (Diamondlike) Amorphous Carbon From (E, 2e) Spectroscopy, Chao Gao, Yun Yu Wang, A. L. Ritter, John R. Dennison

All Physics Faculty Publications

The local carbon-carbon bonding in evaporated (e-C) and ion-sputtered (i-C) amorphous carbon has been investigated by transmission electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and by (e, 2e) spectroscopy. The EELS data indicate that the e-C is graphiclike and the i-C is diamondlike. The (e, 2e) data demonstrate that the concentration of sp² bonding is ∼100% in both materials (0.85≤c_sp²≤1.0) for e-C and 0.75≤c_sp²≤1.0 for i-C). There is significant rehybridization of the π orbital in i-C.

The Vascular System Of Xenotransplanted Tumors -Scanning Electron And Light Microscopic Studies-, M. A. Konerding, F. Steinberg, V. Budach

Scanning Microscopy

A widely used model for investigating basic tumor characteristics and different treatment modalities preclinically is the immune-deficient, athymic nude mouse. This model offers many morphological parallelisms to the clinical situation.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the vascularization pattern of xenotransplanted human melanomas and sarcomas using different methods. Xenotransplanted tumors of 62 congenital thymusaplastic nude mice were examined ultrastructurally and topographically after corrosion cast and tissue preparation. Quantitative measurements of tumors injected with India ink were carried out to obtain comparable information on the vascular densities in the tumors.

Quantitative measurements showed that there is no zonal, topographic …

Quantitative Microanalysis Of Nitrogen Distribution In Carpospores Of Gracilaria Secundata With Scanning Auger Microscopy, Åke Lignell, Rein Kalm, Godfried M. Roomans, Angelica Von Hofsten, Olof Vingsbo

Scanning Microscopy

Quantitative microanalysis has been performed with a JAMP 10 Scanning Auger Microscope at 0.5 μm spot size, on carpospores of Gracilaria secundata Harv.. Samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in plastic material. Thin sections were placed on solid copper discs. the surfaces of which had been smoothed by electropolishing.

Quantification of the nitrogen content was performed using a standard with known content of nitrogen.

Nitrogen was localized in the nucleus, chloroplasts and osmiophilic inclusions of the carpospore. Trace amounts of nitrogen were also found in cell walls, starch grains and in the embedding material.

The use …

Ultrastructural Variation In Enamel Of Australian Marsupials, C. F. Gilkeson, K. S. Lester

Scanning Microscopy

This paper initiates a survey of the enamel of fossil and extant Australian marsupials by scanning electron microscopy. Enamel was examined from 17 extant and 11 extinct marsupials. Assessment was made of prism packing pattern, prism course, tubule presence, tubule size and distribution. Values calculated were: prism diameter; prism axis ratio; cross-sectional prism area; cross-sectional ameloblast area; and numerical prism density.

Three different prism packing arrangements were found for extant and fossil marsupials within the classical Pattern 2. The Pattern 1 arrangement found in three extant species was relatively unexpected given the general acceptance of Marsupialia as having Pattern 2 …

Scanning Optical Microscopy Of Semiconductor Materials And Devices, C. J. R. Sheppard

Scanning Microscopy

In the scanning optical microscope a focused light spot is used to illuminate the object and some property monitored as the spot is scanned relative to the object to build up an image. By monitoring different properties it is thus possible to use the scanning optical microscope in a wide range of imaging modes, which can be used to give much information concerning the structure and properties of semiconductor materials and devices. In the optical-beam induced current method the focused light spot generates electronic carriers in a semiconductor specimen, and the resultant current monitored. The technique can be used to …

Enjoy Yeast Breads, Elna Miller, Georgia Lauritzen

All Archived Publications

No abstract provided.

Proceedings From The 26th Annual Marschall Italian Cheese Seminar, Various Authors

Cheese Industry Conference

No abstract provided.

Modeled F Region Response To Auroral Dynamics Based Upon Dynamics Explorer Auroral Observations, Jan Josef Sojka, Robert W. Schunk, J. D. Cravens, L. A. Frank, J. Sharber, J. D. Winningham

All Physics Faculty Publications

Auroral images from the Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE 1) scanning auroral imager have been combined with in situ auroral precipitation data from the DE 2 low altitude plasma instrument to form a time-dependent global auroral energy flux model. This model has both good time (12 min) and spatial (100 km) resolution compared to that currently available for global scale ionospheric and thermospheric modeling. The development and comparison of this model with others are discussed. Data from an aurorally active period, November 25, 1981, are presented and used as a case study for this model. Using a global ionospheric model, the …

Putnam On 'Empirical Objects', Gorden Steinhoff

Languages, Philosophy, and Communication Studies Faculty Publications

Putnam claims that the objects we experience are “mind-dependent” and “theory-dependent”. He also writes that they are “constructed within our theories”. It is difficult to say what he means by these claims. I conclude that, according to Putnam, “empirical objects” do not really exist. But I attempt to show the sense in which he can be considered a realist about these objects. Putnam has adopted an idealism which allows for the correctness of realist claims within appropriate contexts. I also discuss Putnam's solution to the problem of how we manage to refer to “empirical objects”. I argue that this solution, …

Bed-Load Transport Of Mixed-Size Sediment: Fractional Transport Rates, Bed Forms, And The Development Of A Coarse Bed-Surface Layer, Peter Wilcock, J. B. Southard

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

Fractional transport rates, bed surface texture, and bed configuration were measured after a mixed size sediment had reached an equilibrium transport state for seven different flow strengths in a recirculating laboratory flume. Fractional transport rates were also measured at the beginning of each run when the bed was well mixed and planar. The start-up observations allow us to describe the variation of fractional transport rates with bed shear stress for a constant bed surface texture and bed configuration. The start-up and equilibrium observations together allow, for the first time, an unambiguous description of the mutual adjustment among the transport, the …

