Digital Commons Network^™

The Tubsat-1 Attitude Control And Stabilization System, Amnon Ginati

Small Satellite Conference

TUBSAT-1 (Technical University Berlin Satellite) is an experimental low-cost satellite being financed by the German BMFT. The dimensions and weight are determined by the NASA Gas-Program and it will be ejected from the Space Shuttle within the German spacelab mission D2 by December 19, 1991, into a 298 km circular orbit and at a 28.5° inclination. To enable a large variety of useful experiments to fly with TUSSAT, it was necessary to develop a rather precise attitude control and stabilization (ACS) system. The ACS should be low cost, flexible (in view of changing ACS modes and parameters during the mission …

Power System For The Alexis Satellite, Bob Dill, Greg Huffman

Small Satellite Conference

ALEXIS is a 250 Ibm satellite being built for the Department of Energy through Los Alamos National Laboratory. Its primary payload is an array of low energy x-ray telescopes. ALEXIS will be a sun pointer with a daily averaged power draw of 57 W. The ALEXIS power system provides electrical power for the operation of the various satellite subsystems including payloads, guidance and control systems, and telemetry systems. The goal of the ALEXIS power system is to provide efficient power regulation with low mass, low cost and reasonable reliability.

Small Satellite Power System Design, Abbas Salim, George Dakermanji

Small Satellite Conference

Recently, there has been extensive interest in Special Purpose Inexpensive Satellite’s (SPINSAT) that perform cost effective space oriented missions. Reduced reliability and short delivery schedules are two key issues relating to the design of such satellites for minimizing acquisition costs. These issues are important factors in the design of a spacecraft power system which can be considered to be the heart of the entire satellite. The power system constitutes a substantial portion of the overall satellite system cost that must be reduced for SPINSAT missions. Minimum cost or inexpensive satellite implies prudent power system design with minimal redundancy, inexpensive energy …

Amsat-Na Phase Iv Project Lessons In Distributed Engineering, Dick Jansson

Small Satellite Conference

The academic year 1988-89 has provided AMSAT with some really new experiences in engineering and fabricating a moderately large "small satellite". While most of the AMSAT engineering forces were engaged in a truly small "small satellite" - the Microsat Project - a few of us have been engaged in the Phase IV project in conjunction with Weber State College, a new working environment for AMSAT. This experience has provided us with insights on what kinds of tasks that we can expect to assign and be completed. We know that the basic planning, task descriptions, people interfaces and organizational interfaces are …

Naval Postgraduate School Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (Pansat), Daniel Sakoda

Small Satellite Conference

The Naval Postgraduate School's (NPS) Space Systems Academic Group (SSAG) is designing and developing a small communications satellite. The objectives of PANSAT are three-fold. First, PANSAT will provide an ideal educational tool for the officer students at NPS supporting Space Systems Engineering and Space Systems Operations with hands-on hardware development. Secondly, the satellite will provide digital store-and-forward communications, or Packet Radio, for the amateur radio community. The third objective is to provide a low-cost, space-based platform for small experiments. PANSAT will be launched into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for NPS coverage. The satellite weight is 150 lbs. Since there is …

Microsat: A New, Small Satellite Bus Concept, Courtney Duncan

Small Satellite Conference

The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation of North America (AMSAT-NA) is pioneering a new, small satellite bus concept known as "Microsat." The product is roughly a nine inch cube, exclusive of antennas, with five sub-assemblies. Four are standard: radio transmitter(s), radio receiver(s), power system, and onboard computer. The fifth module is reserved for payload or special application hardware. Design goals dictate that the cost of the satellites and the cost and complexity of ground terminals be minimized. Satellite software is also standardized. Applications can be prototyped on common personal computers. The four development Microsats will be in the Amateur Radio Service. …

Nasa Standard Gas Can Satellite, Patrick Cudmore, W. Mcintosh, M. Edison, S. Nichols, E. Mercier, J. Wise, A. Mangassarian

Small Satellite Conference

This paper describes a new direction in small low cost spacecraft. This 150 pound satellite provides access to conduct experiments in space on an economical and short term basis. It can be used by commercial as well as scientific institutions. Currently called the XSAT, it was developed by NASA in cooperation with Defense Systems Inc. (DSI) of McLean, Virginia. XSAT provides for experimental payloads up to 50 pounds, 50 watt hours per day, one megabyte data storage, three day command memory and packetized protocol. Structural and thermal designs can handle worst case loads of the STS manned launch vehicle. XSAT …

A Single Geostationary Satellite For Mobile Terrestrial Transmitter Tracking, Chris Le Marshall, Donald Mcmillen, Robert Twiggs

Small Satellite Conference

This paper will describe the Energetics Satellite Locating Service (ESLS) which is a unique, patented, proprietary satellite based geolocation system. This system called SAT/TRAC for Satellite Tracking, Ranging and Communications may be used to quickly determine the present location within 50 feet of any person, vehicle or object that is equipped with a ESLS low power transmitter. This technology represents a novel approach to radio tracking. The single point location system uses a single satellite with a 165 foot inflatable antenna.