Global Scale, Physical Models Of The F Region Ionosphere, Jan Josef Sojka

All Physics Faculty Publications

During the last decade, ionospheric F region modeling has reached an accurate climatological level. We now have global computer models of the F region which simulate the interactions between physical processes in the ionosphere. Because of their complexity, these climatological models are confined to modern day supercomputers. This review focuses on the development and verification of these physical ionospheric models. Such models are distinct from local models, steady state models, and empirical models of the ionosphere, which are, by their conception, unable to represent physically the range of F region variability or storm dynamics. This review examines the limitations of …

A Three-Dimensional Time-Dependent Model Of The Polar Wind, Robert W. Schunk, Jan Josef Sojka

All Physics Faculty Publications

A time-dependent global model of the polar wind was used to study transient polar wind perturbations during changing magnetospheric conditions. The model calculates three-dimensional distributions for the NO⁺, O₂⁺, N₂⁺, N⁺ and O⁺ densities and the ion and electron temperatures from diffusion and heat conduction equations at altitudes between 120 and 800 km. At altitudes above 500 km, the time-dependent nonlinear hydrodynamic equations for O⁺ and H⁺ are solved self-consistently with the ionospheric equations. The model takes account of supersonic ion outflow, shock formation, and ion energization during …

Flood Insurance Study, Weber County, Utah, Unincorporated Areas, Federal Emergency Management Agency

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This Flood Insurance Study investigates the existence and severity of flood hazards in the unincorporated areas of Weber County, Utah, and aids in the administration of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 and the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973. This study will be used to convert Weber County to the regular program of flood insurance by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Local and regional planners will use this study in their efforts to promote sound flood plain management.

Cultural Resource Inventory And Testing In The Salt Creek Pocket And Devils Lane Areas, Needles District, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, United States Department Of The Interior National Park Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This document is the final technical report on the first phase of a multiyear archeological program conducted in Canyonlands National Park. Some of the purposes of this project are to gather information for upgrading the park's interpretive program, increase the scientific understanding of Canyonlands' prehistory, and prepare a research design to guide future investigations. Archeological inventory of 4500 acres in the Needles District revealed a previously undocumented Archaic occupation and showed that Formative peoples using the area were primarily the Mesa Verde Anasazi, not the Fremont and Anasazi as previously thought. The data also indicate that prehistoric peoples used the …

Horticulture Fact Sheets, Jerry L. Goodspeed, Larry A. Sagers, Duane Hatch

Archived Gardening Publications

A series of horticulture factsheets that cover topics associated with home gardening including soil testing, soil preparation, composting, and growing onions and tomatoes.

Predicting Timber Sale Costs From Sale Characteristics In The Intermountain West, U.S. Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This study provides an equation based method to estimate timber sale costs. Cost equations follow major appraisal cost categories.

Mtclim: A Mountain Microclimate Simulation Model, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

A model for calculating daily microclimate conditions in mountainous terrain is presented. Daily air temperature, shortwave radiation, relative humidity, and precipitation are extrapolated from data measured at National Weather Service stations. The model equations are given and the paper describes how to execute the model. Model outputs are compared with observed date from several mountain sites.

Thermospheric Dynamics During September 18-19, 1984, 2, Validation Of The Ncar Thermospheric General Circulation Model, G Crowley, B A. Emery, R G. Roble, H C. Carlson Jr., J E. Salah, Vincent B. Wickwar, K L. Miller, W L. Oliver, R G. Burnside, F A. Marcos

All Physics Faculty Publications

The validation of complex nonlinear numerical models such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermospheric general circulation model (NCAR TGCM) requires a detailed comparison of model predictions with data. The Equinox Transition Study (ETS) of September 17-24, 1984, provided a unique opportunity to address the verification of the NCAR TGCM, since unusually large quantities of high-quality thermospheric and ionospheric data were obtained during an intensive observation interval. In a companion paper (paper 1) by Crowley et al. (this issue) a simulation of the September 18-19 ETS interval was described. Using a novel approach to modeling, the TGCM inputs were …

Lecture 14: Education, The Last Odyssey, Charles M. Lutz

Last Lectures

No abstract provided.

Ion Beam Mixing In Ag-Pd Alloys, J L. Klatt, R S. Averback, David Peak

All Physics Faculty Publications

Ion beam mixing during 750 keV Kr⁺ irradiation at 80 K was measured on a series of Ag‐Pd alloys using Au marker atoms. The mixing in pure Ag was the greatest and it decreased monotonically with increasing Pd content, being a factor of 10 higher in pure Ag than in pure Pd. This large difference in mixing cannot be explained by the difference in cohesion energy between Ag and Pd in the thermodynamic model of ion beam mixing proposed by Johnson et al. [W. L. Johnson, Y. T. Cheng, M. Van Rossum, and M‐A. Nicolet, Nucl. …

Body Size, Population Metabolism, And Habitat Specialization Among Large African Herbivores, Johan T. Du Toit, N. Owen-Smith

Wildland Resources Faculty Publications

Large species generally occur at lower population densities than small species but, being larger, use more energy per individual. The balance between population density and energy use per individual determines how evenly community resources are shared by species of different size. Analyses of large data sets, covering a wide range of body sizes, have found that population metabolism (the product of population density and energy use per individual) scales either neutrally (Damuth 1981, 1987) or negatively (Peters 1983) with body mass. However, different scaling relationships may occur in certain communities within specific biogeographic regions. Brown and Maurer (1986) found that …