An Imaging Satellite System For Tactical Applications, Kent Backman, Vince Tate

Small Satellite Conference

The Tactical Imaging Experiment and Demonstration System (TIDES) goal is to develop a small imaging satellite for tactical applications where the field commander controls the satellite and achieves a launch on demand at a reasonable cost. The TIDES imaging payload is two modified Schmidt cameras, coupled with linear charged couple devices capable of producing 5 meter resolution at a 700 km polar sun synchronous orbit. Innovations such as Vector Quantization (VQ) technology with a new developed codebook processing chip (CPC) demonstrates the ability to compress images at ratios of 12 to 1 or greater reducing satellite to ground datalink bandwidth, …

Measurement Of Surface Reactions In The Space Environment, Wedad Abdou, Lawrence Megill, David Brinza, Roger Hart, Gilbert Moore, Andrew Sexton, Ali Siahpush

Small Satellite Conference

Serious degradation is experienced by the external surfaces of spacecraft that operate in low earth orbits for extended periods of time, as a result of the ablative effects of atmospheric atomic oxygen, possibly catalyzed by solar ultraviolet radiation. Improved base materials and surface coatings are being developed by government, university and industry teams to combat the effects of this degradation. A small spacecraft and a suite of associated instruments, designed to measure the performance of improved, atomic-oxygen-resistant materials and coatings in orbit and to telemeter the resulting data and video images to earth at intervals during a one-year mission, have …

The Mini Metsat: A Small Low-Cost Advanced Technology Weather System, David Thompson, William Knorr, Jeff Sechrist

Small Satellite Conference

Spectrum Research, the ITT Aerospace Optical Division and the E-Systems Garland Division describe a system design concept for a 350-lb class small weather satellite system which includes a high-performance meteorological imaging instrument and a completely mobile satellite command, control and weather data processing terminal. The system can be made compatible with either civil or military weather data collection and processing systems, and it is interoperable with existing ground terminals. The system permits collection of high-resolution weather imagery in five spectral bands, and can be launched on a variety of lower-cost small space boosters. Applications discussed include cloud imagery, determination of …

Single Purpose Satellite Systems, Warren Watkins

Small Satellite Conference

This paper examines the need for tactically responsive space systems capable of supporting battlefield and fleet commanders. Terminology used to describe this category of satellite system varies according to organization or agency. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Lightsat, the Naval Space Command's SPINSAT, and the Air Force Space Command s TACSAT, are reviewed. The United State Space Command's space support mission IS addressed and the role single-purpose satellites can play in fulfilling requirements for operationally responsive satellite systems is described. The United States and Department of Defense space policies are discussed. The position taken by Secretary of Defense, Frank …

An Assessment Of The Market For Small Satellites, Larry Stern

Small Satellite Conference

This study was sponsored by a grant from the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology's Space Research Fund, to provide an assessment of current activities in the design and development of small satellites and potential commercial markets for these satellites and the services they could provide. Our research methods included a review of: a) the history of the satellite industry, b) current activities of satellite manufacturers, c) complementary inputs to small satellites such as launchers and ground control, d) functional requirements that could be met using small satellites, e) potential users of small satellites, f) availability of various technologies, g) existing …

Small Orbited Payloads: A Demand Assessment, Michael Stancati

Small Satellite Conference

Experimenters and sponsor organizations continue to express interest in flying small, often low cost payloads to orbit. Government procurement in the last several months have focused attention on prospects for expanding commercial activity in space. The interests and activity span many disciplines and applications, so a "payload" may be anything from an experiment apparatus that requires full spacecraft support (power, pointing, thermal protection, etc.) to a complete, self-contained satellite. Small packages fly now as secondary payloads on Shuttle or other large vehicles. Soon, however, these payloads may have several new options for rapid, low-cost access to orbit. The stated interest …

Space Test Program Small Satellite Initiatives, Major Stanley Sneegas

Small Satellite Conference

The Department of Defense (DOD) Space Test Program (STP) has been and will continue to provide spaceflight for DOD experiments on small satellites. STP past, present and future small satellite missions will be described. The currently planned small satellite missions, P87-2 STACKSAT, P89-1 Independent Space Experiment System (lSES). P89-A Profile and SIlO on Scout (PASS), and P90-1 Space Test Experiments Platform (STEP) will be highlighted.

The Role Of Small Satellites In Our National Defense, Major R.J. Bonometti, Lieutenant Colonel E.D. Nicastri

Small Satellite Conference

Highly capable small satellites may play a significant role in the future of our national defense space architecture. Such capable small satellites are generically referred to as "LightSats." In this paper, we examine the logical motivation behind the utilization of LightSats to support military operations and national defense requirements. To complement LightSats, new cost-effective and responsive launch vehicles are also needed. We present an overview of the DARPA Advanced Space Technology Program (ASTP), which seeks to develop high-payoff advanced enabling technologies to enhance space system operational support to military forces and to assure availability of space assets in wartime. The …

Preliminary Evaluation Of A Granular Trimethacarb Formulation For Deterring Grazing By American Coots, Michael L. Avery, Curtis Nelms, J. Russell Mason

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In a 0.2 ha flight pen, group of 4 American coots were tested to determine if their grazing activity could be affected by application of a registered granular-trimethacarb insecticide. In the 3 days following treatment (3 kg/ha, a.i.), grazing activity in the treated portions of the 200 m² experimental plots was reduced an average of 47%. Overall use of the treated areas followed a similar pattern but was less consistent among groups. The addition of methylpyrazine, a strong odorant, produced a strong initial suppression of grazing activity in the treated halves of the plots. However, subsequent rain and a …

Controlling Roosting Starlings In Industrial Facilities By Baiting, Bernice U. Constantin, James F. Glahn

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

During the winters of 1987-88 and 1988-89 a study was conducted to evaluate the potential of DRC-1339 baiting for controlling roosting European Starlings (Sturnus vulgarus) at Tennessee Eastman Company's chemical manufacturing plant in Kingsport, Tennessee. In 1987-88 Starlicide CompleteR (1% DRC-1339 treated poultry pellets diluted 1:9 with untreated poultry pellets) was used in preroosting congregating areas adjacent to the roost. In 1988-89 Starlicide CompleteR and DRC-1339 treated bread were used in bait containers placed in the roosting structure. Although 90 lbs of Starlicide CompleteR was consumed during 1987-88, bait consumption was sporadic and no appreciable change in the …

Use Of Donkeys To Guard Sheep And Goats In Texas, Murray T. Walton, C. Andy Feild

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Though livestock guarding dogs have received considerable attention in recent years, other animals including donkeys (Equus asinus) are being used to protect sheep and goats from predation by coyotes (Canis latrans). In Texas many ranchers prefer donkeys due to low cost, relatively small maintenance requirements, and compatibility with other predator control methods. This paper describes husbandry practices for use of guard donkeys and relates rancher accounts of their effectiveness in protecting sheep and goats.

A Fencing Technique To Reduce Raccoon Feeding Damage To Sugarcane Research Plots, Hugh P. Fanguy, Dwight Leblanc

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Damage caused by the feeding of raccoons (Procyon lotor) on stalks of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) has occurred for several years on the 200-acre U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) research farm located near Houma, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. Damage begins when sugarcane mature internodes begin to from in late June and early July, and continues until the completion of harvest in late December. Raccoons appear to prefer varieties having low fiber and/or high sugar content and can severely damage these varieties (personal observation). Depredation by these animals frequently result in loss of data as preferred …

Population Dynamics And Harvest Response Of Beaver, Neil F. Payne

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

"For when we speak of the fur trade, we mean the beaver trade. Other furs were handled; others -- notably the rich sea otter -- were more valuable by far. But the beaver was the root and core of the trade... Many men died, a continent was explored, an indigenous [human] race degraded and its culture crushed; all because beaver fur, with its tiny barbs, felted up better than any other" (Berry 1961:18).

Gis: A Tool For Analyzing And Managing Deer Damage To Crops, Glenn R. Dudderar, Jonathan B. Haufler, Scott R. Winterstein, Petrus Gunarso

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A common problem of biologists and agriculturists trying to control white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) damage to crops is understanding the causes and alternative solutions to the damage over multi-county or state-wide areas. Deer damage a variety of crops in different ways at different times of the year. Crops damaged, types of damage, and damage severity are influenced by deer densities, distributions, movements and harvest, as well as field size and interspersion with surrounding land cover types and uses. The complexity of the interaction of these factors requires improved analysis if the most appropriate control methods are to be …

Superfund Record Of Decision: Monticello Vicinity Properties, Ut, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office Of Emergency And Remedial Response

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The Monticello Vicinity Properties site, also known as the Monticello Radiation Contaminated Properties, is a federally-owned abandoned vanadium and uranium mill area in the city of Monticello, San Juan County, Utah. Land use in the area is residential, however, there is limited commercial use as well. Milling of vanadium and uranium occurred from 1944 to 1960. Throughout the operating period, mill tailings were used in the city of Monticello for construction purposes including fill for open lands; backfill around water, sewer, and electrical lines; sub-base for driveways, sidewalks, and concrete slabs; backfill against basement foundations; and as sand mix in …

Secondary Electron Emission: Progress And Prospects, Jørgen Schou

Scanning Microscopy

This article updates the paper "Secondary Electron Emission from Solids by Electron and Proton Bombardment" published in Scanning Microscopy Vol. 2, pages 607-632 (1988). The recent development in secondary electron emission from solids by electron or proton bombardment is reviewed. The similarities between electron- and ion-induced emission are emphasized. Recent theoretical results for the emission from beryllium agree well with existing experimental results. Results from new directions are included in the discussion.

Effects Of Extracellular Matrix On Cytoskeletal And Myofibrillar Organization In Vitro, Lula L. Hilenski, Louis Terracio, Roger Sawyer, Thomas K. Borg

Scanning Microscopy

The distribution and three-dimensional relationship of myofibrillar and cytoskeletal components during myofibrillogenesis were examined in preparations of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes processed in parallel for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), intermediate voltage transmission electron microscopy (IVEM) and immunofluorescence (IF). Of the various methods used for processing, optimal results were achieved by pre-extraction with Triton X-100 in an actin-stabilizing buffer. This procedure effectively removed the surface membrane, as viewed by SEM images, while preserving myofibrillar and cytoskeletal structure, as evidenced by IF for actin, 𝝰-actinin and vinculin. Cytoskeletons in SEM images consisted of a cortex of anastomosing filaments through which ran parallel …

Quantitative Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis In Biology, T. A. Hall

Scanning Microscopy

This review summarizes existing formalisms for the quantitative analysis of biological specimens, and considers the analysis of bulk specimens, micro-droplets, homogenates, and thin or ultrathin sections, respectively. For (ultra)thin sections, one may use elemental ratios for semi-quantitative analysis, measure elemental concentrations as mmol/volume using peripheral standards, or as mmol/kg using the continuum method. Often it is physiologically more relevant to know the concentration of ions as mmol/kg water. This can be achieved by analysing the specimen first in the frozen-hydrated state and then again after freeze-drying, or by using a peripheral standard. Attention has to be given to the selection …

Fluctuation History Of Great Salt Lake, Utah, During The Last 13,000 Years, United States, National Aeronautics And Space Administration

Water

Great Salt Lake level fluctuations from 13,000 yr B.P. to the present were interpreted by examination of shoreline geomorphic features, shoreline deposits, archeologic sites, isotopic data, and palynologic data.

After the conclusion of the Bonneville paleolake cycle, between 13,000 and 12,000 yr B.P. the lake regressed to levels low enough to deposit a littoral oxidized red bed stratum and a pelagic Glauber's salt layer. A late Pleistocene lake cycle occurred between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. depositing several beaches, the highest reaching an altitude of about 4250 ft (1295.3 m). The lake regressed after 10,000 yr B.P., only to rise …

1989 Annual Report And Planning Meeting, Various Authors

Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

Processing Of Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (Pixe) Spectra Contrasted With Electron Probe Microanalysis, J. L. Campbell

Scanning Microscopy

PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission) analysis and EPMA (electron probe microanalysis) give rise to similar energy-dispersive X-ray spectra, and so the processing of these spectra has common elements. Consequently approaches developed for EPMA may be of use in PIXE, one example being methodology for removing the continuous background. However various special aspects of PIXE result in a somewhat more complex problem. The range of X-ray energies of interest is wider and K X-rays of medium atomic number elements tend to be used where EPMA would rely upon their L X-rays; since the projectile penetration is much greater, matrix corrections are larger; …

Utah Science Vol. 50 No. 2, Summer 1989

Utah Science

62 HAND APPLICATION OF HERBICIDE PELLETS TO 'CONTROL SMALL JUNIPER AND PINYON TREES N. E. West and N. S. Van Pelt Tree defoliation using herbicides that can be applied on foot or from horseback can effectively control "weed" trees in previously chained areas.

66 SHRUB DJEBACK IN THE GREAT BASIN D. A. Pyke and j. P. Dobrowolski Since 1982, shrub dieback has affected one million acres in Utah. The cause doesn't appear to be related to drought. but it might be related to waterlogged soils.

73 SWEETVETCH: A NATIVE LEGUME FOR RANGELAND REVEGETATION T. M. J. Ford. D. A. Johnson. …